Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel Leticia Curcio Ximenes.pdf: 1148855 bytes, checksum: 2c3d9315073556cf66d5fbf8578f9856 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / This dissertation in inserted in a controversy around rationality in frames developed to deal with the application of legal principals proportionality. As a first approach, proportionality is a possible manner by which the applicant interpreter in legal rights solves conflicts among legal principals by deciding which one of them will have precedence upon one another regarding phatic circumstances e legal ones in a concrete case. Proportionality is not unanimity as it has its own thought, being either controversy. Differences involves since its ideal thinking in legal principals all the way to duty rules up to the form of solving conflicts among them. In these analyses, it is necessary to take into account the need of a relationship between proportionality and fundamental Law. In the development of this research it has been used compared Law aiming in demonstrating proportionality not assumed in the same examination in all nations, either when it comes to its origin and structure. It has been also used the analysis in the Supreme Court in Brazil aiming in identifying differences and the act of questioning the use of proportionality by its ministers. Thus, it has been analyzed proportionality on Legislative Parliament. Finally, such study aims in showing authors who sustain proportionality, how do they bring its contents and how it can be brought up on legal decisioning. In other words, its argumentation consists of demonstrating what the critics are all about in a subjective way and not being controlled upon fails in Law as it is possible to deconstruct legal decisions and doctrinaire opinions in a way to identify reasons why differences may enable rational control in making use of proportionality / Esta dissertação insere-se na polêmica acerca da racionalidade de uma das formas desenvolvidas para lidar com a aplicação de princípios jurídicos a proporcionalidade. Como primeira aproximação, a proporcionalidade é uma possível maneira pela qual o intérpreteaplicador do direito resolve conflitos entre princípios jurídicos, decidindo qual deles terá precedência sobre o outro diante das circunstâncias fáticas e jurídicas do caso concreto. Ocorre que a proporcionalidade não é uma unanimidade, eis que possui sua própria racionalidade, racionalidade esta controversa. As divergências envolvem desde a própria conceituação de princípios jurídicos como normas de dever-ser até a forma de resolver conflitos entre eles. Nessa análise, há que se levar em conta ainda a necessária relação entre proporcionalidade e direitos fundamentais. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi utilizado o direito comparado, com o objetivo de demonstrar que a proporcionalidade não assume a mesma feição em todas as nações, seja no tocante à sua origem, seja no tocante à sua estrutura. Por conseguinte foi também utilizada a análise de julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro, a fim de identificar as divergências e questionar o uso da proporcionalidade pelos ministros. E por fim analisou-se a proporcionalidade sob a perspectiva do Poder Legislativo. Desse modo, a dissertação busca mostrar onde os autores que criticam e sustentam a proporcionalidade divergem, e como isso pode ser trazido também para a seara da decisão judicial. Em outras palavras, seu argumento consiste na demonstração de que a crítica à proporcionalidade como forma subjetiva e não controlável de aplicação do direito falha, porque é possível desconstruir as decisões judiciais e as posições doutrinárias, de maneira a identificar as razões para as divergências e possibilitar o controle racional do uso da proporcionalidade

The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor.

The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor.

Die Tätigkeiten im Notarzt- und Rettungsdienst sind häufig mit persönlichen Gefährdungen verbunden. Im Raum steht aber auch immer die Problematik von Gefährdungssituationen, die durch den Notarzt "nur" als solche wahrgenommen, sozusagen "empfunden" werden. In dieser Arbeit wird v. a. vor dem Hintergrund der Erforderlichkeit und Zumutbarkeit die Frage prinzipiell diskutiert, ob und inwieweit ein Notarzt zum Handeln verpflichtet ist. Im Ergebnis ist objektiv-typisierend auf den Facharztstandard bzw. den Indikationskatalog für den Notarzteinsatz in Kombination mit arzt-/berufsrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten im engeren Sinne (z. B. Freiberuflichkeit) abzustellen. Es wird sich jedenfalls immer um eine Einzelfallbetrachtung und um eine individuelle, fallbezogene Entscheidung handeln. Bei seltenen, sehr unwahrscheinlichen Situationen mit relativer Ermangelung von objektiv-typisierbaren Gesichtspunkten werden die Anforderungen, aber auch die Chancen, an die "höchstpersönliche" Berufsausübung, an die Persönlichkeit des Arztes (v. a. in der Entscheidungsfindung) umso größer werden.

The author explains what «diligent bidder» means during bidding processes. First, he starts analyzing some civil law matters as due diligence and compliance with obligations. Then, he states his position about whether the consultation during bidding processes is a right or an obligation for the bidder, and under what conditions it would work. Furthermore, he explains the relevance of identifying strict liability on developing the technical file to set the compensation of damages. Finally, the author offers some cases to determine when contractors are «diligent bidders» and when they are not. He points out that when contractors are «diligent bidders», the owner must take full responsibility; on the other hand, when they are not «diligent bidders» and they partially caused the damage, the judge or the arbitrator should reduce the compensation. / El autor aborda el tema relacionado al «postor razonable» en los procesos de selección de obra pública. Su aproximación al tema parte por analizar aspectos civiles relacionados con la diligencia y el cumplimiento de obligaciones. Asimismo, presenta su posición respecto de si la formulación de consultas es una obligación o un derecho de los postores, y en qué casos se aplicaría. Además, explica porqué es importante determinar la responsabilidad objetiva en la elaboración del expediente técnico, a la hora de determinar el resarcimiento del daño. Al finalizar, presenta algunos criterios que deberían ser tomados en cuenta para analizar cuándo nos encontramos frente a un «postor razonable», y cuándo no. Explica que de encontrarnos frente a un «postor razonable», el contratante deberá asumir la responsabilidad total por los errores; sin embargo, en caso se determine que el «postor no fue razonable» y que eso contribuyó a generar el daño, entonces el juez o árbitro deberán reducir el resarcimiento.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a way of doing business that assumes a more active role in relation to everyone involved in such activity and to anyone who could be affected in anyway by it. Thus, the corporation becomes an agent who must adopt principles and policies for all of its activities, not only to prevent negative consequences but also to obtain larger benefits for its workers, shareholders, neighbors, community, among others.This paper analyses if the expenses on CSR are tax deductible for Income Tax purposes, focusing mainly in what is referred to as social and environmental expenses, which are the ones that demand the most resources. / La Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) es una forma de realizar actividades empresariales asumiendo un rol más activo en relación a todos aquellos que forman parte de dicha actividad y de aquellos que pueden verse afectados de otra manera por las mismas. Así la empresa pasa a ser un actor que debe adoptar principios y políticas que acompañen a todas sus actividades no sólo para que no tengan consecuencias adversas, sino para que las mismas tengan mayores beneficios para sus trabajadores, accionistas, vecinos, comunidad, entre otros.En el artículo se analiza si los Gastos de responsabilidad social son deducibles para fines del Impuesto a la Renta, enfocándonos principalmente en los denominados gastos sociales y ambientales que son los que mayores recursos demandan.

This paper proposes an analytic framework for the balancing or weighing test, as an instance of a Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), like the ones used in disciplines like management or operations research. The change in perspective allows for an enrichment of our comprehension concerning the test, and permits an increment in its pretentions of rationality in the process of solving conflicts, in which is necessary to arrive to an optimal solution. In the first section we propose a conceptual framework concerning the development of MCDA models. Then we show three models of balancing tests proposed in the specialized literature, one of which is the model proposed by Robert Alexy. Finally, departing from a comparison between constitutional balancing and the reasonableness test, used by Indecopi, we present a complex model of balancing, which counts with two perspectives: one synchronic, and the other diachronic. / El presente artículo propone un análisis del test de ponderación como una caso particular de los exámenes o test de decisión multicriterio (MCDA) desarrollados en otras disciplinas como la gestión y la investigación de operaciones. Este cambio de perspectiva permite enriquecer nuestra comprensión de dicho test, e incrementar sus pretensiones de racionalidad para resolver conflictos en los que se debe arribar a una solución óptima. En la primera parte se plantea un marco teórico sobre el desarrollo de los análisis de toma de decisiones multicriterio. A continuación se analizan las interrelaciones entre tres modelos ponderativos que se han propuesto en la literatura especializada, entre los que se encuentra el de Robert Alexy. Finalmente, a partir de una comparación entre la ponderación constitucional y el examen de razonabilidad de una medida, empleado por Indecopi, se presenta un modelo complejo de toma de decisiones en la ponderación. Dicho modelo cuenta con una perspectiva diacrónica y sincrónica de análisis.

The authors analyze the exercise of the power of controlregarding new technologies of information. Particularly, the use of GPs Tracking as a tool that the employer relies on to verify that workers fulfill their work. Firstly, the authors explain how these technologies are used at workplaces and their lack of regulation in Peruvian Law. Then, they explain the conditions necessary for not violating the workers’fundamental rights when using this tool. Finally, they discuss the case law and precedents, as well as cases seen by theNational Labour Authority. / Los autores analizan el ejercicio de la facultad de fiscalización a partir de las nuevas tecnologías de la información. en concreto, al uso del GPS como herramienta de la que se vale el empleador para cerciorarse que el trabajador cumple con sus labores. en primer lugar, se hace una explicación sobre el uso de estas tecnologías en el ámbito laboral y su falta de previsión por la normativa peruana. A continuación, explican las condiciones necesarias para que el ejercicio del GPS no vulnere los derechos fundamentales del trabajador. Finalmente, se analiza las decisiones y precedentes en la jurisprudencia, así como los casos vistos por la Superintendencia Nacional de Fiscalización Laboral.

This article point out the progressive enrichment by which fundamental rights concept have gone through, providing to holders—government and individuals— not only rights, liberties, powers and immunity but also the obligation to respect, defend, guarantee and promote all them regardless the conduct displayed by the holder in this field. With this in mind, the author examines arbitration definition and main characteristics, highlighting its constitutional dimension proposing a systematic reading in accordance with fundamental rights. / El artículo toma como punto de partida el enriquecimiento progresivo por el que ha transitado la concepción de derechos fundamentales, que actualmente no solo implican el otorgamiento a sus titulares derechos, libertades, competencias e inmunidades sino que todos —Estado y particulares— estamos obligados a respetarlos, defenderlos, garantizarlos y promoverlos, independientemente de que su titular haya desplegado o no una conducta con ese propósito. A partir de ello, el autor analiza la definición y principales características del arbitraje, destacando su dimensión constitucional y proponiendo una lectura sistemática y en armonía con los derechos fundamentales.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da teoria da avoidability ou duty to mitigate the loss à luz do Direito Brasileiro. Sua escolha decorreu do fato de o ordenamento pátrio, diferente de outros tantos, não prever a existência expressa de um dever ou mais propriamente de um ônus de o contratante inadimplido adotar as medidas razoáveis ao seu alcance para reduzir as perdas e danos causados pelo inadimplemento do outro contratante. Do estudo do direito estrangeiro, procurou-se compreender as principais características do instituto, bem como as críticas feitas a ele, para que sua estrutura e suas possíveis objeções pudessem também ser examinadas sob a perspectiva do direito nacional. Demonstrado que o problema da redução dos prejuízos pelo próprio credor da indenização não poderia ser satisfatoriamente resolvido ao menos não integralmente sob a perspectiva da causalidade concorrente, e que não haveria nenhum óbice intransponível à adoção da regra, passou-se a avaliar se ela já seria uma leitura possível do princípio da boa-fé objetiva. A conclusão alcançada com base na doutrina, e posteriormente confirmada com o posicionamento jurisprudencial, mostrou-se positiva. Demonstrou-se, portanto, que a mitigação de danos pelo credor é um ônus decorrente da cláusula geral que impõe aos contratantes o dever de agir com probidade e boa-fé, dever esse que não é afetado sequer pelo inadimplemento da prestação principal pela contraparte, sob pena de o exercício do direito de indenização tornar-se abusivo. A ausência de uma regra expressa que imponha ao contratante inadimplido o ônus de mitigar seu próprio prejuízo não impede, pois, o reconhecimento da regra no Direito Brasileiro, de modo que sua positivação expressa, embora disponível, traria como única vantagem a maior clareza sobre as regras de responsabilidade contratual, com a facilitação apenas relativa do processo decisório nesses casos. / The purpose of this work was to study the theory of avoidability or the duty to mitigate the loss in light of the Brazilian law. Its choice arose from the fact that the domestic legal system, different from many others, does not set forth the express existence of a duty or more properly of a burden of the breached against party to adopt the reasonable measures available to him/her in order to reduce the losses and damages caused by the breach by the other contracting party. The study of the foreign law was sought to allow the understanding of the main characteristics of the rule, as well as the criticisms raised against it, so that its structure and its main objections could similarly be assessed under the perspective of the national law. Once demonstrated that the problem of the reduction of losses by the creditor himself/herself could not be satisfactorily resolved at least not totally based on the joint causation and that there was no unbridgeable obstacle to the adoption of the rule, it was then evaluated whether it was already a possible construction of the principle of good faith. The conclusion reached based on the literature and afterwards confirmed by the case law was positive. It was evidenced, therefore, that the mitigation of damages by the creditor is a burden arising from the general clause that poses on the contracting parties the duty to act with correctness and good faith, duty which not affected even by the breach of the main obligation by the counterpart, under the consequence of the right to damages being exercised abusively. The lack of a express rule that poses a burden on the breached against party to mitigate his/her own losses does not prevent, thus, the recognition of such a rule in the Brazilian legal system, meaning that its formal adoption, although unessential, would only bring the advantage of more clarity on the rules of damages arising from the breach of contract, with a mere relative facilitation of the decision process on these cases.