Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:17:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ataualpa_Godolphim_Feijo_Dissertacao.pdf: 1157658 bytes, checksum: 39418b95a73eb9413821bfe66409f3e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-09 / Contemporaries democratic societies are deeply distinguished by the diverseness of ethical, phylosophical and religious doctrines so that the principles that govern the basic structure of society must be established in a way this pluralism be respected. John Rawls, in this context, shows his theory of justice as fairness, which proposes a political constructivism for constructing and justify the Equal Liberty and the Fair Equality of Opportunity/Difference principles. So, such principles are not introduced as more fitness for the basic structure because they allude to a prior normative order foregoing the conceptions of person and society, but because they express shared political values that constitute moral facts which, for them part, doesn t need be epistemologically proved in order to be utilized as ground points for the more general principles. Thus, arouse the concept of reasonable as opposed to true, because the idea of reasonableness alludes to an account of justification that doesn t appeal to an autonomous or heteronomous foundational authority. In this manner, this idea becomes an substitute for the idea of truth, which inevitably implies a notion of absolute and foudationalist justification that, according to Rawls, isn t suitable for a theory of justice which intends itself tolerant and freestanding. We must therefore, in order to expose this constructivism in a didactic way, analyse the three procedures which compose it, namely, original position, reflective equilibrium and overlapping consensus. It has evidenced that these procedures work in narrow syntony, so that them propitiate a normative account of objectivity for the principles of justice which can perfectly leave aside the notions of truth and absolute growndwork / As sociedades democráticas contemporâneas são profundamente marcadas pela diversidade de doutrinas éticas, filosóficas e religiosas, de modo que os princípios que regem a estrutura básica da sociedade precisam ser estabelecidos para que este pluralismo seja respeitado. Nesse ínterim, John Rawls apresenta sua teoria da justiça como equidade, a qual propõe um construtivismo político que visa a construção e a justificação dos princípios de Igual Liberdade e Igualdade Equitativa de Oportunidade/Diferença. Assim, tais princípios não são apresentados como sendo os mais adequados - para a estrutura básica social - em vista de remeterem a uma ordem normativa anterior às concepções de pessoa e sociedade, mas, sim, por expressarem valores políticos compartilhados que constituem fatos morais, os quais, por sua vez, não necessitam ser epistemologicamente comprovados a fim de poderem ser utilizados como pontos de ancoramento para os princípios mais gerais. Surge, desta forma, o conceito de razoável (reasonable) como sendo contraposto ao conceito de verdadeiro (true), uma vez que a ideia de razoabilidade remete a uma concepção de justificação que não apela para uma autoridade fundacional de cunho autônomo ou heterônomo. Logo, esta ideia vem a substituir a de verdade, a qual acarreta, inevitavelmente, uma noção de justificação absoluta e fundacionalista, justificação esta que, conforme Rawls, não é adequada para uma teoria da justiça que se pretenda tolerante e autossustentada (freestanding). Desta maneira, a fim de expormos didaticamente este construtivismo, precisamos analisar os três procedimentos que o compõem, a saber, a posição original (original position), o equilíbrio reflexivo (reflective equilibrium) e o consenso sobreposto (overlapping consensus). Constatou-se que esses procedimentos operam em estreita sintonia, de modo que propiciam uma concepção de objetividade normativa para os princípios políticos de justiça - que pode, perfeitamente, prescindir das noções de verdade e de fundamentação absoluta

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Caldin da Silva.pdf: 472983 bytes, checksum: bc775c0a7de4347bb88288601e900dd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-12 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This study approaches the concept, origin and evolution of reasonableness and proportionality, as well as their relationship with some constitutional warranties. It analyses the importance of these principles at the examination, by the Judiciary, of the legislator s discretion. It verifies the application of the reasonableness and proportionality by the superior courts on tax demands, from the elements of tax obligation material, spatial, temporal, quantitative and personal. It also examines the application of these principles at the international tax jurisprudence, from countries like Germany, Spain, Argentina and United States. It concludes defining the roles of reasonableness and proportionality at the defense of taxpayer s constitutional warranties. / Este estudo aborda o conceito, a origem e a evolução dos princípios da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade, bem como suas possíveis diferenças e sua relação com determinadas garantias constitucionais. Analisa a importância destes princípios no exame da discricionariedade do legislador pelo Poder Judiciário. Verifica a aplicação dos princípios da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade pelos tribunais superiores em demandas tributárias, a partir dos elementos da obrigação tributária material, espacial, quantitativo, temporal e pessoal. Confere a aplicação destes princípios na jurisprudência tributária internacional, mais especificamente de países como Alemanha, Espanha, Argentina e Estados Unidos. Conclui definindo o papel da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade na defesa das garantias constitucionais do contribuinte.

Magister Legum - LLM / The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor. / South Africa

John Finnis is one of the seminal contemporary jurisprudential thinkers working within the natural law tradition. His Natural Law and Natural Rights, first published in 1980, has had a significant impact and stands as a centerpiece of modern natural law theory. It is at once a work of ethics, political philosophy as well as jurisprudence. The starting point of his theory of natural law con­sists in concepts such as basic human goods, practical reasonableness and the common good. These concepts provide the foundation for his analysis of communities and society as well as the legal system. This thesis sets out to expound on his theory of natural law by exploring Finnis’ understanding of the basic human goods, practical reasonableness and the common good and the way they interact with his ideas of law and justice. Some of the more controversial or contentious aspects of his theory will also be addressed; such as the supposed self-evident nature of the basic goods and their incommensurable status. Some critics allege that his theory is lacking some of the defining characteristics of a natural law theory and that it thus fails as a theory of natural law, while others have claimed that his theory lends itself to the justification of an authoritarian society. Some of these criticisms carry more strength than others and I conclude by granting that Finnis’ theory contains some weaknesses. However, these should not weaken our appreciation of his vision of the good that law can do and the interrelatedness of law and morality.

Reflektion eftersträvas ofta i högre utbildning. Forskning och beprövad erfarenhet visar att aktiviteten ska ha avgörande betydelse för studenters djuplärande. Reflektion har även visat sig ha en central betydelse för studenters professionella lärande. Denna studie fokuserar på reflektion hos blivande biomedicinska analytiker (BMA). Syftet är att utveckla förståelse och ökad kunskap om vad BMA-studenter reflekterar över under sin verksamhetsförlagda utbildning (VFU). Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av pragmatismen och är utgångspunkt för tolkningen av resultatet tillsamman med tidigare forskning. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av åtta reflektionsloggar som BMA-studenter skrev under sin sista VFU. Tre huvudteman var identifierades genom tematisk analys. Dessa var kvalitetssäkring (preanalytiska aspekter och funktionskontroller), interaktion (mänskliga interaktioner och emotioner, och materiella interaktioner och emotioner) och professionalisering (professionskompetens och professionsetik). BMA är en tekniskt och medicinskt kvalificerat och, självständig profession vars centrala arbetsuppgift är att kvalitetssäkra laboratoriearbete med syfte att kunna leverera snabba och trovärdiga provsvar. Avslutningsvis presenteras förslag på vidare forskning på nationell och internationell nivå. / Reflection is often strived for in higher education. Research and proven experience show that it has adecisive role in the deep learning as well as the professional learning of the students. This studyfocuses on reflection by future soon-to-be biomedical laboratory scientists. The purpose is to acquiremore knowledge and deeper understanding about students’ reflection during their workplace-locatedpractice in the clinical education. Pragmatism is the basis on which the interpretation and discussionof the results are based and related to earlier studies. The empirical material consists of eightreflection-logs written by biomedical laboratory scientist students during their workplace-locatedpractice. Three main themes were identified, quality assurance, interaction, and professionalization,through thematic analysis. These themes are quality assurance (preanalytical aspects and functionchecks), interaction (human interactions and emotions, and materialistic interaction and emotions) andprofessionalization (professional competence and professional ethics). The biomedical scientistprofession is a technically and medically qualified and independent profession in which its primarytask is quality assurance of laboratory work with the goal of delivering fast and reliable test results.Lastly, suggestions of further studies, nationally and internationally, are presented.

Reasonableness as a concept used in determining delictual liability or liability in tort law, is either embraced or perceived by some as frustrating. It is a normative concept which is inextricably linked with the concepts of fairness, justice, equity, public policy and the values of the community. These concepts assist in providing value judgements in determining liability. It is apparent from this study that the influence of reasonableness is predominantly implicit on the French law of delict, but more explicit on the South African law of delict and Anglo-American tort law. Its influence varies with respect to each element of tort or delictual liability. In order to hold a person liable for a delict or tort, it is only reasonable that all the elements of a delict or tort are present. Common to all the jurisdictions studied in this thesis is the idea of striking a balance between the defendant’s interests promoted, the plaintiff’s interests adversely affected and the interests of society. Where liability is based on fault, the reasonableness of conduct is called into question. In respect of causation whichever test or theory is used, what must ultimately be determined is whether according to the facts of the case, it is reasonable to impute liability on the defendant for the factually caused consequences. Whether loss or harm is required, assumed or not required, the question of the appropriate remedy or compensation which is reasonable under the circumstances is called into question. In South African and Anglo-American law, the multiple uses of the standards of the reasonable person, reasonable foreseeability of harm, reasonable preventability of harm, whether it is reasonable to impose an element of liability, or whether it is reasonable to impute liability, often cause confusion and uncertainty. At times, the role of these criteria with regard to a specific element may be valid and amplified while, at other times, their role is diminished and controversial. However, there is nothing wrong with the concept of reasonableness itself; indeed, it is a necessary and useful concept in law. Rather, it is the way that it is interpreted and applied in determining liability that is problematic. / Private Law / LL. D.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English / Until recently damages were only awarded in South African law for the loss of an object which was utilised for the generation of income. In Kellerman v South African Transport Services' damages were awarded for the first time for the loss of use of an object, which was used for non-business purposes. In this dissertation the writer aims to indicate that the personal loss that a plaintiff suffers by the loss of the object is so closely related to the physical possession through which it is served, that the Jaw should protect such personal interest. In such circumstances damages should be awarded in principle, irrespective of whether the plaintiff used the object for business purposes or whether he indeed hired a substitute or not. There is room in the South African law for development in the area of delictual damages for the Joss of the possibility to use a material object. / Private Law / LL.M.

全民健保醫療給付範圍的相關決策缺乏資訊公開性與參與性，引發許多醫療給付的糾紛案件，加上醫療資源有限，醫療需求隨國內人口平均餘命提升而增加，醫療資源優先配置的問題更顯其重要性。本研究建立一個合理的醫療資源優先配置決策程序評估架構，以改善目前國內資源優先配置決策程序，使用Daniels & Sabin(1997)所提出的「要求合理性的課則」（Accountability for Reasonableness）作為評估架構的主要構面，採用文獻分析法與層級分析法建構出一個完整的評估架構並且比較指標間的相互權重，接著使用深度訪談法試圖探索評估指標相對權重背後所代表的意涵。研究結果顯示醫事團體代表強調相關性與決策修正機會，政府代表則注重公開性與執行力，兩者對於醫療資源優先配置決策程序的期待有相當大的落差。基於研究發現，本研究主張應該增加協商機會以減少決策成員間的認知落差，帶動社會大眾對於資源優先配置的認識與參與，並針對目前決策程序的公開性、相關性、決策修正機會與執行力進行改善。 / The lack of information publicity and participation in the payment system of National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan has been a critical issue. Besides numerous insurance payment disputations, the limited health resources and increasing health demand all call for an immediate solution to the problem of health resource priority setting in NHI.. This study aims to establish a systemic evaluative framework to improve on the health resources priority settings. In answer to the need, analytical hierarchy process and in-depth interviews have been conducted to develop a framework based on Accountability for Reasonableness. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the surveys indicate some criteria and the meaning of the relative weight of each criterion. The results show a discrepancy between the governmental representatives and the healthcare organization ones on the expectation of health resources priority settings. The former focus on relevance, revision and appeals while the latter emphasize publicity and enforcement. According to the findings, this study suggests that an increase of negotiation is necessary to eliminate the discrepancy between the two groups. The government also need to introduce the public the idea of health resources priority settings and to modify the current procedure based on the four factors in Accountability for Reasonableness.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-07-03T13:27:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_FELIPE_GOULART_TOMKOWSKI_COMPLETO.pdf: 661319 bytes, checksum: 652d7011baedb676606b1b58f3f86c31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T13:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_FELIPE_GOULART_TOMKOWSKI_COMPLETO.pdf: 661319 bytes, checksum: 652d7011baedb676606b1b58f3f86c31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / A presente disserta??o tem por objetivo investigar o valor instrumental do comportamento humano para o funcionamento da democracia atrav?s da ideia de raz?o p?blica. A intera??o que existe entre governo e cidad?os ? determinante para que as pol?ticas p?blicas de um pa?s sejam condizentes com as prefer?ncias da popula??o e n?o de grupos de poder. Sendo assim, torna-se importante analisar a ideia subjacente ? democracia de "governo pela discuss?o" ? luz de teorias que nos iluminem tanto no que diz respeito ? ideia de decis?o coletiva justa, quanto, ao real comportamento humano. Para tal, primeiramente ? apresentada a ideia de raz?o p?blica a contraponto, em particular, as vis?es de Rawls e Sen, dando ?nfase para ao conceito de imparcialidade nas decis?es pol?ticas. Em seguida, na terceira se??o, trabalham-se as ideais de racionalidade, razoabilidade, introduzindo-se os conceitos de heur?sticas, vieses, e valores sociais. Assim, constr?i-se uma associa??o para se pensar sobre os resultados de diferentes tipos de comportamento humano para a democracia e como ? poss?vel refletir a partir dele sobre as ideias de objetividade posicional e transcendental. Finalmente, na se??o IV, realiza-se uma investiga??o emp?rica atrav?s da base de sobre a rela??o entre percep??es sobre informa??es e disposi??es pol?ticas e a frequ?ncia de conversa sobre pol?tica com os amigos. Utiliza-se um modelo de regress?o log?stica ordenada, com dados do Latino Bar?metro de 2015 para o Brasil, aliado ao m?todo de componentes principais para capturar dimens?es explicativas relevantes. Os seguintes resultados obtidos contradizem as hip?teses pr?vias: a falta de confian?a no governo e a percep??o de garantias faltantes n?o significativos, o ativismo dissociado a causas espec?ficas reduz, ao passo que, um senso de cidadania ao reverso aumenta as chances de se conversar sobre pol?tica com mais frequ?ncia com amigos. / The present dissertation aims to investigate the instrumental role of human behaviour for democracy through the idea of public reason. The interaction between government and citizens is decisive for a country's public policies to be in line with population preferences rather than power groups. Thus, it becomes important to analyse the idea underlying democracy of "government by discussion" in the light of theories that enlighten us both with regard to the idea of just collective decision and real human behaviour. To this end, we first counterpoint the idea of public reason, in particular, of Rawls and Sen, with an emphasis on the concept of impartiality in political decisions. Then, in the third section, we work on the notions of rationality, reasonableness, introducing the concepts of heuristics, biases, and social values. Thus, an association is constructed for thinking about the results of different types of human behavior for democracy and how the ideas of positional and transcendental objectivity fit this purpose well. Finally, in section IV, we conduct an empirical investigation based on the relationship between perceptions of relevant political information and dispositions and the frequency of political talk with friends. We use a logistic regression model, with data from the 2015 Latin Barometer for Brazil, combined with principal components method to capture relevant explanatory dimensions. The following results contradict previous hypotheses: lack of trust in the government and the perception of absent guarantees are not significant, while activism dissociated of specific causes reduces and a reverse sense of citizenship increases the chances of talking about politics more frequently with friends.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English / Until recently damages were only awarded in South African law for the loss of an object which was utilised for the generation of income. In Kellerman v South African Transport Services' damages were awarded for the first time for the loss of use of an object, which was used for non-business purposes. In this dissertation the writer aims to indicate that the personal loss that a plaintiff suffers by the loss of the object is so closely related to the physical possession through which it is served, that the Jaw should protect such personal interest. In such circumstances damages should be awarded in principle, irrespective of whether the plaintiff used the object for business purposes or whether he indeed hired a substitute or not. There is room in the South African law for development in the area of delictual damages for the Joss of the possibility to use a material object. / Private Law / LL.M.