<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på vilka attityder elever i grundskolans senare år har gentemot den praktiska undervisningen i de naturorienterande ämnena sett ur ett genusperspektiv.</p><p>För att studera elevernas attityder har enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer valts som metod. Semistrukturerade intervjuer ger intervjuaren möjlighet att följa upp respondenternas svar med olika följdfrågor, som kan varieras relativt fritt vilket bidrar till att intervjuaren kan bilda sig en uppfattning om respondenternas attityder.</p><p>De attityder gällande praktisk undervisning i de naturorienterande ämnena som påträffats var främst positiva och samtliga respondenter var eniga om att den praktiska undervisningen hjälper till att öka förståelsen. Undersökningen visade att flickorna föredrog biologi eftersom detta inte ansågs vara lika svårt som fysik och kemi, medan pojkarna i undersökningen fann mer intresse i fysik och teknik. Meningarna huruvida den praktiska undervisningen examineras gick isär.</p><p>Slutsatsen som kan dras från uppsatsens undersökning blir således att pedagoger bör försöka att utveckla en praktisk undervisning som passar alla dagens ungdomar, oavsett kön, samt att tydliggöra syftet och målet innan det praktiska arbetet inleds.</p> / <p>The aim of this dissertation is to study the attitudes that exist among secondary-school pupils, to practical education in natural science, through a gender perspective.</p><p>Semi-structured interviews were chosen as method of studying the pupils’ attitudes. A semi- structured interview gives the interviewer a possibility to follow up the answers given by the respondent with varied attendant questions. For the interviewer this contributes to develop an insight of the attitudes.</p><p>The interviews reveal that most of the pupils have a positive attitude towards practical education in natural science and all of the respondents agreed on the fact that practical education helps to improve their understanding. The research showed that girls prefer biology since they find it less difficult than physics and chemistry, while boys on the other hand prefer physics and technology. There is a disagreement among the respondents on whether or not examinations exist in practical education.</p><p>The conclusion of the dissertation is that pedagogues need to develop a practical education suited for all youths irrespective of gender, as well as stating the aim and purpose before the practical education starts.</p>

Atsižvelgiant į kriminogeninę Lietuvos situaciją bei įgyvendinant nusikalstamumo prevencijos politiką, nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencija yra viena iš svarbiausių prioritetinių nusikalstamumo prevencijos krypčių. Ilgametė teisės pažeidimų analizė rodo, kad kuo anksčiau žmogus padaro pirmąjį teisės pažeidimą, tuo didesnė šių pažeidimų recidyvo tikimybė vyresniame amžiuje. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencijos realizavimą bendrojo lavinimo vidurinėse mokyklose. Tyrimo uždaviniai: · Apibūdinti nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo sampratą; · Išnagrinėti nepilnamečių būklę Lietuvoje; · Išanalizuoti priežastis, skatinančias nepilnamečius įvykdyti nusikaltimus; · Nustatyti nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencijos bendrojo lavinimo vidurinėse mokyklose vadybos gaires; · Įvertinti nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencijos Kėdainių rajone realizavimo kokybę. Mokslinės literatūros analizės pagrindu teoriniu aspektu gilinamasi į nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencinių programų bendrojo lavinimo vidurinėse mokyklose realizavimo kokybę, atliekama nepilnamečių užimtumo ir prevencijos įtakos nusikalstamumui Kėdainių rajone analizė remiantis gautais Kėdainių rajono Policijos komisariato ir savivaldybės administracijos švietimo ir kultūros departamento duomenimis. Lietuvoje įgyvendinama nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencijos politika yra daugialypė, įgyvendinama įvairiose institucijose ir lygmenyse. Nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo prevencijos politikos įgyvendinime dalyvauja... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The current crime situation in Lithuania and the implementation of criminal policy reveals that youth crime prevention is one of the most important priorities’ in crime prevention policies. Many years offenses statistics shows that if the earlier a person commits a first offense, the greater likelihood of such abuse relapse later. The aim of the paper is to analyze the prevention of youth delinquency, the realization in comprehensive secondary schools. Objectives of the study: · Describe the concept of youth delinquency; · Examine the status of minors in Lithuania; · Analyze the reasons for encouraging minors to commit a crime; · Estabslish the Prevention of Youth Delinquency in secondary schools; · Evaluate the Prevention of Youth Delinquency in Kedainiai district. Scientific literature, analyzes the theoretical aspects of youth delinquency prevention programs in secondary schools, the quality of the youth employment and the prevention of crime in the area Kedainiai, in the police, district and municipal administrations is done. Lithuania has implemented youth crime prevention policy which is multifaceted, implemented in different institutions and levels. Youth delinquency prevention policy involves state agencies, institutions and non gonvernmental institutions. However, the analysis revealed that this policy has one major deficiency - it has no single concept, which makes it uncoordinated. The investigation revealed the growing youth delinquency, and in this... [to full text]

<p>This thesis investigates grade seven learners perceived experiences in learning algebra.Things that learners do and say during algebra lessons and about algebra were investigated. The study was done at one of the previously disadvantaged schools in Cape Town, South Africa.The data were collected through observations, a questionnaire and interviews. Observations were made from the day the topic was started in two grade seven classes. Two different teachers taught the two classes. Focus group interviews were conducted, two group of learners, ten learners from each of the two classes were interviewed. Learners devised a number of strategies for solving problems related to sums and differences. The principal learning difficulties experienced by learners in algebra related to the transition from arithmetic conventions to those of algebra, the meaning of literal symbols and the recoginition of structures. It became obvious then that developing algebraic thinking is not necessarily dependent upon algebraic notation and that the presence of algebraic notation says little about the level of problem solving.</p>

South African schools are quickly, and progressively, becoming arenas for violent behaviour. These days, schools are no longer considered safe and protected environments where children can go to learn, develop, enjoy themselves, and feel secure. Rather, schools are being defined as unsafe and dangerous settings for teaching and learning, plagued by various forms of school violence (Van Jaarsveld, 2008). According to De Wet (2003), the causes of school violence are numerous and exceptional to each violent incident. Research indicates that most perpetrators of school violence are in the adolescent stage of development (O‟Toole, 2000). Adolescence as a transition stage implies severe changes on both an anatomical and a psychological level, presenting psycho-social adjustment demands that could be too much for certain adolescents and end in dysfunctional adaptive behaviour such as aggression (Louw & Louw, 2007; Sigelman & Rider, 2006). According to Meece and Daniels (2008), there seems to be no single cause for aggression and it is seen as an interaction of the adolescent’s own characteristics, family environment, culture, peer relations and community. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intra- and inter-psychological factors such as self related well-being, coping self-efficacy, general health and inter-personal relations contribute to manifested anger/hostility/aggression of learners in secondary schools. A quantitative research design of the cross sectional survey type was used to reach the aims of this study. The population included grade nine learners of four secondary schools who fitted the selection criteria. The size of the research group was N=512, which included male (N=217) and female (N=295), African (N=311) and White (N=201) adolescent learners. Quantitative data collection was done by means of the Personal, Home, Social and Formal Relations Questionnaire (PHSF) of Fouché and Grobbelaar (1971), the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE) of Chesney, Neilands, Chambers, Taylor, and Folkman (2006), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) of Goldberg and Hillier (1979) and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) of Buss and Perry (1992). A biographical questionnaire was also included to collect the participants‟ socio-demographic information. The empirical research was described and results reported in two manuscripts intended for publication. Descriptive statistics, reliability and validity of the measuring instruments used, correlations among the operationalized constructs, significance of differences on the scales for subgroups and regression analyses to identify predictors of aggression and moderating variables, were calculated. The results of the study indicated that although means and standard deviations correspond to those reported in literature for the same scales, the participants in this study manifested only moderate levels of the phenomena measured. The reliability and validity of the measuring instruments were mostly acceptable, with a few exceptions. Correlational results indicated that psychological factors have significantly negative relationships with aspects of aggressive behaviour, suggesting that the more psychological wellness and adjustment youth experience, the less they will experience or express aggressive behaviour. Significance of differences on several of the variables investigated was found between the gender and racial sub-groups with moderate to large practical effect. Furthermore, aspects of personal and social adjustment and of coping self-efficacy and mental health, significantly predicted features of aggression in youth who participated. Intra- and inter-personal aspects of psychological adjustment significantly moderated the strength of the relationships between coping self-efficacy and aggression as well as general mental health and aggression. These findings were theoretically expected and could be explained by means of research findings reported in literature and relevant theories. Conclusions and recommendations were discussed. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

In an ever-changing world, work and personal life are the main areas in which most employed adults spend their time. Today the essence of the relationship between work- and personal life is that these two domains overlap and interact. Consequently, an increasing number of employed adults are confronted with bigger demands in both their work and personal lives, and many of their daily hassles stem from job responsibilities that are incompatible with responsibilities in their personal lives. Educators' work has also become more intricate and demanding and may be one of the professions in which individuals find it difficult to combine their work and personal lives. The objective of this study was to determine how Setswana-speaking educators experienced their work-personal life interaction (WPLI), and more specifically to determine the significant domains, antecedents, consequences and strategies associated with WPLI for the participants. A non-probability purposive voluntary sample (N = 10) was taken of Setswana-speaking secondary school educators from the Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp areas in the North West Province. Data collection was done through a phenomenological method of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data was analysed by the use of content analysis The results indicated that educators experienced factors in both their work and personal lives to be demanding. In addition, work demands led to various time constraints and strain. However, factors were identified that made the demands less overwhelming and it was also found that educators valued certain things (family, friends, leisure time, church and personal time) in their personal lives. Educators nevertheless employed certain strategies to cope with this interaction, which in turn led to numerous positive outcomes. Lastly, an interesting finding relating to this study was that educators felt a responsibility towards the children. Recommendations were made for the organisation and for future practice. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

There are vast differences between traditional content-based education and transformational outcomes-based education. For example, in content-based education teachers are viewed as the main sources of knowledge whereas in OBE teachers are viewed as facilitators of learning. In content-based education, assessment mostly focuses on the knowledge aspect of learners, rather than on skills, attitude and values. Teachers trained for traditional teaching should somehow be assisted to adjust to the outcomes-based way of teaching. This study firstly wants to identify the didactic-professional needs related to OBE of secondary school teachers in the Venda region of the Limpopo Province. The study identifies two categories of didactic-professional needs, namely: • Needs to improve secondary school teachers' academic competence • Needs to improve secondary school teachers' professional competence. The second objective of this study is to analyse and evaluate current distance education practice based in a printed format as means to satisfy secondary school teachers' didactic-professional needs related to OBE. The third objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of distance education based on print to satisfy the Limpopo Province Venda region secondary school teachers' didactic-professional and academic needs related to OBE to determine criteria and guidelines to this effect. A stratified systematic sample of 331 secondary school teachers and managers, including 148 persons who are or have already been involved in distance education, was selected to participate in the study. Data were collected through the use of a questionnaire and interviews with selected persons. Quantitative analysis of data employed a factor analysis to determine significant factors to work with. Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha to establish reliability of instruments, and Cohen's Criterion of effect size to determine significance of differences were used. The main findings of the study are: • The following six factors are regarded as important to satisfy secondary school teachers' didactic-professional needs: 1. Learning strategies centring around learner activities 2. Learner-centred assessing strategies 3. Learners' performance assessing strategies 4. Outcomes and methods of achieving outcomes 5. Educator centred teaching strategies 6. Learner- centred teaching strategies. • Counselling, tutoring and preparation for study are important in distance education to satisfy secondaly school teachers' didactic-professional needs related to OBE. However, counselling and preparation for study sometimes occur in the distance education currently available in the region, particularly in distance education programmes offered through an agent for a university. The findings further show certain differences with regard to teachers' needs and their satisfaction according to the experience, the nature of initial professional training, and the level of the current academic qualifications of the teachers. Finally the study recommends a plan of action to provide distance education based on print to satisfy the didactic-professional needs related to OBE of the Venda region secondary school teachers in Limpopo. The main elements of the plan include: • Effective contact sessions with lecturers. • Regular tutorial sessions under guidance of facilitators (tutors). • A multi-media approach. • Access to counselling and study guidance. • Relevant and integrated summative and formative assessment. • Efficient communication between the academic institution involved and the agent that acts on their behalf (where applicable). / Thesis (Ph.D. (Didactics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

This essay focuses on pupils' comprehension about assessment. More specifically, complex movement skills in the curriculum. Two questions were formulated to answer the aim, one of which describes the pupils perceptions of the concept complex movement skills. The other question discusses what the pupils consider crucial to get a good grade in complex movement skills. This was examined during the autumn 2016 with a qualitative method. Six focus groups performed with 24 pupils in the ninth grade, from one secondary school. The interview results were directly related to Bourdieu's concept of capital, habitus, field and doxa together with Engström’s logics, which helped us interpret and try to understand the students’ perceptions. The pupils in our study seem to be of the understanding that the assessment of movements in activities that include a ball are less important compared to dance movements in physical education and health. Which leads to the conclusion that the value of complex movements differs regarding the grade. Initially, the students had a hard time trying to describe the concept of complex movement skills. The pupils gradually improved their description of the concept as the discussions proceeded. The description in dance originated from their teacher’s explanation and the understanding in the ball games came from their background in ball sports.

Schools’ decisions to offer Physical Education (PE) is among the possible ways of involving students in physical activity, which has significant effects on students’ health, lifelong participation in physical activities and participation in sport. This thesis explores the factors and the ways they influence secondary schools’ decisions on whether or not to offer PE in Tanzania. The study is based on Institutional Theory, and on a social constructivist approach to knowledge generation, employing qualitative research methods, such as document analysis and interviews with different actors within and related to secondary schools. The study areas and the participants were purposefully sampled and included heads of school boards, heads of schools, PE teachers, parents and students. Document reviews were used in order to gather information concerning the regulative and normative conditions that govern schools. Four schools were more carefully studied – two that offer and two that do not offer PE. In these schools I focused on cultural conditions and local frames that could influence schools’ decisions. The findings indicate a number of factors which influence schools’ decisions whether or not to offer PE. Some of these factors are the availability of teaching and learning logistics, including facilities, equipment, qualified PE teachers, text books and teaching hours for the subject. Furthermore, the contribution of the examination for promotion purposes, the pen and paper examinations, the prioritization of other programmes and subjects, reliable support for the subject and the interest of those empowered to make decisions at school level also influence schools’ decisions concerning offering the subject. On the basis of the theory used in this study, to enable schools to make decisions favouring the offering of PE, there need to be consistency among the regulations and the normative and cultural-cognitive aspects of the institution. First, the regulative conditions are those that legalize the subject by forming the basis for schools’ decisions to offer the subject; these include governing and monitoring organs. Second, the normative conditions stipulate the logic of appropriateness for how the teaching should be approached; these include various normative directives, such as the curriculum and the syllabus. Finally, the cultural-cognitive conditions exert an influence on schools’ decisions through various perceptions held about the subject within the community. The thesis concludes with some implications of the study, indicating what changes will be needed concerning both the general institutional level and the school level. / Att skolor i Tanzania beslutar sig för att erbjuda skolämnet Idrott och hälsa (Physical Education) kan vara en förutsättning för att engagera elever i fysiska aktiviteter, vilket är betydelsefullt med tanke på deras hälsa, fortsatta fysiska aktiva liv och deltagande i idrott. Denna avhandling undersöker olika faktorers inverkan på skolors (motsvarande högstadium) ställningstagande för eller emot att erbjuda Idrott och hälsa som valbart ämne. I studien, som är baserad på nyinstitutionell teori och på ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv på kunskapsutveckling, tillämpas en kvalitativ ansats genom metoder som dokumentanalys och intervjuer med olika aktörer inom och i anknytning till ett urval av skolor. Dokumentgranskningar har gjorts som grund för en analys av vilka regulativa och normativa villkor som inverkar på skolors ställningstaganden. Därutöver har fyra skolor studerats - två som erbjuder och två som inte erbjuder Idrott och hälsa. Här har syftet varit att klarlägga vilka kulturella förhållanden och lokala ramar som inverkar på skolornas beslut om att ge eller inte ge ämnet. Vid dessa skolor har intervjuer genomförts med strategiskt utvalda personer; ordföranden i skolstyrelser, skolledare, idrottslärare, föräldrar och elever. Resultaten visar att ett antal faktorer inverkar på skolors beslut om att erbjuda eller inte erbjuda Idrott och hälsa. Några av dessa faktorer är tillgången på faciliteter och utrustning, utbildade idrottslärare och läromedel. Vidare är det betydelsefullt hur undervisningstimmar i ämnet fördelas. Negativ inverkan har förhållandet att praktiskt kunnande inte bedöms i de nationella proven, att betygen i Idrott och hälsa inte har något egentligt värde i utbildningssystemet och att andra ämnen tillmäts högre status och värde. För ett positivt ställningstagande behöver det finnas ett substantiellt stöd för ämnet och ett intresse bland dem som har befogenhet att fatta beslut på skolnivå. Alla dessa faktorer inverkar på skolornas beslut om att erbjuda ämne. Utifrån den teori som används i studien måste det finnas en samsyn och överensstämmelse mellan de regulativa, normativa och kulturella villkor som styr skolan som institution för att skolor ska kunna erbjuda Idrott och hälsa. Denna studie har visat att en sådan samsyn inte föreligger. För det första bör de regulativa villkoren ge tydlig legitimitet åt ämnet genom att etablera legala förutsättningar för skolors möjligheter att erbjuda ämnet; vilket även involverar de institutioner som övervakar utbildningen. För det andra bör de normativa villkoren såsom läroplan och kursplan, vilka styr innehållet i och formerna för undervisningen i ämnet, vara relevanta och realistiska utifrån de lokala förutsättningar som råder. Slutligen bör insatser göras för att förändra de kulturella-kognitiva förutsättningarna i form av att synliggöra värdet av ämnet Idrott och hälsa med tanke på barns och ungdomars utveckling av goda hälsovanor. Avhandlingen avslutas med några implikationer av studien, vilka indikerar vilka konkreta förändringar som kan behövas såväl på institutionell och nationell nivå som på skolnivå.

The purpose of this essay is to see if the upper secondary school in Sweden meets the acquirements of freedom of religion, in this particular study I focused on the Christian pupils at the school. Could it be that the Christian pupils feel that the school won’t accept them because the school is a secularized institution? Or do they feel that the school encourage their right to practice their religion at school? I interviewed six pupils at two different schools to find out about their experience with the school and the opportunity to practice their religion. The result shows that the pupils feel encouraged to practice their religion, with little or no resistance from the school.

Skolverket claims from a study that students are using school textbooks that are outdated and doesn't reach the curriculum of Lgy11. The first aim of the study, therefore, is to find out if outdated upper secondary school textbooks are used at high schools today. The second aim of the study is to analyse Christianity, Judaism, conception of life, ethical models and the relationship between religion and science in the textbooks to see if they attain to Lgy11. The textbooks that are analyzed is selected by a sample in terms of email contacts form various high school teachers, from different cities around Sweden. The textbooks that were selected by the sample was published before and after 2011 to see the differences on how close the textbooks are according with the current curriculum published in 2011. The method that has been used in the study in order to analyze the textbooks are content analysis with different categories from Lgy11.