Ce travail de recherche propose une lecture de l’œuvre littéraire de l’écrivain sarde Sergio Atzeni selon une perspective postcoloniale. Sergio Atzeni étant une personnalité novatrice dans le panorama littéraire de la Sardaigne contemporaine, nous l’avons choisi du fait que sa production – narrative, poétique et critique – se prête bien à une analyse utilisant les critères des études postcoloniales. Nous avons ainsi développé notre discours autour de trois parties : la première est consacrée à repérer, au sein des Postcolonial Studies, une série de concepts-clés qui nous ont paru les plus pertinents pour notre étude. Ces thèmes sont repris et explorés lors de la deuxième partie, qui constitue le centre de notre travail et qui porte sur une étude approfondie de la postcolonialité thématique de notre auteur. Notre but a été de montrer qu’un certain nombre de questions et de motifs qu’Atzeni aborde dans ses textes littéraires et critiques sont éclairés par une lecture de type postcolonial. La troisième et dernière partie porte sur la traduction, Atzeni ayant été également un traducteur. Nous nous sommes penchée sur la conception de l’écriture de l’auteur, avant même d’examiner sa position traductive. Après ces réflexions initiales d’ordre théorique, nous avons analysé un premier cas de traduction : celui du roman Texaco, de Patrick Chamoiseau, qu’Atzeni a traduit en 1994. Notre travail de recherche se termine par une analyse des traductions françaises des ouvrages d’Atzeni. / Our research tries to read the literary work of the Sardinian writer Sergio Atzeni according to a postcolonial perspective. Sergio Atzeni was a pioneer personality in the panorama of Sardinian contemporary literature and we have chosen him because his narrative, poetic and critical work can be analyzed following the approach of the Postcolonial Studies movement. Our study is divided into 3 parts: the first one aims at analysing in the Postcolonial Studies a series of questions appearing relevant for our research. We can mention some topics, such as opposition to dominant power, the concept of Subalternity, Transnationalism, Hybridity, Migration, female representations, and many others. These topics have been examined in the second part, which is the core of our research, dedicated to an extensive study of Atzeni’s thematic Postcoloniality. Our purpose was to show that some questions Atzeni talks about in his literary and critical works lend itself to a Postcolonial reading. The third and last part of our thesis focuses on translation, as Atzeni was also a translator. We looked into his linguistic conceptions, before analyzing his thought concerning his translation activity. After these theoretical considerations, we have analyzed a first translation case, that of Texaco, Patrick Chamoiseau’s novel, translated by Atzeni in 1994. The last part of our research focuses on Atzeni’s French translations.

La thèse poursuit comme objectif d’explorer la liaison entre le projet de paysage, conçu comme une intention de transformation soit matérielle soit immatérielle du territoire, en relation à la pratique photographique. Il s’agit d’une enquête interdisciplinaire qui essaie de comprendre les interactions possibles entre les deux matières, évitant une soumission de l’une à l’autre. Se matérialise un champ de recherche sur la culture du projet, orienté à déterminer les possibilités d’utilisation de la photographie comme contribution aux pratiques de conception de l’espace. L’étude problématique pose les questions suivantes: La photographie en tant que représentation et interprétation critique, joue-t-elle un rôle dans le processus matériel et immatériel de transformation du territoire? Quel est l’impact/l’influence sur la pensée projective d’une pratique de fragmentation sélective du paysage? Un mécanisme de re-production du réel, tel que la photographie, peut-il proposer une manière tangible de concevoir l’espace?Pour répondre à cette problématique la recherche développe une démarche méthodologique qui souhaite combiner un double niveau d’étude. D’un côté le parcours de connaissance générale, interrogeant le statut de la photographie en relation au paysage, au-delà d’une simple catégorisation d’un genre photographique. De l’autre côté une pratique expérimentale de l’action photographique dans le cadre d’une transformation de la côte du Sulcis Iglesiente, en Sardaigne: une tentative de représentation critique du territoire. La reconstruction d’une image du territoire passe par une prise de conscience et une mise en perspective de son évolution. L'intérêt général est de pouvoir construire la notion de « vision paysagère » comme action de voir spécifique, évitant la formation des stéréotypes ; une pratique capable de proposer un regard interprétative sur le paysage à travers le filtre de l’appareil photographique. / The thesis aims at exploring the relationship between the landscape project, conceived as a discipline able to transform the material and immaterial territory, and the photographic practice . It is an interdisciplinary research that attempts to understand the possible interactions between the two branches of knowledge, avoiding the submission of one over the other. It is so conceived a field of research on the design culture oriented to determine the potential use of photography as a contribution to the conception of space. The study highlights some key issues: Can the photography, as representation and critical interpretation, perform a role in the process of transformation of the material and immaterial territory? What is the influence of a practice of selective fragmentation of the landscape on the design thinking? May a mechanism of reproduction of the reality propose a concrete way of conceiving the space?In order to answer these questions the research developed a methodology oriented to the combination of two levels of study. On the one hand the creation of a broad knowledge which examines the status of the photography in relation to the landscape, going beyond the simple categorization of a photographic genre. On the other hand an experimental practice of photographic action in the context of the coastal landscape of the Sulcis-Iglesias, in Sardinia. It is an effort aimed at a critical representation of the territory. The aim is to build a concept of vision paysagère, as a specific visual action, which avoids the formation of stereotypes. A practice able to offer an interpretative view on the landscape.

Parmi tous les thèmes explorés par la Préhistoire, le mégalithisme constitue un volet à part entière de l'histoire des peuples préhistoriques. Au sein des multiples manifestations mégalithiques dans le monde, la thématique des pierres dressées est l'une des plus obscures. Pour cette raison, l'étude de ce phénomène est relativement délicate. La forte disparité des données disponibles ne constitue toutefois pas une limite essentielle à l'élaboration de synthèses régionales sur le phénomène. Le phénomène mégalithique des pierres dressées de l'aire corso-sarde est le sujet d'un intérêt croissant depuis le XIXe siècle. Les recherches les plus récentes effectuées sur le sujet en Corse et en Sardaigne témoignent de modifications importantes des approches et des méthodes d'analyse. Le présent travail peut être partiellement placé dans la lignée de ces nouvelles approches. L'analyse de ce phénomène en Corse et en Sardaigne requérait l'appréhension de tous les contextes archéologiques (habitats et sépultures) d'un point de vue géographique, c'est-à-dire l'étude des territoires préhistoriques et protohistoriques. Les liens existants entre les pierres dressées et les sociétés de « constructeurs mégalithiques » constituent l'une des clés de la compréhension de ce type de pratiques. Les aspects territoriaux des pierres dressées et par extension du mégalithisme constituent un des éléments les plus importants des questionnements actuels. La présente thèse propose donc d'aborder le phénomène des pierres dressées selon divers points de vue inter-sécants : territorial, environnemental et chrono-culturel. / Among the themes explored by Prehistory, megalithism is a full-fledged part of the history of prehistoric peoples. Among the multiple megalithic events in the world, the theme of standing stones is one of the most obscure. For this reason, the study of this phenomenon is relatively delicate. The large disparity of available data, however, is not an essential limit to the development of regional syntheses of the phenomenon. The megalithic phenomenon of standing stones of the Corsica and Sardinia area is the subject of an increasing interest since the nineteenth century. The latest researches done on the subject in Corsica and Sardinia demonstrate significant changes in approaches and methods of analysis. This work can be partially placed in line with these new approaches. The analysis of this phenomenon in Corsica and Sardinia required the apprehension of all archaeological contexts (settlements and funeral sites) from a geographical point of view, that is to say the study of prehistoric and protohistoric territories. The existing links between the standing stones and the megalithic builders' communities are one of the keys to understanding this type of practice. The territorial aspects of standing stones and by extension of megalitism are one of the most important actual questions. This thesis proposes to approach the standing stones phenomenon from different intersecting points of view: territorial, environmental and chrono-cultural. To do this, a specific methodology has been developed through the complementary association of Cartesian and Systemic precepts.

In the context of a changing political landscape, where shifts in state boundaries and socio-economic structures deeply affected the Italian peninsula and its people, this thesis analyses women and the law in action in the years from the Restoration up to the enactment of the Pisanelli code (1815-1865). It does so with particular reference to the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. These years also saw a number of changes in the legal system with various new laws instituted. The quick succession of these legal acts testified to the new ideas, behaviours and perceptions that began to take form in the period in question, but which the patriarchal and hierarchical nineteenth century society - so reliant on strict class stratification to perpetuate its status quo - resisted fully accepting. Within this context, women began to redefine their sense of self and to think of themselves as having an identity which went beyond their traditional domestic roles of mother, wife or daughter. This work aims to describe this process by focusing on women's attitudes towards the law and their interactions with the legal system. The thesis is structured in the following way: the first part focuses on the Ottocento context, the ideals promulgated about women in public discourse and the legal framework of the Italian peninsula. In the second part attention turns to relevant case studies from the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, brought to light by first-hand examination of archival documents and court proceedings preserved in legal journals of the time. Each part is subdivided into three chapters. After an examination of the social, political and economic context of the nineteenth-century Italian peninsula (Chapter one), the discussion presents a picture of contemporary views about women according to scientists, theorists, moralists and jurists (Chapter two). Chapter three is devoted to the law in force in the pre-unification states with regard to women, paying close attention to the institution of dowry. Chapter four deals with a selection of case studies concerning marriage promises, seduction, and extramarital relations. What emerges from the investigation is the intrusiveness of authorities and the reach they extended into people's private lives in an effort to maintain social order and exercise power within a society founded on hierarchy, immobility, and obedience. Chapter five examines lawsuits questioning dowries and wills. These acts show the families' choices to preserve their wealth, often inevitably paving the way to future discord, with women initiating lawsuits to obtain more money from their relatives. Finally, Chapter six analyses widowhood and separation, two possible moments in a woman's existence that had important implications in terms of both their intimate sphere and the devolution of wealth. In particular, the chapter traces widows' actual access to inheritance, and women's requests for separation, focusing on the reasons that drove them before a court to relate issues pertaining to their very intimate lives, such as contracting diseases. Through the analysis of the law in action and women's use of the law itself, this thesis will recover the forgotten voices and lives of those ordinary women, who, in their everyday life, reacted against the limitations and constraints imposed upon them by society and decided not to passively accept their status.

Une terre exotique aux moeurs archaïques, peuplée de bandits et marquée par la vendetta : c'est ainsi qu'a principalement été représentée la Sardaigne, pendant de nombreuses années, par un cinéma dit “sarde” s‟inspirant des classiques de la littérature deleddienne et de certains faits divers, et le plus souvent réalisé par des non Sardes. L‟image de l'île et des ses habitants a été forgée par le recours à un grand nombre de stéréotypes, parfois perçus comme outranciers par les spectateurs sardes. À la fin des années 80 apparaissent les premiers signes significatifs d‟une “réappropriation” du cinéma sarde par les Sardes eux-mêmes. Progressivement (et surtout dans les années 2000), plusieurs réalisateurs proposent de nouvelles approches des représentations filmées de leur île, jusqu‟à la constitution plus ou moins consciente d‟un mouvement non officiel appelé “nouveau cinéma sarde” : G. Cabiddu, G. Columbu, P. Sanna, S. Mereu et E. Pau en sont les représentants. Cette étude se propose d‟analyser, par le traitement des oeuvres significatives et une approche sociologique du mouvement, le phénomène collectif du “nouveau cinéma sarde” et les démarches individuelles des auteurs qui le composent, plaçant l‟identité au coeur de la question. Partant du modèle imposé par la littérature et le cinéma relatifs à la Sardaigne, les “nouveaux” cinéastes sardes ont su créer une cinématographie sarde basée sur l‟interprétation et la ré-élaboration des stéréotypes, dans une démarche visant à offrir une nouvelle vision de l‟île, de ses habitants et de leurs pratiques, à une instance spectatorielle hétérogène, à travers les différentes formes de distribution de leurs oeuvres. / An exotic territory with archaic standards, populated by bandits and marked by vendetta : this is how has mainly been represented Sardinia for many years, by so called “Sardinian” movies inspired by the classics of deleddian literature and some news items, usually directed by non-Sardinians. The image of the island and its people was forged by using a large number of stereotypes, sometimes seen as outrageous by Sardinian spectators. In the late 80‟s had appeared the first significant signs of a Sardinian cinema “reappropriation” by the Sardinians themselves. Progressively (and especially in the 2000‟s), several directors propose new approaches to filmed representations of their island, until the more or less conscious constitution of an informal movement called “new Sardinian cinema” : G. Cabiddu, G. Columbu, P. Sanna, S. Mereu and E. Pau are its main representatives. This study aims to analyze, through the treatment of major works and a sociological approach to the movement, the collective phenomenon of “new Sardinian cinema” and the individual efforts of the authors who make it up, placing the identity to the heart of the matter. Leaving from the model imposed on Sardinia by literature and cinema, the “new” Sardinian directors have created a Sardinian film-making based on the interpretation and re-development of stereotypes, whose wants to offer a new vision of the island, its people and their practices, to a heterogeneous spectatorial instance, through the various forms of distribution of their works.

Les sources écrites renferment, à partir du XIe siècle, les témoignages d’un grand nombre de villages dispersés, fondés pour la plupart grâce au mécénat des juges-rois. Toutefois, ces villages n’ont eu qu’une courte durée de vie, car ils ont été frappés, au cours du XIVe siècle, par une terrible crise politico-sociale qui a entraîné la disparition d’un grand nombre d'entre eux. Les principaux et souvent uniques témoignages architecturaux de leurs existences sont des églises. Autrefois placées au centre des agglomérations rurales, elles sont issues d’un renouvèlement ecclésiastique promu par Grégoire VII pour réaffirmer la souveraineté papale sur l’île. Ces édifices de dimensions modestes, aujourd’hui souvent à l’état d’abandon, renferment d’importantes informations que seule une lecture attentive peut dévoiler et interpréter, et qui sont susceptibles de précéder ou d’accompagner une intervention de fouille archéologique. Les enjeux de cette recherche ont été de déchiffrer ces documents matériels au travers l’archéologie du bâti, sans pour autant négliger les autres disciplines (histoire, archéologie du sous-sol, épigraphie), pour reconstruire les dynamiques qui ont caractérisé les villages et les savoir techniques qu’y circulaient. Il a été ainsi possible de collecter de nouvelles informations sur ces réalités disparues et de caractériser les éléments qui composent le plus grand tableau référentiel des différents établissements dans les contextes territoriaux du nord-ouest de l’île. / Since the XI century in Sardinia we have evidence of a great number of scattered villages, founded mostly thanks to the support of the king-judges of the area. Those villages lived quite shortly though because, since the XIV century, they were hit by a severe crisis which led to the desertion of many of them. In our time we only have few architectural remains from this period, like the small churches that used to be the main gathering point of the villages and which represent the result of the clerical renovation started by Pope Gregory VII who wanted to reaffirm the papal supremacy over the whole island. Nowadays these small buildings are often completely deserted; however they still keep very important information that can be unveiled by a careful examination and matched with the outcome of the historical research made as an early stage study before the archaeological excavations are made. The present research is aimed to show the results of the study conducted in the area of the ‘Rio Mannu’ river basin (in the North West of Sardinia) through the archaeology of architecture method. / In Sardegna a partire dall’XI secolo troviamo testimonianza nelle fonti documentarie di un gran numero di villaggi a carattere sparso, sorti per la maggior parte grazie alla ‘sponsorizzazione’ dei giudici-re. Tali villaggi ebbero però una vita relativamente breve, in quanto dal XIV secolo furono colpiti da una crisi che portò alla scomparsa gran parte di essi. Della loro esistenza non restano spesso che poche testimonianze architettoniche attribuibili a questa fase storica: le chiesette che in passato costituivano il centro degli agglomerati rurali e che rappresentano il frutto di quel rinnovamento ecclesiastico, cercato da Gregorio VII, per riaffermare la sovranità papale sull’isola. Spesso in stato di completo abbandono, questi piccoli edifici conservano in se ancora importanti informazioni, che una lettura attenta delle strutture può svelare ed interpretare affinché possano integrare i dati derivanti dalla ricerca storica e porsi come studio preliminare allo scavo archeologico. L’obiettivo della ricerca intrapresa è stato ‘leggere’ questi documenti materiali attraverso l’archeologia dell’architettura. È stato così possibile aggiungere nuove informazioni su queste realtà scomparse e definire le tessere che compongono il più ampio quadro conoscitivo dei diversi insediamenti nel contesto territoriale del Bacino idrografico del Rio Mannu.

(in English): The topic of this thesis is poetic work of the premier sardinian poet Sebastiano Satta, in particular thematic constants and reflection of Sardinia in his work. The first chapter is dedicated to the brief overview of historic, social and political context of Sardinia from the unification of Italy until the first world war. Following chapters ale focused on the personal life and work of writor and his integration to the basic context of italian literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th century and their influence to his poetry. After that is thoroughly analyzed poetic work of Sebastiano Satta. There are also chapters regarding the questions of the language and thematic constants in the poetry of the writor. Follows analysis of minor poetry and collections of poems in chronologic way, as Nella Terra dei Nuraghes, Versi ribelli, Canti barbaricini and Canti del Salto e della Tanca. After that follows chapter regarding reception of the writor's poetry. In the final chapter, based on these analysis are evaluated thematic constants and their progress in the course of collections of poems.

An atom, a cell and a solar system have very little in common. My science teachers from high school will confirm that I am very far from being an expert on the matter but nontheless, I have studied these three systems in separate classes: chemistry, biology and astronomy. So I believe they must be fairly unrelated from each other! All they have in common is that they are studied through a magnifying lens by people who are better than me in maths. But onceyou look through the lens, you should see a main body and smaller objects rotating around it. The electrons around the protons, the cytoplasm around the nucleus and the planets around the sun. The key element they have in common is structure. Perhaps this is too abstract, even for an abstract, so let’s bring things back to earth. Structures play a fundamental role in shaping the world around us and this thesis aims to understand to what extent and how they influence people’s daily lives. The case study is based on the new town of Arborea in Sardinia, originally designed and owned by a private company to make an efficient and innovative industrial food production system. It aims to show how the ambition to produce was ingrained in the buildings and societal structures and how the surroundings affected the people who moved there. Everything was studied in detail:from the road grid to the houses, the church’s positioning and even selecting people from the north of Italy who were deemed most suitable to work there. The use of structuration theory will be key to uncover the different layers and relations that still shape the community today. 35.000 cows, 3800 people, a history of cultural clashes, a productive system, a very fascist background, a ’sex patrolling’ priest, a dozen volunteering organisations will all feature in thethesis and together enable to draw a picture of the new town.

Despite currently having only one operational offshore wind farm, Italy holds a significant potential for the future development of this technology. The Global Wind Council placed Italy second in its ranking of the world’s 30 most attractive markets regarding the potential of future offshore development, attracting the attention of numerous developers. The characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea, with its high water depth, make it possible to develop mainly floating technology. Furthermore, the absence of severe weather events, present in the Atlantic and the North Sea instead, enhanced security and contributed to the reduction of investment risks. Currently, there are many new wind farms awaiting approval, as evidenced by Terna, the Italian Transmission System Operator (TSO), which announced that by the end of October 2022 the connection requests for offshore wind projects had reached 95 GW. This thesis aims to develop an approach able to compare several projects from multiple perspectives. Specifically, the thesis applies the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to evaluate and compare four floating offshore wind farms which are now in the permitting phase. The projects are located off the coast of Sardinia, one of the most promising locations in the Mediterranean Sea for offshore wind installation. The evaluation of the future wind farms is conducted using eleven criteria, each assigned a different weight based on the preferences of six stakeholder groups. The tool used to rank the criteria is the PROMETHEE tool. The results demonstrate that each stakeholder group ranks the projects differently based on their respective preferences. Finally, an overall ranking of the wind farms is derived, identifying the most and least favorable projects.

L’industrie en matières dures animales joue un rôle important dans la préhistoire de la Sardaigne. Cette importance est soulignée par la présence de très nombreux objets retrouvés dans divers types de sites archéologiques dont la chronologie s’étend du Paléolithique à la fin de l’âge du Cuivre. L’ambition de ce travail est de constituer un panorama global de la production en matières dures animales au cours de la préhistoire sarde basé sur les données publiées à ce jour et tout particulièrement sur l’analyse des industries du Néolithique final Ozieri et du premier âge du Cuivre (4200-2900 av. J.C.). Dans un premier temps, ce travail propose la réalisation d’un bilan des connaissances actuelles sur la production en matières dures animales de la préhistoire sarde et met en évidence l’hétérogénéité des données et l’extrême rareté des études spécifiques à cette catégorie de vestiges. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse technologique de l’industrie en matières dures animales de deux sites majeurs de la préhistoire sarde, Su Coddu à Selargius (Cagliari) et Cuccuru s’Arriu à Cabras (Oristano) permet de poser les premières bases de la caractérisation de ces deux industries, définissant le rôle de l’industrie en matières dures animales (constitution de l’équipement) et permettant de reconstituer les techniques, les procédés et les méthodes de transformation employés pour la production des objets finis. Ce travail cherche également à caractériser les implications économiques de cette industrie et de mettre en évidence les affinités et les différences techno-économiques entre la production en matières dures animales du Néolithique final et celle du premier âge du Cuivre en Sardaigne. / The hard animal materials industry plays an important role in the prehistory of Sardinia. This importance is emphasized by the presence of many artefacts found in various types of archaeological sites (habitats, graves and “worship” sites) whose chronology extends from the Palaeolithic to the end of the Copper Age. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of hard animal materials production in the Sardinian prehistory based on actual published data and especially on the analysis of the late Neolithic Ozieri and the first Copper Age (4200-2900 B.C.) industries. In the first step, this work implies to achieve a state of art of current knowledge on the production of hard animal materials in Sardinian prehistory and highlights the heterogeneity of the data and the extreme rarity of specific studies about this category of artefacts. In a second step, the technological analysis of hard animal materials industry of two major sites of Sardinian prehistory, Su Coddu at Selargius (Cagliari) and Cuccuru s’Arriu at Cabras (Oristano) permit to lay the first bases for the characterization of these two industries, defining the role of hard animal materials industry (constitution of equipment) and to reconstruct the techniques, procedures and methods used for the production of finished objects. This work also seeks to characterize the economic implications of this industry and to highlight the techno-economic similarities and differences between the hard animal materials productions of the late Neolithic and the first Copper Age in Sardinia.