Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a implementação no Brasil de políticas reparatórias por perseguições políticas cometidas à época da ditadura militar no país (1964-1985). A partir da experiência da Comissão de Anistia do Ministério da Justiça, busca-se compreender de que forma a legislação vigente que regulamenta a concessão de reparação econômica para vítimas do arbítrio militar é operada e como, nesse processo, novas pautas e demandas políticas são articuladas dentro da referida agência estatal. Ao mesmo tempo, atenta-se para os sujeitos responsáveis pelos julgamentos de tais requerimentos, buscando identificar as redes sociais que os aproximam e suas trajetórias vida. A partir de um trabalho etnográfico nas Caravanas da Anistia – sessões itinerantes de apreciação de requerimentos de reparação --, analisa-se como se dá a construção de um “ritual político” como espaço de enunciações e escutas de narrativas sobre a ditadura militar. / This research has as object of study the implementation in Brazil of policies of reparation for political persecution which took place during the military dictatorship in the country (1964-1985), from the experience of the Amnesty Commission in the Ministry of Justice. The aim is to understand the way the current legislation, which regulates the concession of economic reparation to victims of the military's arbitrary acts, is operated, and how, in this process, new issues and political demands are articulated inside the aforementioned government agency. Based on ethnographic work in the Caravanas da Anistia - itinerant sessions of examination of reparation requests - the construction of a "political ritual" as a space of enunciation and listening of narratives about the military dictatorship is analyzed.

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a implementação no Brasil de políticas reparatórias por perseguições políticas cometidas à época da ditadura militar no país (1964-1985). A partir da experiência da Comissão de Anistia do Ministério da Justiça, busca-se compreender de que forma a legislação vigente que regulamenta a concessão de reparação econômica para vítimas do arbítrio militar é operada e como, nesse processo, novas pautas e demandas políticas são articuladas dentro da referida agência estatal. Ao mesmo tempo, atenta-se para os sujeitos responsáveis pelos julgamentos de tais requerimentos, buscando identificar as redes sociais que os aproximam e suas trajetórias vida. A partir de um trabalho etnográfico nas Caravanas da Anistia – sessões itinerantes de apreciação de requerimentos de reparação --, analisa-se como se dá a construção de um “ritual político” como espaço de enunciações e escutas de narrativas sobre a ditadura militar. / This research has as object of study the implementation in Brazil of policies of reparation for political persecution which took place during the military dictatorship in the country (1964-1985), from the experience of the Amnesty Commission in the Ministry of Justice. The aim is to understand the way the current legislation, which regulates the concession of economic reparation to victims of the military's arbitrary acts, is operated, and how, in this process, new issues and political demands are articulated inside the aforementioned government agency. Based on ethnographic work in the Caravanas da Anistia - itinerant sessions of examination of reparation requests - the construction of a "political ritual" as a space of enunciation and listening of narratives about the military dictatorship is analyzed.

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a implementação no Brasil de políticas reparatórias por perseguições políticas cometidas à época da ditadura militar no país (1964-1985). A partir da experiência da Comissão de Anistia do Ministério da Justiça, busca-se compreender de que forma a legislação vigente que regulamenta a concessão de reparação econômica para vítimas do arbítrio militar é operada e como, nesse processo, novas pautas e demandas políticas são articuladas dentro da referida agência estatal. Ao mesmo tempo, atenta-se para os sujeitos responsáveis pelos julgamentos de tais requerimentos, buscando identificar as redes sociais que os aproximam e suas trajetórias vida. A partir de um trabalho etnográfico nas Caravanas da Anistia – sessões itinerantes de apreciação de requerimentos de reparação --, analisa-se como se dá a construção de um “ritual político” como espaço de enunciações e escutas de narrativas sobre a ditadura militar. / This research has as object of study the implementation in Brazil of policies of reparation for political persecution which took place during the military dictatorship in the country (1964-1985), from the experience of the Amnesty Commission in the Ministry of Justice. The aim is to understand the way the current legislation, which regulates the concession of economic reparation to victims of the military's arbitrary acts, is operated, and how, in this process, new issues and political demands are articulated inside the aforementioned government agency. Based on ethnographic work in the Caravanas da Anistia - itinerant sessions of examination of reparation requests - the construction of a "political ritual" as a space of enunciation and listening of narratives about the military dictatorship is analyzed.

La maintenance des ouvrages en matériaux cimentaires fissurés a un coût économique et environnemental considérable, les méthodes de traitement actuelles étant polluantes et d’une efficacité limitée à long terme. La biocicatrisation, reposant sur la formation d’un dépôt de carbonate de calcium d’origine bactérienne au sein des fissures du matériau, est une alternative durable et écologique aux résines synthétiques. Cette thèse a pour objectif de créer une méthode de biocicatrisation de fissures d’ouvertures comprises entre 150 et 500 μm, en optimisant sa mise en oeuvre pour une utilisation commerciale. Cette méthode repose sur l’injection de bactéries dans les fissures, par le biais d’un milieu épaissi favorisant la précipitation de CaCO3 biosourcé. Pour ce faire, ce travail de thèse repose sur trois axes. Dans un premier temps, le milieu épaissi est créé puis ses propriétés rhéologiques sont optimisées à l’aide de mesures rhéologiques et d’essais d’injection dans des éprouvettes de mortier fissurées. Dans un deuxième temps, l’effet de l’épaississement du milieu sur la croissance de B. pseudofirmus et sur la bioproduction de carbonate de calcium est évalué. Enfin, des essais de biocicatrisation sont conduits en conditions contrôlées et en milieu extérieur sur des matériaux fissurés afin de vérifier le potentiel de cette méthode à différentes échelles allant de l'éprouvette de mortier à la dalle de béton. Les essais réalisés ont permis de formuler une suspension thixotropique et rhéofluidifiante en combinant deux épaississants, le Welan et l’Attagel. Cette suspension peut être injectée efficacement et sans drainage dans des fissures de 150 à 800 μm d’ouverture. L’ajout d’épaississants n’a pas d’impact sur la croissance de B. pseudofirmus et augmente la production de carbonate de calcium par les bactéries. Les essais de biocicatrisation ont démontré que l’utilisation de milieu épaissi contribue durablement au colmatage des fissures en formant un film solide lors de son séchage, et constitue un support au sein duquel les bactéries peuvent réaliser le processus de biocicatrisation malgré les fortes contraintes imposées par une utilisation in situ. A l’issue du traitement de biocicatrisation, la production de CaCO3 au sein des fissures par la souche bactérienne d’étude, B. pseudofirmus, a pu être démontrée par des observations microscopiques (MEB). Les essais menés au cours de ce projet ont permis de mettre au point une méthode de biocicatrisation ayant un potentiel pour une utilisation commerciale, se démarquant par sa facilité d’emploi et le cumul entre colmatage abiotique et biologique. / Abstract : Maintenance of cracked cementitious materials comes at a high environmental and economic cost, as current reparation technologies are polluting and lack long-term durability. Bio-healing, which relies on the clogging of cracks with bacterial calcium carbonate, is a durable and environmentfriendly alternative to synthetic resins. Indeed, calcium carbonate, calcite in particular, is a long-lasting material, and bacterial activity does not require the use of any toxic chemicals. Based on a previous study proving the bio-healing potential of the bacteria Bacillus pseudofirmus under controlled conditions, this project aims to design a bio-healing method allowing to repair cracks from 150 to 500 µm wide and fitting commercial use. This method relies on the injection of bacteria in cracks, using a thickened medium which enhances CaCO3 bioproduction. To achieve this goal, the work was organized according to three phases. The first phase is to create and characterize the thickened medium through rheological measurements and injection tests in cracked mortars. For the second phase, the effect of the thickened medium on bacterial growth and bioproduction of CaCO3 is assessed through growth experiments. For the third phase, bio-healing tests are performed in a controlled environment and outdoors on cracked materials in order to confirm the potential of this method for commercial use, for lab and pilot scales. During the rheological experiments, we created a thixotropic and shear-thinning suspension using two thickeners in combination, Welan and Attagel. This suspension can be efficiently injected into 150 and 800 µm wide cracks without post-injection drainage. Adding thickeners does not alter bacterial growth, and increases CaCO3 bioproduction. Biocicatrisation tests revealed that the use of a thickened suspension contributes to sealing of cracks as it dries to form a solid film inside the cracks, and embed the bacteria so they could precipitate significant amounts of CaCO3 despite the constraints of in situ conditions. At the end of the bio-healing treatment, the strain B. pseudofirmus has been proven to precipitate CaCO3 through SEM observations. The experiments which have been performed during this PhD led to the creation of a bio-healing method which holds a true potential for commercial use, as it is particularly easy to use and combines biotic and abiotic sealing of the cracks.

La justice restaurative est une alternative aux méthodes conventionnelles de voir l’infraction et d’y répondre. Elle est devenue presque partout dans le monde, un sujet essentiel dans la réforme de la justice pénale et a gagné du terrain dans le monde universitaire et dans les pratiques judiciaires. Ainsi, son essor et expansion au niveau international sont remarquables aujourd’hui. Grâce à sa flexibilité conceptuelle, son adaptabilité pratique et ses atouts réels, ce mode de justice mérite d’être pleinement développé au sein des systèmes pénaux français et sud-coréen. La première partie, consacrée aux fondamentaux de la justice restaurative, en témoigne sans pour autant occulter ses limites et risques. Pourtant, comme le démontre la deuxième partie, consacrée aux pratiques en France et en Corée du Sud, l’implantation et le développement de la justice restaurative dans ces deux pays sont freinés par plusieurs obstacles socioculturels et par plusieurs difficultés pratiques. La présente thèse a pour objectif de trouver des moyens de sortir de l’état actuel des deux pays en matière de justice restaurative, marqué par l’imperfection, la réticence et la réserve, de manière que les mesures restauratives existantes puissent retrouver leur essence restaurative et que la justice restaurative puisse s’implanter et se développer avec succès en France et en Corée du Sud. / The restorative justice is an alternative to the conventional methods to see the crime and to respond it. It has become, almost everywhere in the world, a key issue in the reform of criminal justice and has gained ground in academia and in the judicial practices. Its international growth and expansion are noteworthy today. With its conceptual flexibility, its practical adaptability and its real assets, this mode of justice deserves to be fully developed within the French and South Korean penal systems. The first part of this thesis, devoted to the fundamentals of the restorative justice, demonstrates this without obscuring its limitations and risks. However, as shown in the second part, dedicated to the practices in France and South Korea, the integration and the development of the restorative justice in both countries are constrained by several socio-cultural obstacles and a number of practical difficulties. This thesis aims to move away from the current state of the two countries in the field of restorative justice, marked by imperfection, reticence and reserve, so that the existing restorative measures can regain their restorative essence and that the restorative justice can be applied and developed successfully in France and South Korea.

This research will be undertaken in the field of both criminal and civil law with particular focus on international interventions in the fight against organized criminal activities, assets forfeitsure in South Africa in general and its treatment of victims of the underlying forfeitsure crimes ("the victims") in assert forfeitsure, more specifically.

Patenträtten kan användas för att förhindra tredje man från att sälja vidare, rekonstruera eller kopiera en patenterad produkt. Det starka patentskyddet för patentinnehavare utgör ett ekonomiskt incitament för skapande och gör möjligheten till reparation svårare, och från fall till fall olagliga, eftersom patentlagstiftningen förhindrar rekonstruktion av patenterade produkter. Patenträtten, i relation till rätten till reparation, står inför en avvägning mellan intresset att säkerställa patentinnehavararens ensamrätt att förhindra tillverkning av den patenterade produkten och att fortsätta styra marknaden i riktning mot en cirkulär ekonomi och hållbar produktlivslängd genom reparation. En produkt under patentskydd kan normalt sett repareras inom Europeiska unionen och Sverige utan att det görs intrång i patentet i enlighet med konsumtionsprincipen. Enligt 3 § 3 st. 2 p. Patentlag (1967:837) konsumeras rätten vid förvärv och den patenterade produkten kan säljas vidare eller repareras, om den patenterade produkten har satts på marknaden av eller med tillåtelse från patentinnehavaren. Det är viktigt att skilja på tillverkning och reparation eftersom reparation av en patenterad produkt är tillåtet medan tillverkning fortfarande utgör ett direkt patentintrång.    Gränsdragningen mellan begreppen reparation och rekonstruktion ger ett utrymme för ovisshet för i vilka fall en reparation går över till att utgöra en intrångshandling genom rekonstruktion. Omfattningen av begreppet reparation och vad som avser en lovlig reparation har, i rättsfall inom EU, baserats på om det skett inom den normala livslängden. Om bedömningen sker utifrån marknadens uppfattning av vad som utgör en normal livslängd finns det upphov till oförutsägbarhet. I uppsatsen behandlas problematiken inom ramen för konsumtionsprincipen och de tillhörande begreppen reparation, rekonstruktion samt normal livslängd. Utifrån en utblick i tyska och brittiska rättsfall samt i relation till europeiska patentkonventionen, konstateras i uppsatsen att gränsdragningen mellan begreppen görs avseende: huruvida den tekniska lösningen återspeglas i den ersatta komponenten, handlingen skett under den normala livslängden eller omfattningen av återställandeåtgärden. I utredningen av den föreliggande problematiken föreslås, dels en tydliggjord definition av livslängden under en garanterad minimilivslängd i relation till Ekodesign-direktivet, dels ett särskiljande av begreppen reparation och rekonstruktion i den grundläggande ensamrätten, 3 § Patentlag, samt i det kommande ’Unitary patent convention’ (UPC-avtalet) art. 25(a) för enhetliga EU-patent, utan att motsätta minimikraven fastställt i art. 28(1a) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. / Patent law can be used to prevent third parties from using, reusing, or copying a patented product. The strong patent protection for patent holders constitutes an economic incentive for creation and makes the possibility of repair more difficult, and from case-to-case illegal, as patent law prevents the reconstruction of patented products. Patent law, in relation to the right to repair, faces a need to balance between the interest in ensuring the patent holder's exclusive right to prevent the manufacture of the patented product and steering the market towards a circular economy and sustainable product life through repair. A product under patent protection can normally be repaired within the European Union and Sweden without infringing the patent, in accordance with the principle of consumption. As stipulated in 3 Sec. 2 Para. Patent Act (1967: 837) the right is consumed upon acquisition and the patented product can be resold or repaired if the patented product has been put on the market by or with permission from the patent holder. It is important to distinguish between manufacturing and repair because repair of a patented product is permissible while manufacturing still constitutes a direct patent infringement.    The demarcation between the concepts of repair and reconstruction leaves room for uncertainty as to in which cases a repair becomes an act of infringement through reconstruction. The scope of the concept of repair and what constitutes a lawful repair has, in legal cases within the EU, been based on whether it took place within the normal lifespan. If the assessment is based on the market's perception of what constitutes a normal life expectancy, this gives rise to unpredictability. In this thesis, the problems within the framework of the consumption principle and the associated concepts of repair, reconstruction and normal service life are discussed. Based on regards to German and British cases and in relation to the European Patent Convention, its concluded in this thesis that the demarcation between the concepts is made on: whether the technical solution is reflected in the replaced component, the action took place during the normal life or the scope of the restoration measure. The investigation of the present problem proposes a clarified definition of service life under a guaranteed minimum service life in relation to the Ecodesign Directive, and a distinction between the concepts of repair and reconstruction in the fundamental exclusive right, Section 3 of the Patent Act, and in the forthcoming 'Unitary patent convention' (UPC agreement) Art. 25(a) for uniform EU patents, without prejudice to the minimum requirements set out in Art. 28(1a) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

Ce mémoire propose d’analyser sur les crimes environnementaux et la réparation des victimes des dommages environnementaux. Il commence par un survol des perspectives principales autour desquelles différentes définitions du « crime environnemental » sont développées ainsi qu’avec une brève analyse du lien entre les dommages environnementaux et les crimes en général. Ensuite, ce texte constate les trois types de justice—la justice environnementale, la justice écologique et la justice des espèces—dont chacune focalise sur un groupe de victimes des dommages environnementaux différents. Finalement, les mécanismes juridiques nationaux sont examinés par lesquels les victimes des dommages environnementaux peuvent obtenir réparation. Dans le cadre national, il existe trois branches de justice soit pénal, civil et administratif auxquels les victimes peuvent s’adresser afin de se faire réparer. Il s’avère que pour optimiser les intérêts des victimes, un État devra combiner les trois branches du système juridique et adapter chacun de ces branches aux crimes environnementaux. Bien que les régimes juridiques et les conditions nationales varient d’un État à l’autre, les mesures prises et les approches utilisées par les différents États dans le but de réparer les victimes environnementales peuvent se complémenter. / This work proposes to analyze on environmental crimes and the reparation of victims of environmental damage. It begins with an overview of the main perspectives around which different definitions of "environmental crime" are developed as well as a brief analysis of the link between environmental damage and crime in general. The work then examines the three types of justice — environmental justice, ecological justice, and species justice — each of which focuses on a different group of victims of environmental damage. Finally, we examine the national legal mechanism through which victims of environmental damage can obtain redress. Within the national framework, there are three branches of justice (criminal, civil and administrative) to which victims can apply for redress. It turns out that in order to optimize the interests of victims, a state will have to combine the three branches of the legal system and adapt each of these branches to environmental crimes. Although legal regimes and national conditions vary from state to state, the measures taken and approaches used by different states to redress environmental victims may complement each other.

Automated static analysis tools are important in modern software quality assurance. These tools scan the input source or binary code for a set of rules to detect functional or maintainability problems and then warn developers about the found rule violations. Then, developers analyze and possibly repair the rule violations in a manual procedure, which can be time-consuming. Since human effort is costly, automated solutions for repairing rule violations would play an important role in software development. In a previous work, a tool named Sorald was developed to automatically repair rule violations generated by the static analyzer SonarJava. However, there is a lack of reliability of Sorald in generating patches and also a lack of automation for the usage of Sorald by developers. Therefore, in this work, solutions are proposed to improve the usability of Sorald. First, a new strategy of source code analysis and repair was introduced in Sorald, which allows Sorald to deliver a fix even when an internal failure occurs in Sorald. Second, Sorald was integrated into a repair bot, named Repairnator, which was then integrated into the Jenkins continuous integration service. This allows Sorald to be automatically executed in continuous integration builds and its generated patches to be automatically proposed to developers on GitHub. As an evaluation of the proposed solutions, Sorald was executed and monitored on 28 open-source projects hosted on GitHub. The results show that the new repair strategy improves the performance of Sorald in terms of the number of fixes, while the repair time remains mostly unchanged when compared with the default repair strategy. Moreover, the total repair time of Sorald for the 15 supported SonarJava rules is within the continuous integration time of the analyzed projects, which means that it is feasible to repair projects with Sorald in such an environment. Finally, most Sorald patches are compilable and usually accepted without negative comments by developers, once there exists a reaction on the proposed GitHub pull requests. In conclusion, the contributions of this work improve the overall usability of Sorald as an automated software repair tool. / Automatiserade statiska analysverktyg är viktiga för modern kvalitetssäkring inom mjukvaruutveckling. Dessa verktyg skannar ingångskällan eller binärkoden för en uppsättning regler för att upptäcka funktions- eller underhållsproblem och varnar sedan utvecklare om de upptäcker några regelbrott. Utvecklare som äger den analyserad kodebasen, granskar sedan dessa regelbrott och eventuellt reparerar dem i en manuell procedur, vilket kan vara tidskrävande. Eftersom mänskliga ansträngningar är kostsamma skulle automatiserade lösningar för att reparera dessa regelbrott spela en viktig roll i programvaruutveckling. I ett tidigare arbete utvecklades ett verktyg som heter Sorald för att automatiskt reparera regelbrott som genererats av den statiska analysatorn SonarJava. Det finns dock brist på tillförlitlighet hos Sorald när det gäller att generera korrigeringsfiler och brist på automatisering för utvecklingen av Sorald. Därför föreslås i detta arbete lösningar för att förbättra Soralds användbarhet. Först introducerades en ny strategi för källkodsanalys och reparation i Sorald, som gör det möjligt för Sorald att leverera en fix även när ett internt fel inträffar i Sorald. För det andra integrerades Sorald i en reparationsbot, namnet Repairnator, som sedan integrerades i Jenkins kontinuerliga integrationstjänst. Detta gör att Sorald kan köras automatiskt i kontinuerliga integrationsbyggnader och dessa genererade korrigeringar automatiskt föreslås för utvecklare på GitHub. Som en utvärdering av de föreslagna lösningarna utfördes och övervakades Sorald på 28 öppen källkodsprojekt värd på GitHub. Resultaten visar att den nya reparationsstrategin förbättrar prestationen för Sorald när det gäller antalet korrigeringar, medan reparationstiden förblir oförändrad jämfört med standardreparationsstrategin. Dessutom ligger den totala reparationstiden för Sorald för de 15 stödda SonarJava-reglerna inom den kontinuerliga integrationstiden för de analyserade projekten, vilket innebär att det är möjligt att reparera projekt med Sorald i en sådan miljö. Slutligen är de flesta Sorald-korrigeringar sammanställbara och accepteras vanligtvis utan negativa kommentarer från utvecklare, när det finns en reaktion på de föreslagna GitHub-förfrågningarna. Sammanfattningsvis förbättrar bidraget från detta arbete Soralds övergripande användbarhet som ett automatiskt verktyg för reparation av programvara.

Deep learning has achieved promising results for automatic program repair (APR).In this paper, we revisit this topic and propose an end-to-end approach Classfix tocorrect java syntax errors. Classfix uses the RoBERTa classification model to localizethe error, and uses the RoBERTa encoder-decoder model to repair the located buggyline. Our work introduces a new localization method that enables us to fix a programwith an arbitrary length. Our approach categorises errors into symbol errors and worderrors. We conduct a large scale experiment to evaluate Classfix and the result showsClassfix is able to repair 75.5% symbol errors and 64.3% word errors. In addition,Classfix achieves 97% and 84.7% accuracy in locating symbol errors and word errors,respectively. / Deep learning har uppnått lovande resultat för automatisk programreparation (APR).I den här uppsatsen återkommer vi till det här ämnet och använder Classfix för attkorrigera javasyntaxfel. Classfix använder en RoBERTa-classification model för attlokalisera felet och en RoBERTa-encoder-decoder model för att reparera buggar.Vårt arbete introducerar en ny lokaliseringsmetod som gör att vi kan fixa programav godtycklig längd. Studien kategoriserar fel i symbolfel och ordfel. Vi genomförstorskaliga experiment för att utvärdera Classfix. Resultatet visar att Classfix kan fixa75.5% av symbolfel och 64.3% av ordfel. Dessutom uppnår Classfix 97% och 84,7% noggrannhet när det gäller att lokalisera symbolfel respektive ordfel.