Datorn har tagit en stor plats i undervisningen i dagens skola och studieresultaten har sjunkit de senaste åren. I samhällskunskapsämnet har elevernas resultat försämrats men inte drastiskt. Har datoriseringen påverkat elevernas lärande negativt eller har lärarna inte omfamnat denna teknologiska utveckling? Tidigare forskning visar på att elever har låg IT-kompetens och att det kan påverka att datorn inte används på rätt sätt av eleverna. Något som kan kopplas till undervisning med teknologiska verktyg är TPACK-modellen, den menar att framgångsrik undervisning sker när lärarens ämnesdidaktiska kunskaper samspelar med teknologiska kunskaper.  I denna intervjustudie får fyra SO-lärare från två olika högstadieskolor berätta om sina uppfattningar och erfarenheter om datorn i undervisningen. Lärarna i studien har arbetat olika länge och har olika erfarenheter av datorn i sin undervisning. Den stora nackdelen med datorn i undervisningen, som lärarna lyfter, är hur stort distraktionsmoment den har blivit för många elever. Skolämnen och skolarbetet har svårt att konkurrera om elevernas uppmärksamhet i jämförelse med spel och Youtube-klipp. Respondenterna berättar även om hur datorn har förenklat deras yrkesroller och gett de möjlighet att inspireras och testa nya upplägg och material i deras undervisning. Den stora fördelen med datorn i undervisningen är tillgången till information och aktuella fakta. Vilket lett till att en stor del av undervisningen handlar om att eleverna ska vara källkritiska, menar lärarna på. Två av lärarna är positivt inställda till datorn i undervisningen, det är även de lärarna som har tillgång till fysiska läromedel. De andra två lärarna har digitala läromedel vilket innebär att de använder datorn mer i sin undervisning. Den ena är tudelad till datoriseringen i skolan och den andra är negativt inställd till datorn. Att datorn har påverkat studieresultaten är svårt att konstatera utifrån denna studie och lärarna har delade uppfattningar om datorn verkligen främjar lärande.

Vår forskning har utgångspunkt i ett kunskapsbehov för hur lärmiljön kan utformas för att inkludera samtliga elever, oavsett individuella behov och bakgrund i SO-undervisning. Syftet med studien är att utforska hur yrkesverksamma 4-6 lärare definierar begreppet inkludering och hur det påverkar deras undervisningspraxis för att främja inkludering i SO-undervisningen. För att samla in data som svarar på våra frågeställningar har vi genomfört sju intervjuer med erfarna (minst tre år) lärare i grundskolans årskurs 4-6. Den insamlade datan har analyserats utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, vilket resulterade i tre framträdande teman. Resultaten visar att inkludering är en viktig aspekt inom lärarprofessionen där lärarna genom olika undervisningsstrategier och anpassningar strävar efter att skapa en gynnsam miljö där alla elever kan delta och nå sin fulla potential. Anpassningar utifrån elevens lärande, samarbeten och diskussioner är en del faktorer som bidrar till en inkluderande lärmiljö i SO. Dessutom visar resultaten att det inte finns en märkbar skillnad mellan SO och andra ämnen i skolan. Genom att visa att inkludering är en viktig aspekt inom SO-undervisningen och sträcker sig över flera ämnen, ger studien insikter som kan påverka utformningen av undervisningsmetoder.

No description available.

Antisemitism är ett samhällsproblem som även finns ute i våra svenska skolor. Vårt syfte med examensarbete är att undersöka hur antisemitism kommer till uttryck i den svenska skolan, hur SO-lärare hanterar dessa uttryck samt om SO-lärare anser att studiebesök och studieresor kan vara ett hjälpande verktyg i att motverka antisemitism i skolan. För att genomföra studien har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ metod som består av semistrukturerade intervjuer där vi intervjuat fyra verksamma SO-lärare i Skåne. Resultatet av vår studie visar att antisemitiska uttryck förekommer i skolor och ett sätt att arbeta med antisemitism är att använda studieresor eller studiebesök i sin undervisning.

Graph databases provide schema-flexible storage and support complex, expressive queries. However, the flexibility and expressiveness in these queries come at additional costs: queries can result in unexpected empty answers or too many answers, which are difficult to resolve manually. To address this, we introduce subgraph-based solutions for graph queries “Why Empty?” and “Why So Many?” that give an answer about which part of a graph query is responsible for an unexpected result. We also extend our solutions to consider the specifics of the used graph model and to increase efficiency and experimentally evaluate them in an in-memory column database.

Os efeitos das relações DQO/sulfato e das variações progressivas da concentração de sulfato sobre o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF) em escala de bancada, tratando substrato sintético submetido a aumentos na concentração de sulfato afluente, foram investigados. O substrato sintético foi composto por glicose, acetato de amônio, bicarbonato de sódio e soluções nutricionais de sais e metais traços. O reator foi preenchido com matrizes cúbicas de espuma de poliuretano para imobilização da biomassa. A demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) no afluente foi de cerca de 2435 '+ OU -' 632 mg/L ao longo dos experimentos, enquanto a concentração de sulfato afluente foi progressivamente aumentada de 28 para 1000 e 2000 mg/L, resultando em relações DQO/sulfato de 87, 2,4 e 1,22, respectivamente, nas quatro etapas experimentais avaliadas. Sob relação DQO/sulfato de 87 houve indicações de sintrofismo entre microrganismos metanogênicos (MM) e microrganismos redutores de sulfato (MRS). Na relação DQO/sulfato de 2,4 houve predomínio da redução de sulfato, e portanto dos MRS, enquanto na relação DQO/sulfato de 1,22 houve limitação da redução de sulfato, indicando provável predomínio de MM sobre MRS, devida a limitações de biomassa ou de matéria orgânica disponível, ou de transferência de massa para o sulfato. Entretanto, metanogênese e redução de sulfato não foram processos excludentes. De maneira a melhorar a separação líquido-gás, uma nova configuração segmentada foi internamente testada no reator, de modo que o mesmo fosse capaz de atingir e manter o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico aparente / The effects of the COD to sulfate ratio and of the progressive variations of sulfate concentrations on the performance of a bench-scale horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized sludge (HAIS) reactor treating a synthetic substrate under increasing sulfate concentrations was investigated. The synthetic substrate was composed of glucose, ammonium acetate, sodium bicarbonate and trace metal nutritional solution. The reactor was filled with polyurethane foam cubic matrices for biomass immobilization. Influent chemical oxigen demand (COD) was kept almost constant along the experiments (2453 '+ OR -' 632 mg/L) while the influent sulfate concentration was increased from 28 to 1000 and 2000 mg/L, resulting in COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' ratios of 87; 2,4; and 1,22, respectively, in the four experimental phases assayed. Under COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' ratio of 87, there was indication of syntrophism between methanogenic microorganisms (MM) and sulfatereducing microorganisms (SRM). Under COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' ratio of 2,4, there was a sulfate reduction predominance and therefore, of SRM, while under COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' of 1,22, there was a sulfate reduction limitation, that probably indicates a MM predominance over SRM, due to biomass limitation, or available organic matter limitation, or sulfate mass transfer limitation. Meanwhile, there was no exclusion between methanogenesis and sulfate reduction processes. In order to improve better liquid-gas separation, a new staged configuration was tested inside the reactor, so that it was able to reach and to maintain the dynamic steady-state equilibrium

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JobsonLPS_DISSERT.pdf: 2767919 bytes, checksum: e1bb0574f00691c579728b1cd1f3c247 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The study that resulted in this dissertation was developed at OU RNCE PETROBRAS, in Natal, which implemented a project of rational use and reuse of water, including use of wastewater from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) already in place, diluted with water from own wells for irrigation of green area of the building complex corporate enterprise. Establish a methodology that can serve as guidelines for future projects controlled reuse of water like this was the objective of this research. Been proposed, implemented and evaluated three instruments of sanitary and environmental control: 1) adaptation of sewage treatment plant and quality control of the treated effluent 2) analysis of soil-nutrient interaction in the irrigated area, 3) knowledge of the local hydrogeology, especially with regard to the direction of flow of the aquifer and location of collection wells of Companhia de ?guas e Esgotos do Rio Grande do Norte (CAERN) situated in the surroundings. These instruments have proven sufficient and appropriate to ensure the levels of sanitary and environmental control proposed and studied, which were: a) control of water quality off the STP and the output of the irrigation reservoir, b) control of water quality sub surface soil and assessment of progress on soil composition, c) assessment of water quality in the aquifer. For this, we must: 1) establishing the monitoring plan of the STP and its effluent quality sampling points and defining the parameters of analysis, improve the functioning of that identifying the adequacy of flow and screening as the main factors of operational control, and increase the efficiency of the station to a relatively low cost, using additional filters, 2) propose, implement and adapt simple collectors to assess the quality of water percolating into the soil of the irrigated area, 3) determine the direction of groundwater flow in the area study and select the wells for monitoring of the aquifer. / A pesquisa da qual resultou esta disserta??o desenvolveu-se na UO RNCE da PETROBRAS, em Natal, que implantou um projeto de uso racional e re?so de ?guas, com aproveitamento do efluente de uma Esta??o de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) j? existente no local, dilu?do com ?gua de po?os, para irriga??o da ?rea verde do complexo de pr?dios corporativo da empresa. Estabelecer uma metodologia que possa servir de orienta??o para futuros projetos de re?so controlado de ?guas semelhantes a esse foi o objetivo desta pesquisa. Foram propostos, implementados e avaliados tr?s instrumentos de controle sanit?rio e ambiental: 1) adequa??o da esta??o de tratamento de esgotos e controle da qualidade do efluente tratado; 2) an?lise da intera??o nutrientes-solo na ?rea irrigada; 3) conhecimento da hidrogeologia local, principalmente no que diz respeito ? dire??o do fluxo do aqu?fero, e localiza??o dos po?os de capta??o da Companhia de ?guas e Esgotos do Rio Grande do Norte (CAERN) situados no entorno. Estes instrumentos mostraram-se suficientes e adequados para assegurar os n?veis de controle sanit?rio e ambiental propostos e estudados, que foram: a) controle da qualidade da ?gua na sa?da da ETE e na sa?da do reservat?rio de irriga??o; b) controle da qualidade da ?gua no solo sub superficialmente e avalia??o da evolu??o da composi??o do solo; c) avalia??o da qualidade da ?gua no aq??fero. Para isso, foi necess?rio: 1) estabelecer o plano de monitoramento da ETE e da qualidade do seu efluente definindo pontos de amostragem e par?metros de analise, melhorar o funcionamento da mesma identificando a adequa??o da vaz?o e do peneiramento como principais fatores do controle operacional, e aumentar a efici?ncia da esta??o a um custo relativamente baixo, com uso de filtros adicionais; 2) propor, implantar e adequar coletores simples para avaliar a qualidade da ?gua percolada no solo da ?rea irrigada; 3) determinar a dire??o do fluxo subterr?neo na ?rea de estudo e selecionar os po?os para monitoramento da ?gua do aq??fero.

Os efeitos das relações DQO/sulfato e das variações progressivas da concentração de sulfato sobre o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF) em escala de bancada, tratando substrato sintético submetido a aumentos na concentração de sulfato afluente, foram investigados. O substrato sintético foi composto por glicose, acetato de amônio, bicarbonato de sódio e soluções nutricionais de sais e metais traços. O reator foi preenchido com matrizes cúbicas de espuma de poliuretano para imobilização da biomassa. A demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) no afluente foi de cerca de 2435 '+ OU -' 632 mg/L ao longo dos experimentos, enquanto a concentração de sulfato afluente foi progressivamente aumentada de 28 para 1000 e 2000 mg/L, resultando em relações DQO/sulfato de 87, 2,4 e 1,22, respectivamente, nas quatro etapas experimentais avaliadas. Sob relação DQO/sulfato de 87 houve indicações de sintrofismo entre microrganismos metanogênicos (MM) e microrganismos redutores de sulfato (MRS). Na relação DQO/sulfato de 2,4 houve predomínio da redução de sulfato, e portanto dos MRS, enquanto na relação DQO/sulfato de 1,22 houve limitação da redução de sulfato, indicando provável predomínio de MM sobre MRS, devida a limitações de biomassa ou de matéria orgânica disponível, ou de transferência de massa para o sulfato. Entretanto, metanogênese e redução de sulfato não foram processos excludentes. De maneira a melhorar a separação líquido-gás, uma nova configuração segmentada foi internamente testada no reator, de modo que o mesmo fosse capaz de atingir e manter o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico aparente / The effects of the COD to sulfate ratio and of the progressive variations of sulfate concentrations on the performance of a bench-scale horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized sludge (HAIS) reactor treating a synthetic substrate under increasing sulfate concentrations was investigated. The synthetic substrate was composed of glucose, ammonium acetate, sodium bicarbonate and trace metal nutritional solution. The reactor was filled with polyurethane foam cubic matrices for biomass immobilization. Influent chemical oxigen demand (COD) was kept almost constant along the experiments (2453 '+ OR -' 632 mg/L) while the influent sulfate concentration was increased from 28 to 1000 and 2000 mg/L, resulting in COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' ratios of 87; 2,4; and 1,22, respectively, in the four experimental phases assayed. Under COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' ratio of 87, there was indication of syntrophism between methanogenic microorganisms (MM) and sulfatereducing microorganisms (SRM). Under COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' ratio of 2,4, there was a sulfate reduction predominance and therefore, of SRM, while under COD/'SO IND.4 POT.-2' of 1,22, there was a sulfate reduction limitation, that probably indicates a MM predominance over SRM, due to biomass limitation, or available organic matter limitation, or sulfate mass transfer limitation. Meanwhile, there was no exclusion between methanogenesis and sulfate reduction processes. In order to improve better liquid-gas separation, a new staged configuration was tested inside the reactor, so that it was able to reach and to maintain the dynamic steady-state equilibrium

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O principal objetivo de nossa investigÃÃo à determinar condiÃÃes para a existÃncia de hipersuperfÃcies fechadas com curvatura prescrita em produtoswarped e, mais geralmente, em variedades dotadas de um campo de Killing conforme. Empreendemos esta anÃlise em duas etapas, a primeira das quais à o estabelecimento de estimativas a priori atà segunda ordem de uma funÃÃo cujo grÃfico satisfaz a equaÃÃo diferencial correspondente a condiÃÃo de curvatura prescrita. A segunda parte consiste em empregar uma variante adequada da teoria do grau ao problema que consideramos. / The main purpose of our investigation is to determine conditions for the existence of closed hypersurface with prescribed curvature in products warped and, more usually, in manifolds endowed with conformal Killing vector fields. We undertook this analysis in two stages, the first one being the establishment of estimates a priori up to second order of a function whose graph satisfies the corresponding differential equation. The second part consists of using an appropriate variant of the theory of the degree to the problem that we considered.

Cette thèse traite la problématique d'estimation de la pose (position relative et orientation) d'un corps rigide en mouvement dans l’espace 3D par fusion de données issues de capteurs inertiels et visuels. Les mesures inertielles sont fournies à partir d’une centrale inertielle composée de gyroscopes 3 axes et d’accéléromètres 3 axes. Les données visuelles sont issues d’une caméra. Celle-ci est positionnée sur le corps rigide en mouvement, elle fournit des images représentatives du champ visuel perçu. Ainsi, les mesures implicites des directions des lignes, supposées fixes dans l’espace de la scène, projetées sur le plan de l’image seront utilisées dans l’algorithme d’estimation de l’attitude. La démarche consistait d’abord à traiter le problème de la mesure issue du capteur visuel sur une longue séquence en utilisant les caractéristiques de l’image. Ainsi, un algorithme de suivi de lignes a été proposé en se basant sur les techniques de calcul du flux optique des points extraits des lignes à suivre et utilisant une approche de mise en correspondance par minimisation de la distance euclidienne. Par la suite, un observateur conçu dans l’espace SO(3) a été proposé afin d’estimer l’orientation relative du corps rigide dans la scène 3D en fusionnant les données issues de l’algorithme de suivi de lignes avec les données des gyroscopes. Le gain de l’observateur a été élaboré en utilisant un filtre de Kalman de type M.E.K.F. (Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter). Le problème de l’ambigüité du signe dû à la mesure implicite des directions des lignes a été considéré dans la conception de cet observateur. Enfin, l’estimation de la position relative et de la vitesse absolue du corps rigide dans la scène 3D a été traitée. Deux observateurs ont été proposés : le premier est un observateur en cascade avec découplage entre l’estimation de l’attitude et l’estimation de la position. L’estimation issue de l’observateur d’attitude alimente un observateur non linéaire utilisant des mesures issues des accéléromètres afin de fournir une estimation de la position relative et de la vitesse absolue du corps rigide. Le deuxième observateur, conçu quant à lui directement dans SE(3) , utilise un filtre de Kalman de type M.E.K.F afin d’estimer la pose par fusion de données inertielles (accéléromètres, gyromètres) et des données visuelles. Les performances des méthodes proposées sont illustrées et validées par différents résultats de simulation / AbstractThis thesis addresses the problems of pose estimation of a rigid body moving in 3D space by fusing data from inertial and visual sensors. The inertial measurements are provided from an I.M.U. (Inertial Measurement Unit) composed by accelerometers and gyroscopes. Visual data are from cameras, which positioned on the moving object, provide images representative of the perceived visual field. Thus, the implicit measure directions of fixed lines in the space of the scene from their projections on the plane of the image will be used in the attitude estimation. The approach was first to address the problem of measuring visual sensors after a long sequence using the characteristics of the image. Thus, a line tracking algorithm has been proposed based on optical flow of the extracted points and line matching approach by minimizing the Euclidean distance. Thereafter, an observer in the SO(3) space has been proposed to estimate the relative orientation of the object in the 3D scene by merging the data from the proposed lines tracking algorithm with Gyro data. The observer gain was developed using a Kalman filter type M.E.K.F. (Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter). The problem of ambiguity in the sign of the measurement directions of the lines was considered in the design of the observer. Finally, the estimation of the relative position and the absolute velocity of the rigid body in the 3D scene have been processed. Two observers were proposed: the first one is an observer cascaded with decoupled from the estimation of the attitude and position estimation. The estimation result of the attitude observer feeds a nonlinear observer using measurements from the accelerometers in order to provide an estimate of the relative position and the absolute velocity of the rigid body. The second observer, designed directly in SE (3) for simultaneously estimating the position and orientation of a rigid body in 3D scene by fusing inertial data (accelerometers, gyroscopes), and visual data using a Kalman filter (M.E.K.F.). The performance of the proposed methods are illustrated and validated by different simulation results