This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the Amblyopia and Strabismus Questionnaire (A&SQ) is a suitable instrument for the assessment of vision-related quality-of life (VR-QoL) in individuals with strabismus and/or amblyopia. METHODS: The A&SQ was completed by 102 individuals, all of whom had amblyopia, strabismus, or both. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate the usefulness of individual questionnaire items (i.e., questions); the response-scale performance; how well the items targeted VR-QoL; whether individual items showed response bias, depending on factors such as whether strabismus was present; and dimensionality. RESULTS: Items relating to concerns about the appearance of the eyes were applicable only to those with strabismus, and many items showed large ceiling effects. The response scale showed disordered responses and underused response options, which improved after the number of response options was reduced from five to three. This change improved the discriminative ability of the questionnaire (person separation index increased from 1.98 to 2.11). Significant bias was found between strabismic and nonstrabismic respondents. Separate Rasch analyses conducted for subjects with and without strabismus indicated that all A&SQ items seemed appropriate for individuals with strabismus (Rasch infit values between 0.60 and 1.40), but several items fitted the model poorly in amblyopes without strabismus. The AS&Q was not found to be unidimensional. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the limitations of the A&SQ instrument in the assessment of VR-QoL in subjects with strabismus and especially in those with amblyopia alone. The results suggest that separate instruments are needed to quantify VR-QoL in amblyopes with and without strabismus.

The overall aim of this thesis was to gain new knowledge of factors and interventions that improve work ability and return to work (RTW) among women on long-term sick leave from human service organizations (HSOs). The specific aims of the studies were: to evaluate the associations between the self-rated Work Ability Index (WAI) and Work Ability Score (WAS), and the relationship with prospective sick leave, symptoms, and health (Paper I); to investigate whether intervention with myofeedback training or intensive muscular strength training could decrease pain and increase work ability among women with neck pain (Paper II); to examine the associations between workplace rehabilitation and the combination of supportive conditions at work with work ability and RTW over time (Paper III); and to explore experiences, views, and strategies in the rehabilitation process for RTW (Paper IV). This thesis is based on a prospective cohort study (n=324) and a randomized controlled study (RCT) (n=60, participants with neck pain). Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The data collection consisted of questionnaires, laboratory-observed data, register-based data, and interviews. The results showed a very strong association between WAI and WAS, and results predicted future sick leave degree, health-related quality of life, vitality, neck pain, self-rated general health, self-rated mental health, behavioral stress, and current stress (Paper I). In the RCT (Paper II), individuals in the myofeedback intervention group increased their vitality and work ability over time and individuals in the intensive musculoskeletal strength training group increased their WAI, WAS, and mental health over time. WAI, WAS, and RTW increased over time among individuals provided with workplace rehabilitation and supportive conditions at work (Paper III) such as a sense of feeling welcome back at work, influence at work, possibilities for development, degree of freedom at work, meaning of work, quality of leadership, social support, sense of community, and work satisfaction. Women described (Paper IV) how they were striving to work and how they had different views, strategies, and approaches in the rehabilitation process for RTW. They expressed a desire to work, their goals for work, and their wishes for work. In the rehabilitation process for RTW they described their interaction with stakeholders as either controlling the interaction or struggling in the interaction. They described strategies to cope with RTW in terms of yo-yo (fluctuating) working: yo-yo working as a strategy or yo-yo working as a consequence. This thesis identifies factors of importance in improving work ability and RTW among women on long-term sick leave from HSOs. For women with neck pain, the intervention study showed feasibility of the intervention and demonstrated improved work ability and decreased pain (Paper II). The intensive muscular strength training program, which is easy for the individual to learn and perform at home, was associated with increased work ability. The results regarding rehabilitation highlight the importance of integrating workplace rehabilitation with supportive conditions at work to increase work ability and improve RTW (Paper III). Women expressed that they were striving to work and that they wanted to work (Paper IV). These women were “going in and out” of work participation (yo-yo working) as a way to handle the rehabilitation process. For assessing the status and progress of work ability among women on long-term sick leave, the single-question WAS may be used as a compliment to the full WAI as a simple indicator (Paper I). / <p>Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av medicine doktorsexamen vid Sahlgrenska akademin, Göteborgs universitet, kommer att offentligen försvaras i hörsal Hamberger, Medicinaregatan 16 A, Göteborg, måndagen den 6 oktober 2014, klockan 09.00</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Le risque professionnel apparaît à la fin du XIXème siècle. Il est conçu comme le palliatif des insuffisances des principes de responsabilité civile appliquées aux victimes du travail. Le corps blessé au profit de l’industrie doit obtenir réparation. L’accident du travail est né ; sa reconnaissance est strictement encadrée. L’évolution des organisations de travail révèle d’autres insuffisances et induisent l’extension de la notion. D’un principe de responsabilité appliqué à la survenance d’un risque qualifié au préalable, le risque professionnel devient l’expression d’un droit à la sécurité. Les acteurs de l’entreprise y acquièrent un pouvoir de qualification. Au croisement du droit de la sécurité sociale, du droit du travail et du droit de la santé publique, les objectifs assignés évoluent à la lumière des enjeux humains et financiers qui s'y attachent. De nouvelles notions innervent les relations de travail. Le droit du salarié à la sécurité ne peut plus être dissocié d’un droit élémentaire à la santé. Au-delà, le bien-être au travail fait son apparition. Reste à mettre fin aux incertitudes qui affectent la notion de risque professionnel. Notion au périmètre fluctuant, la définir est essentiel. Les enjeux sont d’importance. / The notion of occupational risk appears at the end of the 19th century. It is intended as a remedy for the inadequacy of the principles of civil liability as applied to workplace victims. A person injured while working for the benefit of industry must obtain reparation. The concept of the workplace accident is born, although its applicability is strictly limited. The evolution of labor organizations reveals other shortcomings and leads to the expansion of the principle. Starting from a notion of liability applied to the occurrence of a pre-determined hazard, occupational risk becomes the expression of a right to workplace safety. Labor acquires a decision-making power in this regard. At the intersection of french social security law, labor law and public health law, the designated objectives evolve in the light of related human and financial issues. New concepts stimulate labor relations. The right to employee safety can no longer be dissociated from a basic right to health. Beyond that, the principle of workplace well-being makes its appearance. It is still necessary to resolve the uncertainties that influence the concept of occupational risk. As a notion with fluctuating boundaries, it is essential to define it. The stakes are high.

En ce qu’il est intimement lié à la personne, le corps humain est une matière sensible qui fait l’objet de protections diverses. Parmi celles-ci figurent notamment les assurances de personnes, lesquelles, en tant que mode de prévoyance, remplissent une importante fonction économique et sociale qui justifie qu’on cherche à favoriser leur accès. Cette étude vise à déterminer de quelle manière la spécificité du corps humain et la volonté de le protéger qui s’y attache affectent les deux principaux aspects du processus contractuel en assurance, que sont la connaissance et la couverture du risque. En effet, pour déterminer le risque et prendre la décision de le couvrir, l’assureur doit le connaître. Or lorsqu’il s’agit de couvrir les risques susceptibles d’atteindre l’individu dans son existence, son intégrité physique ou sa santé, les informations pertinentes relèvent de l’intimité du candidat à l’assurance. Comment concilier alors le droit au respect de la vie privée, le secret médical ou encore la protection des données génétiques et le besoin d’information de l’assureur ? En outre, afin de répondre aux sollicitations toujours plus grandes de protection du corps humain, les actions combinées du législateur et du juge entraînent certaines mutations de la couverture des risques pesant sur la personne par l’assureur dont il convient d’étudier les modalités. Car malgré toute l’attention dont le corps humain fait l’objet, sa protection ne doit pas se faire au détriment de l’« âme » des assurances de personnes. / In that it is intimately linked to the person, the human body is a delicate entity which is the object of diverse protections. Amongst these figure personal insurances which, with their nature of precaution, play an important economic and social role that justifies easier access. This study aims to determine in which manner the specificity of the human body and the will to protect it affect the two principal aspects of contractual processes in insurance: the understanding and the coverage of risk factors. Indeed to determine a risk and to decide to cover it, the insurer must understand it. Concerning coverage of risks liable to affect the individual’s existence, his physical integrity or his health, pertinent information concerns the insurance candidate’s intimacy. In which way is it possible to reconcile the rights respecting private life, medical confidentiality, the protection of genetic data and the insurer’s need for information ? In addition, in order to respond to the ever increasing demands for protection of the human body, the combined actions of legislators and judges cause certain mutations in coverage of risk by the insurer that weigh on the person and it is necessary to study these modalities. Despite all the attention paid to the human body, the “soul” of personal insurance must not be sacrificed.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide the readers with as comprehensive view of the issue of sickness and accident rate of workers in relation to work attendance as possible. The dissertation deals with both absenteeism of sick individuals, i.e. the incapacity for work, and presenteeism, that is the performance of gainful employment despite acutely impaired health condition. Due to the different nature and level of knowledge of the examined phenomena, each of them is devoted a different level of attention. The issue of the incapacity for work due to disease or injury is analyzed in more detail. Development of the parametric values is set in the context of administration and legal changes, which have occurred in the Czech Republic since the early 1990s, and conditionality of the occurrence of the incapacity for work due to disease or injury are further investigated based on individual anonymized data. In the part dealing with presenteeism, the dissertation introduces the readers to the basic findings that have been published so far about this type of addressing health incapacitation. Attention is also paid to the mutual comparison of the incapacity for work and presenteeism, both on the basis of theoretical and empirical knowledge. In conclusion of the dissertation, the level of absence and...

Syftet med studien är att skapa en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som upplevs främja återgången till arbete efter en långtidssjukskrivning vid psykisk ohälsa, utifrån den sjukskrivnes perspektiv. Studien baseras på Karaseks och Theorells modell som består av krav och kontroll samt en teoriutveckling av socialt stöd i förhållande till krav och kontroll av Jeffery Johnson. Studien baseras även på teorin ”Känsla av sammanhang”, förkortat KASAM, som utvecklats av Aaron Antonovsky. För att få en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som upplevs främja återgången till arbete efter en långtidssjukskrivning vid psykisk ohälsa genomfördes samtalsintervjuer med fem personer. Resultatet i studien visar att stöd och kommunikation med arbetsgivare och kollegor är en framgångsfaktor vid återgången till arbetet. Det framkommer även i studien att arbetsträning är en framgångsfaktor men kan hämma återgången om den inte är verklighetsförankrad. Deltagare i studien menar att lägre krav och högre egenkontroll är främjande i återgångsprocessen. Slutligen framkommer det även att återgången underlättas när individen känner tillhörighet till arbetsplatsen och arbetsgruppen. / The aim of the study is to create a deeper understanding of which factors perceived to promote the return to work after a long-term sickness in mental health, based on the perspective of the sick-listed. The study is based on Karaseks and Theorells model consisting of demand, control and a theory development of social support in relation to demand and control by Jeffery Johnson. The study is also based on the theory ”a Sense of Coherence”, abbreviated KASAM, developed by Aaron Antonovsky. In order to gain a deeper understanding of which factors perceived to promote the return to work after a long-term sickness in mental ill-health, five interviews were conducted. The results in this study shows that support and communication with employers and colleagues is a success factor when returning to work. It also appears in the study that job training is a success factor but can inhibit the return if it is not reality-based. Participants in this study argues that lower demands and higher self-control are promotions in the return process. Finally, it also emerges that the return is facilitated when the individual feel a sense of coherence to the workplace and the working group.

Diploma thesis deals with ethical and social aspects of transplantation and organ donation. He studies in particular ethical and social aspects of the issue, focusing on other aspects of a person's life. Specifically focuses on man as an physical - psychological - social - spiritual being and to external and internal influences that this creature.

O método Laboratório de Mudança (LM) é um conjunto de instrumentos para a aprendizagem colaborativa por meio da experimentação em ambientes de trabalho a partir da necessidade de mudar uma determinada situação. Com o objetivo de elaborar um diagnóstico e implementar mudanças na organização do trabalho de uma escola pública do ensino fundamental, professores, a equipe de gestão, técnicos de segurança do trabalho do Serviço Especializado em Engenharia de Segurança e em Medicina do Trabalho (SESMT), representante do departamento de recursos humanos e pesquisadores participaram das 30 sessões realizadas na escola, no horário de trabalho, de agosto de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Também foram conduzidas entrevistas individuais e reuniões com a equipe de gestão da instituição de educação e com outros profissionais do SESMT. Durante as sessões os participantes reformularam a necessidade inicial (absenteísmo- doença) e o que predominou foi a necessidade de falar sobre os desgastes de ser professor e das dificuldades em conciliar o trabalho com a vida pessoal e em família. Algumas das causas do absenteísmo-doença de curta duração estavam relacionadas às necessidades dos indivíduos de cuidarem de sua vida pessoal e familiar, de forma planejada ou emergencial; os participantes deram exemplos de expressões do desgaste: fadiga, cansaço físico e mental, acordar com vontade de dormir, problemas na voz, falta de tempo e disposição para atividades sociais e de lazer e ausências do trabalho. O método permitiu aos integrantes do SESMT, durante as sessões, um novo conhecimento detalhado de aspectos do trabalho e da saúde dos professores. Mais próximos da realidade de trabalho nas escolas, os profissionais do SESMT experimentaram novas formas de atuação para a melhoria da organização e ambiente de trabalho e consequentemente da saúde dos professores. Apesar das diversas limitações ocorridas na implementação do método LM houve manifestações do protagonismo e do empoderamento dos professores tais como a discussão de um novo modelo de sistema da atividade bem como propostas para melhorar a relação deles com os familiares dos alunos e com a equipe de gestão da escola. É possível que o encerramento precoce da intervenção formativa esteja relacionado à saída do gestor principal da instituição e com as dificuldades da equipe de gestão da escola em assumir os riscos de um processo de mudança desta magnitude / The Change Laboratory (CL) method is a set of tools for collaborative learning through experimentation at the workplace on carrying out changes in organizational practices. This CL was conducted in a public elementary school; the teachers, the school management team, technicians of the safety and occupational health service and representatives of the human resources department participated in the 30 sessions which took place once a week from august 2015 to september 2016. Individual interviews and meetings were also conducted with the management team of the institution and with other professionals of the safety and occupational health service. The initial demand by the management team of the Educational Institution as the main concern was the sickness absence of the teachers. Throughout the school sessions, there was an adaptation of the demand and the central issue became the exhaustion of the teacher amongst other factors related to it. As examples of the exhaustion of the teachers, the researchers identified: physical and mental fatigue, \"waking up feeling tired\", voice issues, lack of time and willingness to join in in social and leisure activities, missing work. Some of the causes of short term sickness absence were related to the needs to take care of the personal and family life of the teachers. The method allowed the of the safety service technicians, during the sessions, a new detailed knowledge of aspects of the teacherss work and health aspects. Closer to the reality of working in schools, SESMT professionals experimented new ways of working to improve the organization and workplace and consequently the teacherss health. In spite of the several limitations that occurred in the implementation of the method, Teachers co-created the common object associated with their daily activities in a comprehensive and collective way; there was manifestations of the protagonism and the empowerment of teachers such as the discussion of proposals to improve their relationship with the students\' families and with the management team from school. It is possible that the early termination of the intervention is related to the exit of the main manager of the institution and the difficulties of the school management team in assuming the risks of the change process