Jordan has strived to manage a large-scale anti-corruption initiative for the public sector since 2006. Despite the implementation of laws and bodies mandated to address corruption, public trust of government remains low and the country’s position on international corruption rankings has not improved. This study seeks to investigate how the implementation of a large-scale anti-corruption initiative impacts the organizational culture of the country’s public sector. It proposes that wasta, a unique Arab phenomenon that promotes the values of loyalty, represents the most significant barrier to penetrating what is essentially a normalized culture of corruption in the Government of Jordan. The organizational culture theory model was adopted as the theoretical framework because of its ability to account for differences in culture where promoted values do not necessarily correspond with employee actions. Because literature in this area is rare, a qualitative exploratory methodology was chosen. Based on data saturation, a total of 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted on-site in Jordan with mid-level managers identified using snowball sampling. The results prove the theoretical proposal to be accurate and show that wasta has evolved to the deepest level of organizational culture. The results are sub-divided into two major themes: culture and leadership. The results show that wasta is a deeply held and engrained part of organizational culture and that it is difficult for anti-corruption efforts to change this culture in the Jordanian public sector. The thesis also demonstrate how leadership can be both something negative or something positive in the fight against wasta depending on how it is used.. The findings carry implications for public administration, foreign policy, and society as a whole especially with regard to the development of more effective anti-corruption strategies in Jordan and abroad. The specific contribution to knowledge of this thesis is the examination of how organizational cultural reforms impact public-sector organizations in the Middle Eastern context given the influence of wasta, which is not discussed in the literature but remains important for the field. Future research should consider the views of a wider variety of stakeholders, as well as the impact of wasta on organizational characteristics including performance and delivery of public services.

The main target of this graduation thesis is to make an analysis of economic actvities of parent company and subsidiary company. The financial situation of this two companies is compared. The main emphasis is placed on the standard data of economic activities along with the less frequently declared informations. The analysis is made for both companies in the years 2012, 2013 and 2014. In the first part of the thesis are theoretically defined financial analysis, bankrupcy and creditability models and semi structured interviews. Subsequently are both of companies presented and there is also the description of their relationship. This area is also complemented by a comparison of the subsidiary company and the parent company and the development of selected items of the financial statements.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur gymnasieelevers individuella sånglektioner skiljer sig åt beroende på i hur stor utsträckning sångpedagogernas eget genreintresse styr. Studien är baserad på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer där två sångpedagoger har sin hemvist inom den klassiska sångtraditionen och två sångpedagoger har sin hemvist inom den afroamerikanska sångtraditionen. Studien är av jämförande karaktär där fokus ligger på eventuella likheter och skillnader mellan sångpedagogers synsätt inom de två olika genrerna. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och hur kulturella redskap och omgivningar påverkar undervisningen och lärandet. Studiens resultat visar att sångpedagogerna har fler åsikter som förbinder dem samman än vad de har som skiljer sig åt gällande medvetna genreval, hur deras eget genreintresse påverkar sångundervisningen och synen på läroplanen i förhållande till lektionen och dess innehåll. Intervjupersonerna skiljer sig åt gällande lektionsupplägget för nybörjarelever samt sitt personliga musiklyssnande. I diskussionen lyfts sedan de teman som uppkommit i resultatet utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Dessa teman är: medvetna och omedvetna val gällande genre, läroplanen som redskap i sångundervisningen samt det egna genreintresset som redskap i sångundervisningen. Det som framkommer är att sångpedagogernas olika redskap påverkar hur de arbetar i och kring sin sångundervisning på gymnasiet. / The purpose of this study is to examine how individual singing lessons for high school students differ depending on to which extent the vocal coach is driven by their own interests concerning genre. The study is based on four semi-structured interviews where two vocal coaches have their home turf in classical music, and two vocal coaches have their home turf within the african american genres. The study is of comparative nature where the focus is on eventual similarities and differences between vocal coaches’ viewpoints within the two genres. The theoretical perspective of the study takes its stand in the socio cultural perspective and how cultural tools and surroundings affect teaching and learning.The result of the study shows that the vocal coaches have more conformed opinions than they have conflicting ones when it concerns informed choices in genre, how their own interests affect their teaching and the views on the curriculum in relation to the lesson and its content. The interviewees differ when it comes to how they plan lessons for beginners and how they themselves listen to music. In the discussion the themes that surface in the result are discussed from a socio cultural perspective. These themes are: informed and uninformed choices concerning genre, the curriculum as a tool in teaching and the teachers’ own personal interests concerning genre. The conclusion is that the different tools the vocal coaches use affect how they work in and surrounding their teaching of high school students.

The aim of this study is to examine how different actors of the society speak about and portrays the Råslätt neighborhood.Further we study how using different terms to describe the area can come to affect the area and its residents. This study is done by using a qualitative method in the form of document analysis based on official documents from three different actors of the society and we also conducted three interviews with representatives from each actor. Different themes are examined that have been identified using a discourse analysis. Through the themes three different discourses were created and identified which are being used by the actors in describing Råslätt. The discourses are then compared with each other. The result shows that there are similarities and differences between the discourses in how Råslätt is described. The result shows that the terms used in the different discourses create different versions of the Råslätt neighborhood. The result also shows that, within the discourses the actors of society consciously relate to their use of languageand that the decision of using or not using a particular term has been made with insight to the risk of stigmatization that might emerge. In conclusion the result shows that the language used by the actors of society affect how they justify their own work.

Les problèmes que nous considérons dans cette thèse sont de nature combinatoire. Notre principal intérêt est le problème de restructuration de données semi-structurées. Par exemple des données stockées sous la forme d’un fichier XML sont des données semi-structurées. Ce problème peut être ramené à une instance du problème du p-médian. Le principal obstacle ici est la taille des instances qui peut devenir très grande. Certaines instances peuvent avoir jusqu’à 10000 ou 20000 sommets, ce qui implique plusieurs centaines de millions de variables. Pour ces instances, résoudre ne serait-ce que la relaxation linéaire du problème est très difficile. Lors d’expériences préliminaires nous nous sommes rendu compte que CPLEX peut résoudre des instances avec 1000 sommets dans des temps raisonnables. Mais pour des instances de 5000 sommets, il peut prendre jusqu’à 14 jours pour résoudre uniquement la relaxation linéaire. Pour ces raisons nous ne pouvons utiliser de méthodes qui considère la résolution de la relaxation linéaire comme une opération de base, comme par exemple les méthodes de coupes et de branchements. Au lieu d’utiliser CPLEX nous utilisons une implémentation parallèle (utilisant 32 processeurs) de l’algorithme du Volume. L’instance pour laquelle CPLEX demande 14 heures est résolue en 24 minutes par l’implémentation séquentielle et en 10 minutes par l’implémentation parallèle de l’algorithme du Volume. La solution de la relaxation linéaire est utilisée pour construire une solution réalisable, grâce à l’application d’une heuristique de construction gloutonne puis d’une recherche locale. Nous obtenons des résultats comparables aux résultats obtenus par les meilleures heuristiques connues à ce jour, qui utilisent beaucoup plus de mémoire et réalisent beaucoup plus d’opérations. La mémoire est importante dans notre cas, puisque nous travaillons sur des données de très grandes tailles. Nous étudions le dominant du polytope associé au problème du p-médian. Nous discutons de sa relaxation linéaire ainsi que de sa caractérisation polyédrale. Enfin, nous considérons une version plus réaliste du problème de restructuration de données semi-structurées. Grosso modo, nous ajoutons au problème du p-médian original des nouveaux sommets s’ils aident à réduire le coût global des affectations. / The problems we consider in this thesis are of combinatorial nature. Our main interest is the problem of approximating typing of a semistructured data. For example XML is a semistructured data. This problem may be reduced to an instance of the p-median problem. The main obstacle here is the size of the instances that may be very huge, about 10000 and 20000 nodes which imply several hundreds of million variables. For these instances, even solving the linear relaxation is a hard task. In some preliminary results we noticed that Cplex may solve instances of size 1000 in an acceptable time. But for some instances having 5000 nodes, it may needs 14 days for solving only the linear relaxation. Therefore, we cannot use methods that consider the linear relaxation as an elementary operation, as for example branch-and-cut methods. Instead of using Cplex we use the Volume algorithm in a parallel implementation (32 processors).For the instance where the Cplex needs 14 hours, the Volume algorithm in sequential implementation needs 24 minutes and in parallel implementation it needs 10 minutes. The solution of the linear relaxation is used to produce a feasible solution by first applying a greedy and then a local search heuristic. We notice that the results we obtain are relatively the same as those given by the best method known up today, which produces more effort and consumes more memory. Memory is important in our case since the data we consider are huge. We study the dominant of the polytope associated with the p-median problem. We discuss linear relaxation and a polyhedral characterization. Finally, we consider a more realistic version of the p-median problem when applied to the problem of approximating typing of a semistructured data. Roughly speaking, we add new nodes to the underlying graph if this help to reduce the overall cost.

Bakgrund: Runt en procent av jordens befolkning beräknas ha en autismdiagnos. Det anses öka individens livskvalité om autismdiagnos erhålls tidigt i livet, något som kvinnor i högre grad riskerar att inte få relaterat till en annan symtombild än den män uppvisar. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva unga kvinnors erfarenheter av att ha växt upp med odiagnostiserad högfungerande autism. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Totalt intervjuades elva kvinnor och data har analyserats med hjälp av Braun & Clarkes tematiska analys. Fynd: Analysen genererade i fem huvudteman med totalt 15 underteman. Fynden visar att studiens deltagare upplevt sig som avvikande under uppväxten. Samtliga hade haft svårigheter med socialt samspel och kommunikation samt psykiska besvär. Olika svårigheter i skolan beskrevs liksom känslighet för olika typer av stimuli. Konklusion: Det är tydligt att kvinnorna i studien presenterat symtom på autismspektrumstörning under uppväxten, vilket har lett till olika sorters lidande. Samhället generellt och sjukvårdspersonal mer specifikt behöver ha bättre kunskap om hur symtom på autism kan presentera sig olika hos flickor och pojkar. Detta för att de ska kunna erhålla det stöd de har rätt till och förhindra onödigt lidande. / Background: About one percent of the world’s population is estimated to have an autism diagnosis. It is considered to increase an individual's quality of life to obtain an autism diagnosis early in life, something that women risk not getting related to another symptom picture that men exhibit. Aim: The aim was to describe young women’s experience of growing up with an undiagnosed high-functioning autism. Method: A qualitative interview study with inductive approach was conducted. A total of eleven women was interviewed and data was analysed with Braun & Clarks thematic analysis. Findings: The analysis generated in five main themes and 15 sub-themes. The findings show that the participants of this study experienced themselves as deviant during their childhood. They all had difficulty with social interaction, communication as well as psychological problems. Various difficulty in school were described as sell as sensitivity to different types of stimuli. Conclusion: It is clear that the women in this study presented symptoms of autism spectrum disorder during childhood, which has led to various types of suffering. Society in general and healthcare professionals more specifically need to have better knowledge of how symptoms of autism can present themselves differently in girls and boys. This is to enable them to obtain the support they are entitled to and prevent unnecessary suffering.

Due to the prevailing pandemic in connection with Covid-19, irrational decisions occur, and people start panicking. As a result, there is a very high demand from grocery stores due to customers hoarding ICA:s goods, which results in an even greater panic in people who do not perceive the problems that arise at the stores. For the stores, this means that the flow of goods from suppliers to the stores has been subjected to incredible pressure. The purpose of this study is divided into two different questions, which aims to describe how the working methods of the staff have changed as a result of Covid-19, in addition the study also wants to explain how communication between the stores and suppliers work. To answer these questions, interviews are conducted with staff at five different stores of three sizes.  Furthermore, the results are then analyzed using thematic analysis and modeling. It can be stated that the working methods of the various stores have been involving social distancing to the customers and the tasks for the staff have been shifted. The biggest difference for the ICA organization as a result of Covid-19 has been the communication with suppliers which usually happens through an automatic purchasing system, which has not worked sufficiently and as a result, the entire customer demand has not been satisfied. / På grund av den rådande pandemin i samband med Covid-19 så förekommer orationella beslut och människor får panik. Som resultat av detta så byggs det upp en mycket stor efterfrågan hos matvarubutiker på grund av att kunderna hamstrar ICA:s varor vilket resulterar i att en ännu större panik uppstår hos människor som inte uppfattar dom problem som då uppkommer hos butikerna. Från butikernas sida så medför detta att varuflöden från leverantörer till butikerna utsatts för otroligt stor press. Syftet med denna studie är uppdelad i två olika frågor vilket har som mål att beskriva hur arbetssättet för personalen har förändrats som följd av Covid-19, dessutom vill studien också förklara hur kommunikationen mellan butikerna och leverantörerna fungerar. För att besvara dessa frågor så genomförs intervjuer med personal på fem olika butiker av tre storlekar. Vidare så analyseras resultaten med hjälp utav en tematisk analys och modellering. Det kan fastslås att arbetssätten hos dom olika butikerna har varit stor med social distansering till kunder och arbetsuppgifterna har fått skifta inriktning. Den största skillnaden för ICA organisationen som följd av Covid-19 har varit kommunikationen med leverantörer som i vanliga fall sker genom ett automatiskt inköpssystem inte har fungerat tillräckligt och som resultat har det medfört att efterfrågan från kunderna inte har kunnat tillfredsställas.

The school has an anti-racist mission where teachers, especially social studies teachers, have a central role. Previous research shows, however, that the school often lacks in counteracting racism, which raises questions about how teachers see racism as a phenomenon and school as an anti-racist place. There is a lack of knowledge about how social studies teachers perceive the anti-racist work and whether and, in such cases, how they implement anti-racism within the framework of social science teaching. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate social studies teachers' perceptions of and implementation of an anti-racist mission in upper secondary school. This was done through five semi-structured interviews which were analyzed with Michael Lipsky's (2010) theory of grassroots bureaucracy which is supplemented by Gert Biesta and Sarah Robinson's (2015) theory of cultural and structural factors, Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill & Brian Turners (2006) definitions of individual and structural racism and Emma Arnebacks (2012) identified courses of action against racism. The results show that no teacher has an explicit anti-racist attitude, but they perceive the task as aimed at counteracting students 'tendencies to express "problematic" thoughts or opinions, which is a description of purpose that is influenced by teachers' understanding of racism as an individual phenomenon. The attitude to the assignment is positive, but it is perceived to be fraught with challenges that arise partly because of a perceived limited scope for action, and partly because of the teachers believing that there is a measure of anti-racism in the teaching. The teachers also perceive the social studies teacher's special role in an anti-racist assignment partly negatively as it is described as becoming a workload. Criticism is directed at a deficient teacher education that structurally limits the anti-racist work as they feel that it has to a low degree equipped them with competence in racism despite the subject's special relevance, and partly because the entire teacher education was not characterized by this which could even the workload. The teachers believe that they implement the anti-racist mission, and the courses of action are mediating, democratizing, and partly relationally characterized where concrete strategies in social studies are to provide knowledge and practice critical reflection in the students. Important knowledge is mainly about democracy and human rights, and an important skill is critical thinking. The study's conclusions are that social studies teachers do not perceive the school as an explicit anti-racist place, but rather in an implicit way. The fact that the mission is not explicitly carried out can mean that anti-racism is lacking when knowledge of racism is limited, especially when a structural reflexivity is lacking. Although teachers may neglect different expressions of racism in school, the implementation is still often consistent with the curricula's formulations of the anti-racist mission.

Syftet med denna studie var att i en svensk kontext belysa handledarens roll vid grupphandledning av yrkesverksamma inom människohjälpande yrken, då detta är ett område som endast är sparsamt utforskat. Materialet inhämtades genom semi-­strukturerade intervjuer med nio verksamma handledare med socionom­ eller psykologutbildning. De transkriberade  intervjuerna bearbetades med tematisk analys. Resultatet kan övergripande beskrivas i form av  en modell med fem huvudteman: handledarrollen i modellens centrum, som påverkar och påverkas av förutsättningar, förväntningar, arbetssätt och utvärderingar. Modellen illustrerar hur handledarrollen i all dess komplexitet är produkten av en hel samling olika påverkansfaktorer och beslut, där vissa har sitt ursprung i handledarens egen bakgrund, men många är beroende av det sammanhang i vilket handledaren verkar. Resultatet visar även att handledarna skiljer sig gällande fokus samt prioritering av olika funktioner i handledningen. Det formuleras sällan konkreta mål i handledningen utan innehållet styrs utifrån syfte och förväntningar, och det varierar hur och i vilken grad utvärderingar genomförs.

(in English): This thesis focuses on the structure of the day of the homeless people. It is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. In the first chapter of the theoretical part the basic terminology of homelessness is examined, with its internal and external factors and its typology. The next chapter is dedicated to the basic human needs, it introduces the theories of human needs of the renowned authors; furthermore, it describes the needs of the homeless people. The last chapter of the theoretical part compares the structure of the day of homeless people, to the people with secure housing. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the structure of the day of the homeless people. Using the methods of semi-structured interviews and participant observation, the thesis examines the particular structure of the day, the needs these people have and how they meet them. The qualitative survey was conducted at the day care facility of The Salvation Army.