The aim of this study was to find out if the use of the concepts ‘terrorism' and ‘organized crime' has changed after the event on 11 September, 2001 when terrorists attacked World Trade Center and Pentagon. In this study I make use of discourse theory in a way which is inspired by the writings of Winther Jorgensen and Phillips. Knowledge acquired through this research has been primarily generated from two Swedish Government Official Reports concerning questions arising from introducing secret police surveillance. In these reports, there are many opinions from authorities whom have given their thoughts on introducing new ways of policing which are very interesting to analyze. The results shows that the ways the concepts have been used have changed after the terrorists attacks. The same holds true for how the authorities describe their will to combat crime. Terrorism has been described as something that pose a near none existent problem before the terrorist attack, afterwards it is described as a risk that poses a major threat to the whole society. The organized crime has been described as something which has been going from a relatively controllable problem to one that undermines the judicial system and the democratic state.

Summery The main objective of this essay is to analyze the challenges caused by today’s modern phenomenon of change in our society and to discuss it in relationship to the process of migration. In doing so I focus on questions like, “what does it really mean when a person becomes a migrant and what does it mean to be the host country?” Becoming a migrant or a host country is a complex process which involves variety of challenges both for individuals and the locality. New inventions are made in the field of science and technology. Societies and social institutions are subjected to change and we undergo several changes or modifications to fit in to this changing system. This makes intigration process more difficult and complex. I feel that the process of accepting and adopting begins from the very first moment in the new society. The one who comes in also brings in new cultural perspectives, new ideologies and beliefs. This establishes the background of plurality which has both positive and negative consequences.     I believe that every factor from bigger social institutions to minute incidents associated with an individual are of equal importance in understanding society as a whole. So I approach my research question here by considering both micro and macro theorists. I have also referred to migrations history of Sweden which provides general idea of types and mode of migration in the past few decades.

The main objective of this essay is to analyze the challenges caused by today's modern phenomenon of change in our society and to discuss it in relationship to the process of migration. In doing so I focus on questions like, "what does it really mean when a person becomes a migrant and what does it mean to be the host country?" Becoming a migrant or a host country is a complex process which involves variety of challenges both for individuals and the locality. New inventions are made in the field of science and technology. Societies and social institutions are subjected to change and we undergo several changes or modifications to fit in to this changing system. This makes integration process more tedious and complex. I feel that the process of accepting and adopting begins from the very first moment in the new society. The one who comes in also brings in new cultural perspectives, new ideologies and beliefs. This establishes the background of plurality which has both positive and negative consequences. I believe that every factor from bigger social institutions to minute incidents associated with an individual are of equal importance in understanding society as a whole. So I approach my research question here by considering both micro and macro theorists. I have also referred to migrations history of Sweden which provides general idea of types and mode of migration in the past few decades.

Šiame darbe siekiama kompleksiškai pažvelgti į Černobylio pasekmes, aktualias XXI amžiuje per socialinės atminties, diskursų, ekologinės sąmonės perspektyvą. Tokio pobūdžio darbų per pastaruosius penkerius metus Lietuvoje praktiškai nėra atlikta. Darbo problema – kokį, kokio dydžio poveikį ir kokioms grupėms padarė Černobylio katastrofa, kurios padariniai jaučiami iki šiol. Tas iki galo nėra nustatyta, nes koncentruojamasi į politinius (energetinio saugumo, grėsmių), sveikatos tyrimus, kompleksiškai nenagrinėjama kaip Černobylis paveikė ekologinę sąmonę, sociopolitinius diskursus, socialinę atmintį ir grėsmės suvokimą. Objektas: aktualus Černobylio ekologinis, politinis ir socialinis poveikis grėsmės suvokimo kontekste. Tikslas: Ištirti aktualų Černobylio ekologinį, politinį ir socialinį poveikį grėsmės suvokimo kontekste. Darbo aktualumas garantuoja 2011 m. kovo 11 d. įvykiai Fukušimoje, paskatinę iš naujo įvertinti atominės energetikos grėsmes ir Černobylio palikimą. Lietuvai uždarius IAE, svarstant dėl VAE, Baltarusijai ir Rusijai planuojant statyti savo jėgaines kyla ne tik energetinio saugumo, bet ir grėsmės suvokimo klausimas. Ar mes gyvename rizikos, ar dvigubos rizikos visuomenėje? Darbas suskirstytas į tris dėstymo dalis. Pirmoji skirta socialinei atminčiai ir diskursų analizei, antroji – ekologinės sąmonės tyrimams ir trečioji – Černobylio ir Fukušimos avarijų atgarsiai užsienio ir Lietuvos internetinėje žiniasklaidoje. Darbe taikytas analitinis, kritinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theme of this study is the impact of the Chernobyl atomic power plant disaster (seen as a deterrent and a threat at the same time), on the socio-political discourse, collective memory and ecological consciousness. The problem raised in this study is deals with the ways to describe how and what kind of impact did Chernobyl have and who has felt it the most. The problem is still a topical issue considering the fact that most of the studies made by the Lithuanian scholars are concerned with one exact aspect of this complex theme. Thus the object of this study is the social, political and ecological impact seen in the light of the menace perception. The object implies the aim of this study – to seek out the ways this three-folded impact reveals itself. This study has a great significance because of the late events in Japan which lead many to the rethinking of nuclear policy, especially after the protests had erupted. As in Lithuania, the situation has not changed much as no new social movements started and people remain quite indifferent to the broader consequences of the energetic problems Lithuania now faces. The methods used in this study are the following: analytical, critical, comparative and descriptive while giving a strong emphasis on a theoretical basis needed for a successful understanding of such complex theme. The conclusions of this study would be that the Fukushima accident helped to rethink nuclear policy in many countries and ensure the goal of... [to full text]

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur polisiär närvaro påverkar allmänhetens upplevelse av trygghet, samt om den upplevda tryggheten påverkas av polisens synliga utrustning. Fokus har riktats mot platser som generellt upplevs som trygga, men som även kan upplevas otrygga av allmänheten ur ett terrorhot-perspektiv. Studien har undersökt allmänhetens upplevelse av polisiär närvaro ur ett trygghetsskapande perspektiv, med utgångspunkt i Ulrich Becks teori om risksamhället. Datamaterial samlades in genom strukturerade intervjuer med 148 personer i Stockholm och Uppsala och analyserades genom univariata analyser och korstabulering. Resultatet visade att polisiär närvaro kan öka allmänhetens upplevelse av trygghet. Det framkom även att utrustning är av betydelse för hur polisiär närvaro upplevs och att polisiär närvaro kan verka trygghetsskapande på de platser som undersöktes. / The study has examined how the presence of the police affect people's feelings of safety and the way the public perceives exposed police equipment. The study, based on Ulrich Becks theory about Risk Society, has primarily been focused on sites that are generally considered safe, but could also be perceived as potentially vulnerable to terrorism. Structured interviews of 148 people in Stockholm and Uppsala has collected data for the study. The data source was analysed by descriptive statistics and by correlation. Results of the interviews suggest police presence can increase the public’s feelings of safety in the examined places. From the data collected, it also emerged that police equipment is instrumental in the perception of police presence and public’s feelings of safety.

Este trabalho discute a função garantista do Direito Penal e o impacto do processo de globalização em sua estrutura, com o propósito de destacar e acompanhar as contribuições mais evidentes e significativas da teoria garantista, mesmo no âmbito da sociedade de risco. O Direito Penal vem sendo remodelado pelos novos comportamentos da sociedade de risco, baseado nas mudanças do processo de globalização. O garantismo pode ser entendido como uma teoria crítica do Direito que redefine os conceitos do constitucionalismo, substancializando-os. Três exemplos são apresentados para ilustrar a eficiência do procedimento garantista proposto. A análise permite a descrição da resposta garantista para o desenvolvimento harmônico do Direito Penal, mesmo em situações em que respostas céleres do Legislativo e do Judiciário são necessárias. A figura do juiz deve ser valorizada através do exercício hermenêutico. Relendo o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir da teoria do garantismo penal, estabelece um novo modo de se compreender a maneira pela qual uma lei penal e/ou decisão penal são produzidas. / This work discusses the garantism function of criminal law and the impact of the globalization process in its structure, with the purpose of detaching and accompanying the most evident and significant contributions of the garantism theory, even at the world risk society situation. The criminal law has been being remodeled by the new risk society behavior, based on the changes of the globalization process. The garantism can be understood as a critical theory of the Right that redefines the concepts of the constitutionalism, imputing to it substance. Three examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the garantism characteristics proposed. The analysis allows a description of the garantism\' s response for the criminal law harmonic development, even in situations in which quick Legislative and Judiciary answers are necessary. The figure of the judge must be valorized through the hermeneutical exercise. Reading over the Brazilian judicial ordering since the penal garantism theory, it establishes a new way to understand how a penal decision and/or a criminal law is produced.

A sociedade contemporânea cria riscos de todas as ordens, ampliando o significado desse conceito. O risco pode estar associado à ameaças naturais, mas cada vez mais está relacionado à ações humanas, em especial devido ao uso de tecnologias. O uso do solo, tanto para fins agrícolas quanto urbanos, gera possibilidades de contaminação de áreas sensíveis, como é o caso da área de recarga do aqüífero Guarani, em Ribeirão Preto, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Este trabalho objetivou realizar um estudo crítico de como a legislação aplicável às águas subterrâneas tratou a proteção das áreas de recarga do Aqüífero Guarani, frente aos riscos identificados pela literatura no município de Ribeirão Preto. A metodologia empregada foi a análise documental e a realização de entrevistas com os atores envolvidos na gestão desse recurso. Esse município é um dos mais importantes do Estado, além de elevado desenvolvimento econômico, destaca-se por estar situado junto à área de recarga do principal reservatório de água subterrânea do Cone Sul, bem como ter sido alvo de vários projetos para a proteção desse manancial subterrâneo, com destaque ao Projeto Aqüífero Guarani.A formulação de uma política de proteção para as áreas de recarga encerra o desafio de conciliar a gestão dos recursos hídricos com as políticas de uso e ocupação do solo e ambiental. A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos tratou o tema de maneira superficial. O Estado de São Paulo, apesar de seu pioneirismo normativo, não conseguiu moldar uma política eficaz. A possibilidade de criar Áreas de Proteção Máxima nas zonas de recarga dos aqüíferos é elogiável, porém as lacunas legais existentes inviabilizam a aplicação prática desse instrumento. No âmbito municipal percebeu-se a priorização dos interesses dos principais setores econômicos em detrimento da proteção dessas áreas. A multidiversidade dos riscos, a ausência de uma política federal que estabeleça diretrizes para as políticas estaduais de recursos hídricos subterrâneos, bem como a falta de integração e articulação entre os diversos órgãos e atores que tratam do tema prejudicou a implantação e aplicação de uma política eficaz para as águas subterrâneas. A proteção das áreas de recarga acaba ocorrendo de forma indireta, via os instrumentos da política ambiental, não porque estes as tenham como objeto, mas como um desdobramento natural da proteção ao meio ambiente. / The contemporary society has created many kinds of risks, enlarging the meaning of this concept. It can be associated to natural disasters, but more and more it is related to human actions, especially because technology use. When soil is used to agricultural or urbane proposes, it creates condition for contamination of sensible areas, such as the Guarani Aquifers recharge area at Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. This research aimed to analyze how the current subterranean water legislation works in order to protect Guarani Aquifers recharge area, considering risks identified by literature in Ribeirão Preto City. Data were collected by documental analysis and interviews that were conducted to key actors. Ribeirão Preto is considered one of the most important cities of São Paulo State. Its economy is highly developed and it is located in the recharge area of Guarani Aquifer. In addition, the city has been target by many projects of preservation, such as Guarani Aquifer Project. In order to create effective protection policy, the challenge consists of conciliating the hydric resources management with soil and environment policy. The National Water Policy has been leaded with this subject in a very superficial way. Even though São Paulo State has been pioneer in a normative way, it has not been able to create an efficient regulation. The possibility of establishing Maximum Protection Areas in the recharge zones is appreciable, but inconsistent laws create obstacles that interrupt a real application of this instrument. In the municipally level, the priority is the interest of powerful economy sectors instead of the recharge areas protection. The implementation and application of an efficient subterranean water policy is prejudiced by risks diversity, lack of a national policy that indicates directives to the state policy, and lack of integration and articulation among various involved sectors and actors. Recharge areas protection have been realized as an indirect way through environmental instruments. These instruments are not specific, but they reach the recharge areas as a natural consequence of the environmental protection.

Grunden till uppsatsen är Sveriges klimatpolitiska ramverk där följande mål satts upp: “senast år 2045 ska Sverige inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären, för att därefter uppnå negativa utsläpp.” (Naturvårdsverket 2019b). Landsbygden är i fokus och relationen mellan stad respektive land beskrivs liksom attityder och beteenden kopplat till klimatfrågan. Uppsatsen berör därigenom historiska beslut, ojämlikheter och maktpositioner som ligger till grund för de förutsättningar som landsbygden har idag. Intervjuer med landsbygdskommuner har gjorts vilket syftar till att kunna studera möjligheter och hinder för landsbygden att bli fossilfri till senast år 2045. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys lyfts för- och nackdelar inom sju teman som påverkar förutsättningar och därmed också möjligheter och hinder i landsbygdskommuner arbete i målet. För att kunna diskutera ämnet djupare beskrivs teorierna path dependency, ekologisk modernisering, risksamhället, politisk ekologi samt centrum/periferi-teorin. Uppsatsen diskuterar bland annat hur samarbete kan påverkas genom maktrelationer liksom förklarar hur landsbygden befinner sig i en inlåsning på grund av tidigare beslut som samhället har tagit. Beslut som lett till hinder i nuvarande och framtida arbete. Det belyses även hur viktigt det är med ett personligt engagemang när landsbygdskommunerna ska ta sig an klimatfrågan. / The essay is based on Sweden's climate policy framework where the following goals have been set: "by 2045, Sweden will have net zero carbon dioxide emission, in order to achieve negative emissions thereafter." (Naturvårdsverket 2019b). The countryside is the focus of the essay, where the relationship between city and countryside is described as well as attitudes and behaviors linked to climate change. The essay refers to historical decisions, inequalities and power, factors that shaped the rural areas and their conditions to work with climate mitigation and adaptation. Interviews with rural municipalities have been conducted, which aims to study the possibilities and barriers for the countryside to become fossil-free by the year 2045. A qualitative content analysis highlights the pros and cons of seven themes that affect the conditions both opportunities and obstacles in rural municipalities work to reach the target. To be able to discuss the topic more deeply, following theories are described; path dependency, ecological modernization, the risk society, political ecology and the center-/periphery theory. The essay discusses how cooperation can be affected by power and explains how the countryside is in lock-ups depending on historical decisions, which leads to obstacles in current and future work. It is also highlighted how important it is with a personal commitment when the rural municipalities work with climate mitigation and adaptation.

Genom att att beskriva hur ett strategiskt urval av information formar dessa filmer syftar uppsatsen dels undersöka hur skogsbruket porträtteras i Svenska Skogens filmer men även vilka diskurser som inkluderas. Vidare ämnar studien att via en kritisk ansats öka förståelse för de maktförhållanden som materialet signalerar och hur de förhåller sig till de risker som skogsindustrin i skapar. Materialet som studeras är filmer producerade av Svenska Skogen mellan 2017-2019 ovh metoden som används är multimodal kritisk diskursanalys. Studiens visar att filmerna förmedlar en identitet av produktion, miljömedvetenhet och medelklass. De har humor och är lättillgängliga för den urbana människan i Sverige. Den diskurs som präglar dessa filmer är miljöinriktad, men förmedlas på premisserna av produktion. Det är mycket som utelämnas från båda dessa diskursers klassiska utgångspunkter vilket gör att de genom konvergerande begrepp skapar en ny diskurs, här och i tidigare forskning kallad ekologisk modernitet.

Buildings account for 39 per cent of the global greenhouse gas emissions, therefore the way buildings are constructed and utilized plays an important role in the transition to a sustainable future. Environmental Certification Systems (ECS) functions as a catalysator for sustainable solutions within the building industry and is seen as a hygiene factor for property owners today. The market offers numerous environmental certifications for buildings to choose from, and Swedish property owners are frequently users of them. However, most of the environmental certification systems does not cover the social aspects of sustainability that directly include human health and wellbeing in the building. This has led to the creation of the sustainability certification WELL Building Standard – a global certification system for buildings that exclusively addresses the users in the building, in terms of health and wellbeing. There are currently 298 WELL-certified projects around the world, and in Sweden there are six property companies that have registered different project for the certification. Due to the Swedish property owners’ relatively modest efforts regarding the social sustainability work, this paper explores what the drivers is for these six companies into working with a WELL-certification. By exploring that, this study aims to contribute to the understanding on what can drive the willingness of corporations to invest in sustainability certifications in general, and in what ways a WELL-certification can fill a potential gap in the Swedish property market. The findings reveal that a WELL-certification has a unique selling point due to its human-centred approach. It can be a beneficial tool, both for property companies, who may attract new clients, as well as for the tenants that are renting their space, in terms of increasing their own employer brand and corporate reputation. According to Herzberg’s two-factor theory, this human centred approach can be used as motivation factor for the property owners, rather than a hygiene factor. The findings also reveal that there is a need in society for addressing health issues, due to the increasing numbers of sick leave in Sweden the past years. Furthermore, the study reveals that there have been a “competence gap” in the built environment for addressing this kind of issues and that a WELL-certification is therefore helpful in addressing areas of the built environment that the property owners never have thought of before.