The aim of this essay is to investigate the presence or non presence of a concept of teaching practice in high school classrooms. This concept which purpose is to improve the teaching practice in foreign language classrooms, is developed by researches in the Netherlands (Hajer & Meestringa, 2010). The main idea of the concept is to increase the interaction between the students and to ensure a high use of contextual and linguistic support from the teacher. The first research question is thereby whether this concept is present, and if so, to which extent, in five different foreign language classrooms. The second is to explore the coherence between the teachers’ and the students’ opinions concerning this eventual presence. To answer these questions, a quantitative method in the shape of a 10 steps questionnaire, has been distributed to five teachers and their groups of totally 109 students. The analysis shows a certain presence of the concept and a divergence between the teachers’ and the students’ answers. It seems that the teachers have a more positive view of their teaching practice than what is represented in the students’ answers.

La recherche porte sur des analyses de pratiques de classe mises en place dans le cadre d’une expérience contrôlée, au sein de l'Université Normale de Chine du Sud (Canton, Guangdong, Chine). Est mise en évidence la manière dont les enseignants de français langue étrangère (FLE) guident leurs apprenants lors de séances de cours d’oral et la nature de leur étayage. En situation d'enseignement/apprentissage, l'étayage recouvre toutes les manières dont l'enseignant accorde ses interventions aux capacités des apprenants ainsi que tous ses processus d'ajustement lors de la séquence didactique. L’objectif de l'étude est de mettre en valeur les diverses stratégies d’étayage utilisées par les enseignants et voir en quoi elles favorisent les productions verbales des apprenants, en activité de compréhension et de production orales.D'un point de vue méthodologique, la recherche s'appuie sur différentes données: des questionnaires complétés par les apprenants, des entretiens avec les enseignants et des observations de classes. Les observations de classe sont filmées, retranscrites (Norme ICOR) et analysées dans une perspective interactionniste. Sont observés deux fois quatre cours (mêmes supports, même nombre d’apprenants, même niveau linguistique) dispensés par deux enseignantes (de culture, nationalité et formation différentes : chinoise et québécoise). La méthodologie d'observation se déroule en trois temps et permet de considérer la classe dans son intégralité et dans toute sa complexité, en partant de la planification du cours par l'enseignant (entretien pré-cours et document de planification enseignante), en passant par son déroulement (l'action enseignante) pour en définitive effectuer un retour, une réflexion métacognitive quant au contenu de celui-ci (entretien post-cours). Grâce à la retranscription des cours filmés, un corpus est analysé à l’aide d’une grille d’observation et d'analyse de l'étayage, conçue à partir de diverses disciplines contributoires, pour les besoins de la recherche. Un des aspects novateur du présent travail réside dans cette grille de structuration de données existantes, qui prend en compte tant le caractère verbal, para-verbal que non-verbal du discours (notamment les gestes co-verbaux). L'étude s'inscrit dans une recherche praxéologique dont les visées sont d’apporter des pistes pédagogiques, de faire des propositions didactiques sur le rôle crucial de l'étayage dans les pratiques enseignantes, mais aussi sur la didactique de l’oral en FLE, dans un contexte particulier : le milieu universitaire chinois. / This study deals with the analyses of teaching practices during a controlled experiment in a Chinese university (South China Normal University, Canton, Guangdong, China). We focus on the way French as a Foreign Language (FFL) teachers guide their students during oral sessions and as well on their scaffolding. In a teaching/learning situation, the scaffolding stands for all the ways the teacher adapts his interventions to his students’ abilities as well as his processes of adjustment in a classroom setting. Our aim is to observe and evaluate the strategies used by teachers to improve oral comprehension and oral production. From a methodological point of view, the research relies on various sources of data: the analysis of questionnaires filled in by Chinese students, conversations with the teachers, and observations of classes. Our filmed observations are transcribed (ICOR convention) and analyzed from an interactionist perspective. We focused on two groups of students with a different teacher for each group (one conducted by a Chinese teacher and the other conducted by a French Canadian teacher). We observed two classes for two groups (same teaching materials, equal number of students, same level). The methodology of observation was carried out in three phases: class preparation by the teacher (interview before class and teaching preparation), class progress (teacher’s action) and metacognitive feedback after the class (interview after class). This allowed us to consider the class as a whole but also as a complex series of parts. The analysis grid, which takes into account the verbal, the para-verbal and non-verbal character of speech, is one of the pioneering aspects of this study. With the aid of this analysis grid, we assess the nature of the FFL teachers’ scaffolding and, thus, the way FFL teachers guide their students during oral sessions in the context of a Chinese university.This study is part of a praxeological research aimed at defining pedagogical and didactical guidelines, on one hand about the crucial role of scaffolding in teaching practices and, on the other hand, about FFL oral didactic in a particular setting: Chinese universities.

L’absence de croissance en monocouche des cellules endothéliales sur la paroi des prothèses vasculaires est une des causes d’échec de leur implantation chez l’humain. Des études précédentes ont montré que le recouvrement de ces prothèses par un échafaudage de nanofibres d’acide polylactique (PLA), fabriqué par un système de filage par jet d’air innovant, peut être utilisé pour promouvoir la croissance des cellules endothéliales de façon adéquate. Ainsi, le caractère dégradable d’un matériau comme le PLA permettrait son remplacement graduel par la matrice extra-cellulaire produite par les cellules. D’autre part, la réussite d’une transition entre les nanofibres dégradables et la matrice extra-cellulaire nécessite un remplacement contrôlé et approprié. Or, la dégradation des nanofibres de PLA, dépendant de ses séquences stéréochimiques, est généralement trop longue et peut induire une cytotoxicité relative pendant sa dégradation. Dans ce contexte, les études de cette thèse ont pour objectifs de mieux comprendre la formation des fibres lors du filage, d’optimiser la fabrication des échafaudages permettant ainsi la création de nanofibres d’autres polymères, puis, de concevoir des nanofibres provenant d’un polymère mieux adapté à nos besoins, d’évaluer leur mécanisme de dégradation et sa cytotoxicité durant sa dégradation. Les travaux d’optimisation du système de filage ont démontré que la concentration avec un effet prépondérant. Ainsi, la mesure de la viscosité permet de trouver les paramètres adéquats pour le filage de polymère. Ensuite, un poly(L-lactide) semi-cristallin (PLLA) et un terpolymère de poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) dédié pour des applications vasculaires ont été synthétisés et filés par jet d’air. Ces échantillons ont été dégradés en solution aqueuse et caractérisés par des méthodes physico-chimiques afin de mieux comprendre leurs mécanismes de dégradation et mis en présence de cellules endothéliales pour évaluer leur cytotoxicité. La comparaison entre les échafaudages des deux polymères a montré des comportements singuliers en dégradation, dépendants des caractéristiques thermiques des polymères. De plus, ces mécanismes de dégradation des nanofibres ont une influence directe sur la sensibilité des cellules endothéliales face aux produits de dégradation. En conclusion, ces travaux de doctorat présentent une solution prometteuse pour améliorer les prothèses vasculaires et qui pourrait être appliquée pour résoudre plusieurs problématiques en médecine régénératrice. / The absence of neo-endothelium on the intimal surface of vascular substitutes is known to be one cause of failure upon implantation of these prostheses in humans. Previous studies have shown that the coating of these substitutes with a nanofiber scaffold, made with an innovative air spinning device, can be used to promote a suitable endothelial cells growth. On one hand, the degradable feature of material as PLA enable the progressive replacement of the scaffold by the extracellular matrix of cells. On the other hand, the success of this replacement between degradable nanofibers and the extracellular matrix requires to be appropriate and controlled. Yet, the PLA nanofiber degradation process, which depends on its stereosequences, is generally too long for this application and could involve cell sensitivity during the degradation. In this context, studies from this thesis aim to understand the fibers formation during spinning, optimizing the scaffold fabrication as well as to promote the making of novel polymer scaffolds, then, design solution to polymeric nanofiber scaffolds for vascular application, evaluate its degradation mechanism and cytotoxicity during degradation process. The work on spinning device optimisation has demonstrated that the concentration had a dominant effect. Thus, viscosity measurements enable to find suitable parameters for polymer spinning. Then, a semi-cristalline poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and a poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) terpolymer specifically made for vascular application have been synthesized and air-spun. These samples were degraded in aqueous solution and characterized by physical and chemical methods to better understand their degradation mechanisms and seeded with endothelial cells to evaluate their cytotoxicity. The comparison between the two polymers scaffolds have shown surprising degradation behaviors depending on thermal properties of polymers. Moreover, these nanofiber degradation mechanisms have a direct influence on endothelial cells sensitivity with degradation by-products. To conclude, these works of doctorate display a promising solution to improve vascular prostheses and which could be applied to solve several issues in regenerative medicine field.

Föreliggande studies syfte är att undersöka hur tre svensklärare som undervisar i årskurs 2 och 3 stöttar elevernas stavningsutveckling. För att samla in studiens data används metoden Design-based Research (Anderson & Shattuck, 2012) där observationer visar hur de deltagande lärarna genomför stavningsundervisning samtidigt som intervjuer används för att se hur studiens deltagare säger sig planera och utvärdera sin stavningsundervisning. Med hjälp av observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer har relevant data för studiens syfte samlats in. Studiens teoretiska ram grundar sig i det sociokulturella perspektivet med utgångspunkt i begreppet stöttning. Vidare analyseras studiens insamlade data med hjälp av fem stöttningskomponenter: ägarskap, lämplighet, struktur, samarbete och internalisering (Langer & Applebee, 1986). Observationerna visar att studiens deltagare genomför sin stavningsundervisning med en liknande struktur. Däremot framkommer det av intervjuerna att endast en av tre deltagare kontinuerligt undervisar om stavningsregler. Samma deltagare väljer också att rätta alla uppkomna stavfel, medan de andra deltagarna väljer att göra olika beroende på situation. Dessa två deltagare är rädda att för hård stavningsrättning hämmar elevernas skrivlust. Trots att deltagarna har olika syn på effektiv stavningsundervisning och väljer att arbeta på olika sätt kan vi urskilja de fem komponenterna av stöttning hos samtliga deltagare.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo investiga o papel do uso da seqüência Iniciação – Resposta – Avaliação & Iniciação – Resposta – Follow up (doravante IRA & IRF), bem como o papel dos fantoches em promover o uso da língua alvo e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas identidades na sala de aula de língua estrangeira pesquisada. Para tanto, adotam-se princípios e procedimentos da pesquisa-ação e, por isso, da metodologia qualitativa de análise. A professora-pesquisadora utilizou, em sala de aula, material didático elaborado por ela mesma em um estudo anterior. As aulas de inglês gravadas para este estudo ocorreram em uma turma de educação infantil de uma escola particular do Vale dos Sinos. A geração de dados, que ocorria uma vez por semana, durante três meses e meio, foi realizada em uma turma composta por 20 alunos, sendo que 10 eram meninas e 10 eram meninos. À primeira vista, as filmagens pareciam revelar grande recorrência de seqüências IRA nas interações. Contudo, a análise empreendida sugere outra interpretação das ações / This study seeks to investigate the role of using the Initiation – Response – Evaluation & Initiation – Response – Follow up sequences (hereafter IRE & IRF), as well as the role of puppets in fostering the use of the target language and the development of new identities in the second language classroom researched. In order to do so, principles and procedures of action-research, and therefore, from qualitative methodology of analysis were adopted. The researcher-teacher applied, in her classroom, didactic material that she had elaborated in a previous study. The classes of English recorded for the present study took place in a kindergarten class of a private school located in Vale do Rio dos Sinos. The recordings, which occurred once a week, during three months and a half, were made in a class composed by 20 students, of whom 10 were boys and 10 were girls. In a preliminary analysis, the recordings seemed to disclose a great deal of IRE sequences in the interactions. However, upon closer inspection, the analys

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho investiga como os alunos de uma escola para surdos coconstroem experiências de língua portuguesa no contexto de sala de aula, e é inspirado no trabalho de Richard Donato, publicado em 1994, que buscou identificar a presença da prática do andaimento nas interações entre pares em sala de aula de língua francesa como segunda língua. Também tenta descobrir como o desenvolvimento desta L2 é trazido para o plano social, partindo da hipótese de que os aprendizes podem, de certa maneira, em algumas circunstâncias, prover o mesmo tipo de suporte e orientação uns aos outros, assim como os adultos fazem com as crianças, segundo o conceito de scaffolding investigado por Wood, Bruner e Ross (1976). Para isto, foram gerados dados mediante observação participante de aulas e aplicações de oficinas didáticas elaboradas especialmente para este fim em uma turma de 6ª série do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola estadual especial para surdos da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Essas aulas foram gravadas em / The present work investigates how the students from a school for deaf co-construct experiences of Portuguese language (PL) in the classroom context, and is inspired by Richard Donato's work, published in 1994, that that aimed to identify the presence of the practice of scaffolding in the interactions between peers in lessons of French as a second language. The research also intends to discover how the development of this L2 is brought to the social plan, starting from the hypothesis that learners can, somehow, in some circumstances, provide the same kind of support and orientation to each others, like adults do with children, according to scaffolding concept researched by Wood, Bruner and Ross (1976). In order to do that, data were generated through participant observation of lessons and applications of didactic workshops especially elaborated for this purpose in a sixth grade Middle School group of a public special school for the deaf of the Porto Alegre metropolitan region. These lessons were videotaped,

Syftet med studien är att undersöka tre lärares digitala kompetens i arbetet med att utveckla ett källkritiskt förhållningssätt hos elever i årskurs 3–4. Den teoretiska ut- gångspunkten för studien är den sociokulturella teorin och studiens variant av TPACK-modellen som föreställer lärares digitala kompetens. Data samlas in genom observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyseras utifrån modellen. I analysen urskiljs lärarnas ämneskompetens, pedagogiska kompetens och tekniska kompetens. Resultaten tyder på en osäkerhet hos lärare, hur de skall tolka kursplanen i ämnet svenska i årskurs 1–3 för att utveckla elevens källkritiska förhållningssätt. För att skapa optimala förutsättningar i undervisningen för att utveckla det källkritiska förhållningssättet hos elever i årskurs 1–3, bör kunskapskraven för godtagbara kun- skaper i slutet av årskurs 3 skrivas fram tydligare i läroplanen. Studiens resultat visar också vikten av att skolorna förse lärarna med stöd och fortbildning för att de skall kunna utveckla sin digitala kompetens.

Teachers of foreign languages typically encourage their students to speak in the target language (TL) often, but due to various factors, this is not always achieved. Some reasons might include insufficient vocabulary, lack of topic knowledge, embarrassment, or simple unwillingness. Much of the existing research observes uses of the TL or native language (L1). The purpose of this study was to examine how often students use the TL in paired interactions and whether that amount has any relationship to the students' oral proficiency at the end of the course. In a SPAN 105 course at Brigham Young University, 27 students participated in this project by recording themselves during six in-class, paired interactions, after which they provided comments via questionnaires. This study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, with both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data revealed information about the time spent in the TL, as well as the time spent in the L1, and what relationship these variables had with listening comprehension and oral proficiency. The qualitative data exposed emergent findings related to TL/L1 use: helpful tools, effects of task type, pitfalls the students experienced, struggles and benefits of partnering, effects of recording, and student perceptions about the L1. The results of the study indicate a need for teacher strategies to encourage TL use in the classroom.

Four adolescents identified as struggling writers in an English language arts classroom were interviewed about their perceptions of a writing task--how they judged their capability to succeed, how they ranked their passion, persistence, and confidence about writing, and how they responded to classroom activity. Student perceptions of self-efficacy and the related self-beliefs of motivation and interest as well as self-regulation were stated and implied as students described a planning worksheet, instructional scaffolding, peer interactions, and ownership of their writing. Wersch's view of mediated action and Engestrom's model of activity systems were the lens through which the students' descriptions were analyzed. Findings suggested surprisingly high self-efficacy despite low interest, contrasting attitudes between both school writing and their out-of-school writing, and the possibility that students labeled as struggling writers by their teachers may not see themselves as struggling.

This study examined correlations between four dimensions of maternal scaffolding, maternal beliefs and values, children’s temperament, and children’s performance and use of self‑regulation strategies on problem‑solving tasks. There are two foci of this study: examining factors that predict the quality of maternal scaffolding, and assessing the relationship between quality of maternal scaffolding and children’s problem solving. Participants consisted of 10 mother‑child dyads in the experimental group and 10 children in the control group. Using a pre- and post‑test design, children were given near and far transfer independent problem‑solving tasks. The experimental group also worked with their mothers on one task during a scaffolded interaction. Maternal beliefs predicted quality of maternal scaffolding, and quality of maternal scaffolding predicted children’s monitoring during the post‑test. Mothers’ scaffolding techniques appear to be related to their beliefs about parenting and educating children, and children appear to learn certain self‑regulation strategies during optimal scaffolded interactions.