nÃo hà / A dinamicidade e complexidade dos mercados exigem cada vez mais das organizaÃÃes prÃticas de gestÃo que lhe protejam dos diversos riscos e lhe preparem para o ambiente competitivo. Os princÃpios e modelos de governanÃa e finanÃas corporativas evoluÃram ao longo do tempo, em consonÃncia com o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e mercado de capitais, e desenvolveram uma sÃria de fundamentos e mecanismos com o intuito de diminuir os conflitos de agÃncia, relaÃÃo conflituosa entre os interesses dos acionistas e gestores. O presente trabalho analisa as 15 maiores empresas do segmento de construÃÃo do Brasil e seus resultados nos anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011, para observar a relaÃÃo entre a exposiÃÃo ao ambiente do conflito de agÃncia, atravÃs dos padrÃes de mercado e indicadores qualitativos que expressem esse conflito, e os reflexos nos seus indicadores de risco e endividamento, atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo da anÃlise multivariada de dados. Espera-se que aquelas organizaÃÃes com maiores evidÃncias e exposiÃÃes ao ambiente de conflito de agÃncia apresentem os maiores nÃveis de endividamento e risco. / The dynamics and complexity of markets increasingly require organizations management practices that will protect the various risks and prepare you for the competitive environment. The principles and models of governance and corporate finance evolved over time, in line with the development of capitalism and capital markets, and developed a series of fundamentals and mechanisms in order to reduce agency conflicts, conflicting relationship between the interests shareholders and managers. This study analyzes the 15 largest companies in the construction of Brazil and its results in the years 2009, 2010 and 2011, to observe the relationship between exposure to the environment agency conflict, through industry standards and qualitative indicators that express this conflict, and reflections on their risk indicators and debt, through the application of multivariate data analysis. It is expected that organizations with more evidence and exhibits to the environment agency conflict have higher levels of debt and risk.

Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar os mútuos como direitos creditórios dos sócios das sociedades limitadas e dos acionistas das sociedades anônimas na legislação nacional e o tratamento dado pela legislação falimentar brasileira a esses direitos de crédito, à luz dos mesmos conceitos existentes no Direito Comparado, especificamente na Alemanha e nos Estados Unidos da América. A eleição dos referidos dois países para a análise do Direito alienígena justifica-se porque: (i) a Lei de Insolvência Alemã (Insolvenzordnung InsO), de 5.10.1994, em vigor desde 1.1.1999 e editada em substituição à antiga legislação datada de 1877, que previa os institutos da falência e concordata de forma muito semelhante ao sistema falimentar brasileiro do Decreto-lei nº 7.661, de 21.6.1945 (Decreto-lei 7.661/45), veio a regulamentar os institutos da recuperação e liquidação de empresas, com objetivos também muito semelhantes aos da Lei nº 11.101, de 9.2.2005 (Lei de Recuperação de Empresas e Falências), tendo ainda passado por recente reforma em novembro de 2008; (ii) o Bankruptcy Code, que compõe o Título 11 do United States Code, em vigor desde a reforma inserida no sistema concursal norte-americano por meio do Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, foi utilizado como base para muitos dos dispositivos da Lei de Recuperação de Empresas e Falências, seja quanto ao instituto da recuperação extrajudicial, da recuperação judicial ou da falência. Para o estudo do Direito Comparado elegeu-se, assim, um país do direito continental, com legislação bastante avançada e aproximada da nossa; e um país do common law, que foi pioneiro em vários aspectos do direito falimentar, sobretudo na concepção de reorganização de empresas em crise, tendo sua legislação servido de modelo para diversos outros países, além de para o Brasil. Os tipos de sociedades eleitos - sociedades anônimas e limitadas - justificam-se por serem os tipos societários mais utilizados no Brasil e, resguardadas algumas características específicas que assumem em cada ordenamento jurídico, pode-se dizer que são os tipos societários mais utilizados mundialmente; seja sob a denominação, respectivamente, de limited liability partnership e corporation, nos Estados Unidos da América; Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) e Aktiengesellschaft (AktG), na Alemanha; e denominações diversas em outros países. O trabalho (i) busca a intersecção dos seguintes temas: direitos creditórios dos sócios das sociedades limitadas e dos acionistas das sociedades anônimas, direitos patrimoniais dos sócios das sociedades limitadas e dos acionistas das sociedades anônimas, capital social, subcapitalização e, finalmente, direitos creditórios dos sócios e acionistas na falência das sociedades limitadas e anônimas, dentre estes especialmente os contratos de mútuo entre sócios ou acionistas e a sociedade falida; e (ii) estuda os mencionados temas à luz do Direito pátrio e do Direito comparado. Com base nos conceitos acima, este trabalho pretende contribuir para a interpretação das normas que dispõem sobre os direitos creditórios dos sócios e acionistas na falência das sociedades limitas e anônimas, tendo por princípio a adequação da cifra do capital social à realização do objeto social (em oposição à subcapitalização das sociedades), e visando à concessão de crédito, sobretudo mútuos, à prestação de serviços e ao fornecimento de bens à sociedade por seus próprios sócios e acionistas, estes na qualidade de terceiros perante a sociedade, respeitando-se o princípio da separação da personalidade jurídica. / The purpose of this study is to analyze loans as credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas) under Brazilian law and the treatment granted by the Brazilian bankruptcy law to those credits rights, in view of the same concepts existing under foreign Law, specifically in Germany and in the United States of America. Both countries were chosen for the analysis of the foreign Law due to the facts that: (i) the Insolvency German Law (Insolvenzordnung InsO), as of 10.5.1994, in effect since 1.1.1999 and edited to replace the former legislation of 1877, which foresaw the bankruptcy and concordata institutes in a very similar way to the Brazilian bankruptcy system of Decree-law No. 7.661, of 6.21.1945 (Decree-law 7.661/45), came into force to regulate the institutes of business reorganization and liquidation of companies, also with similar objectives to the ones of the Law No. 11.101, of 2.9.2005 (Business Reorganization and Bankruptcy Law), having passed through a recent reform in November 2008; (ii) the Bankruptcy Code, which composes Title 11 of the United States Code, in effect since the reform brought into effect in the North-American bankruptcy system by means of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, and which has been used as basis for many rules of the Brazilian Business Reorganization and Bankruptcy Law, regarding the institutes of out-of-court business reorganization, judicial business reorganization and bankruptcy. Thus, for the study of the foreign Law, two countries were elected: one of continental right, with a very advanced legislation and very similar to ours; and the other of common law, pioneer in many aspects of the bankruptcy law, especially with regard to the concept of business reorganization of companies in financial distress, having its legislation as standard for many other countries besides Brazil. The types of companies corporations (sociedades anônimas) and limited liability partnerships (limitadas) were chosen due to the fact that they are the corporate types more used under Brazilian law and, besides some specific features that they assume under each legal system, some may say that they are the corporate types more used worldwide being nominated, respectively, as limited liability partnership and corporation, in the United States of America, or Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) and Aktiengesellschaft (AktG) in Germany; or with other nominations in other countries. This study (i) searches the intersection of the following subjects: credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas), patrimonial rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas), corporate capital, undercapitalization/thin-capitalization and, finally, credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas) in bankruptcy proceedings, especially with regard to loans granted by partners or shareholders to the bankrupt company; and (ii) studies the referred subjects in view of the national Law and the foreign Law. With basis on the concepts referred above, the study intends to contribute with the interpretation of the rules about credits rights of partners and shareholders in bankruptcy proceedings of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and corporations (sociedades anônimas), having as principle the adequacy of the amount of the corporate capital to the accomplishment of the corporate subject (opposed to the undercapitalization of companies), and aiming the granting of credit, the granting of services and the supply of goods to the company by its own partners or shareholders in the capacity of third parties before the company, in accordance with the principle of separation of the corporate entity from its partners or shareholders.

O presente estudo versa sobre a conduta de administradores e controladores em contexto oferta hostil, tendo como principal objetivo a análise desta à luz do interesse social e dos deveres fiduciários, buscando, ao fim, comprovar que o Brasil possui um arcabouço legislativo apto a regular tais situações, bem como que a experiência norteamericana pode servir como fator de auxílio na investigação do papel desses sujeitos no referido contexto. / This paper deals with the behavior of managers and controlling shareholders in hostile tender offer context, with the main goal of analyse it in the light of the “proper role of the companies” and the fiduciary duties, aiming, finally, to prove that Brazilian law is able to rule those situations, as well that American experience could serve as a helpful instrument in the search for directors and officers “proper role” in the related situations.

Submitted by Enrico Giovannetti Magalhaes Castro (enricomcastro@gmail.com) on 2018-11-06T17:31:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Enrico G M Castro (340971) - Securitizacao 06112018 (final para entrega com ficha catalografica).pdf: 1591750 bytes, checksum: a9dcbbd99628d5c13e5fee83d793ac73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-11-06T19:20:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Enrico G M Castro (340971) - Securitizacao 06112018 (final para entrega com ficha catalografica).pdf: 1591750 bytes, checksum: a9dcbbd99628d5c13e5fee83d793ac73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-11-07T13:07:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Enrico G M Castro (340971) - Securitizacao 06112018 (final para entrega com ficha catalografica).pdf: 1591750 bytes, checksum: a9dcbbd99628d5c13e5fee83d793ac73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T13:07:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Enrico G M Castro (340971) - Securitizacao 06112018 (final para entrega com ficha catalografica).pdf: 1591750 bytes, checksum: a9dcbbd99628d5c13e5fee83d793ac73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-08 / Desde a sua criação no inicio da década de 1990, a securitização vem se tornando uma importante ferramenta de financiamento no Brasil. Apesar de amplamente utilizada em mercados desenvolvidos, como EUA e Europa, essa modalidade passou a crescer rapidamente no Brasil somente a partir de meados de 2009. O presente trabalho, através da metodologia de estudo de evento, busca verificar se a captação via securitização na forma de FIDC, CRA e CRI impacta o valor para o acionista. A partir de base de dados singular, foram avaliadas aproximadamente 152 observações (combinações de transações e originadores) agrupadas por tipo de originador, contabilização e natureza de carteira, contribuindo para a expansão da literatura local sobre teste de evento para securitização e permitindo comparações com mercados mais maduros. Após a condução do teste, para bancos foi verificado impacto negativo e significativo a um por cento, potencialmente em virtude de seleção adversa de carteira securitizada. Essa mesma constatação foi verificada por autores em estudos similares conduzidos nos EUA e Europa. No caso das empresas, o impacto médio foi positivo, porém não significativo a dez por cento para a parcela majoritária de operações, também em linha com o observado por autores em estudos nos EUA e Brasil. / Since its inception in the early 1990s, securitization became an important financing alternative in the Brazilian market. Although widely used in developed markets such as the US and Europe, this funding source only started to grow fast in Brazil as of mid-2009. The present paper, through the methodology of event study, seeks to verify if the funding through securitization in the form of FIDC, CRA and CRI affects shareholder value. From a singular database, were evaluated approximately 152 observations (combinations of transactions and originators) grouped by type of originator, accounting and nature of receivables pool, contributing to the expansion of the local literature concerning securitization event study and allowing for comparisons with more developed markets. After conducting the test, the impact observed for banks was negative and significant at one percent, potentially due to adverse selection of securitized receivables portfolio. The same findings have been verified by authors in similar studies conducted in the US and Europe. For companies, the impact was positive in average, but not significant at ten percent for the majority of the transactions, also in line with what has been observed by authors in studies in the US and Brazil.

Governança corporativa é um conjunto de mecanismos que visa alinhar interesses entre as diferentes partes envolvidas que compõem a empresa. Os interesses muita vezes são conflitantes em virtude de que o indivíduo tende a maximizar sua utilidade pessoal, e desta discrepância de busca individual surge o conflito, conhecido como de interesse. O conflito pode ocorrer com qualquer envolvido na companhia, porém este trabalho estudará os que ocorrem entre o agente e o principal. O agente pode ser tanto funcionários da empresa, como investidor minoritário, sendo que o principal é representado pelo acionista controlador, que detém o poder sobre a companhia. Os mecanismos de governança corporativa podem ser internos e externos à corporação. Dentre os internos se destacam: conselho de administração, conselho fiscal, estrutura de propriedade, remuneração dos executivos, relatórios contábeis em concordância com as normas internacionais publicados periodicamente, e política de distribuição de dividendos. Dentre os externos os que se destacam são: possibilidade de aquisição hostil, mercado de trabalho competitivo, leis de proteção aos investidores, crosslistings e parecer contábil dos relatórios financeiros realizados por empresas externas de auditoria com renome no mercado. O conjunto de mecanismos visa alcançar os princípios básicos de governança corporativa: transparência, equidade, prestação de contas e responsabilidade corporativa. A presente pesquisa investigou a relação entre governança corporativa e o desempenho econômico-financeiro das empresas brasileiras listadas na BM&FBOVESPA entre os anos 2010 e 2014, representando o período posterior à crise econômica mundial desencadeada pelos títulos de subprime americanos, ocorrida no segundo semestre de 2008, e anterior à crise econômica e política no Brasil, iniciada em 2015. Foi utilizado o índice de governança IGC desenvolvido por Silva e Leal (2005) para medir a governança. O desempenho econômico-financeiro das empresas foi medido através das variáveis Q-tobin e taxa de lucro econômico. O modelo utilizou ferramentas que diminuem os problemas de endogeneidade e causalidade reversa, que são: inserir variáveis de controle e utilizar o método de regressão MMG-Sis (Método dos momentos generalizados - Sistêmico). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram o esperado pela literatura, pois o índice de governança corporativa influenciou positivamente o desempenho da empresa. Para a variável taxa de lucro econômico (TLE) o resultado apresentou significância estatística no nível de 5%, o que torna confiável a alegação. Já para a variável Q-tobin, apesar de também apresentar relação positiva com a governança, a análise estatística não se mostrou robusta a ponto de poder exercer alguma afirmativa sobre o resultado. Por fim, a pesquisa observou uma melhora na governança corporativa nas empresas da amostra ao longo dos anos e em relação a outras pesquisas de anos anteriores. / Corporate governance is a set of mechanisms to align interests between the different individuals who compose the company. The interests a lot of times are conflicting because of the individual´s seek to maximize their personal utility, and from this discrepancy of individual pursuit comes the conflict, known as interest. Conflict can occur between any involved in the company, but this work study those between the agent and the principal. The agent may be employees of the companies or minority investors and the main one is represented by the controlling shareholder, which holds power over the company. Corporate governance mechanisms can be internal and external to the corporation, the internal are: Board of Directors, audit committee, ownership structure, executive compensation, financial reporting in accordance with international standards published periodically and dividend distribution policy . The external are: possibility of hostile takeover, competitive labor market, protection laws for investors, cross-listings and accounting advice of financial reports made by external companies with renowned consultancy market. The mechanisms aim to achieve the basic principles of corporate governance: transparency, fairness, accountability and corporate responsibility. This study investigated the relationship between corporate governance and the financial performance of Brazilian companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA between 2010 and 2014, representing the period after the global economic crisis triggered by securities US subprime, in the second half of 2008 and previous economic and political crisis in Brazil, which began in 2015. It was used the IGC governance index developed by Silva and Leal (2005) to measure governance. And the financial performance of the companies was measured by the variables: Q-Tobin and economic profit rate. The model used tools that reduce the endogeneity and reverse causality, which are: insert control variables and use the system GMM (Generalized method of moments) estimator as regression method. The results confirmed the expected by the literature as the corporate governance index positively influenced the performance of the company. For the variable TLE the result was statistically significant at the 5% level, which makes it reliable. As for the Q-tobin variable, although also have positive relationship with governance, statistical analysis was not robust to be able to exercise some confirmation about the result. Finally, research has found improved corporate governance in companies over the years and improvement over other research from previous years.

Les modifications du capitalisme et la financiarisation du droit des sociétés ont conduit au déclin de la notion de titre de capital telle qu'elle résulte de la théorie classique qui la définit comme une fraction du capital social représentant un droit d'associé dans une société de capitaux. Ce déclin se manifeste notamment par la remise en cause de la notion d'apport, l'instrumentalisation de la titularité du titre de capital par la pratique ainsi que la décadence des fonctions traditionnelles du capital social. Les incertitudes conceptuelles induites par la financiarisation invite ainsi à s'interroger sur l'utilité de la notion de titre de capital sous l'effet de la dégénérescence du capital social et l'érosion de la distinction entre actions et obligations. Or, force est de constater que la notion garde un intérêt, d'abord parce que l'examen de l'avenir du capital social montre que son abandon n'affecte pas la notion de titre de capital qui peut se désolidariser du capital social à travers la consécration des actions sans pair comptable représentant une fraction des capitaux propres. Ensuite parce que la remise en cause de la dichotomie actions/obligations ne fait pas disparaître la distinction plus large entre titres de capital et titres de créance qui garde un intérêt certain en droit des sociétés. Cependant, la recherche d'une nouvelle frontière rend nécessaire la délimitation du domaine réservé des titres de capital et la détermination de la place des valeurs mobilières donnant accès au capital du fait de leur caractère hybride. / The developments brought by the evolution of capitalisrn and finance to corporate law have led to the erosion of the traditional definition of equity securities, which were conventionally defined as a fraction of the share capital of a company that represents shareholders' rights. This is evidenced by the decline of capital contributions, the exploitation of ownership interests in the company in practice and the weakening of the traditional legal notion of capital. These conceptual uncertainties invite us to reconsider the utility of the concept of equity securities faced with the changing legal understanding of capital stock and the erosion of the traditional distinction between shares and bonds. Nonetheless, despite these developments, the concept of equity securities remains useful for two main reasons : first, upon evaluating the future of the legal capital, it becomes evident that the changes to the legal concept of capital stock should not affect the very existence of equity securities if shares with no par value are introduced ; and second, the overarching distinction between equity and debt remains essential in corporate law and cannot therefore be eliminated. However, il is necessary to redefine the boundaries between equity and debt and to clarify the legal nature of certain hybrid forms of securities.

Since the 2008 financial crisis, we have been seen significant changes and movements in the capital markets. As an Investor Relations Officer (IRO) of the listed company, a continuing challenges is to attract and retain the investment funds from the capital market and keep a liquidity. Hence, the effective Investor Relations is very essential for the listed company because an effective investor relations programme is not only save valuable management time, but also can assist to deliver a fair valuation for the equity of enterprise, reduced funding costs and provide a strong shareholder base which will stand the company in good stead if times get tough, such as in low season business cycles or uncontrollable global financial crisis. The Investor Relations would be the eyes and ears of a company in the capital market and would deliver valuable insights into market sentiment, such as to potential investors and shareholders. An effective investor relations must have full commitments and supports of the senior management and C-suite. Investor Relations is a strategic management responsibility that requires an integration of corporate finance, communications, competence, perspective, and compliance to enable the most effective two-way communication between a company, investment community, and all shareholders. The key objective of IR is to achieve optimal valuation of the enterprise. The Investor Relations should articulate in a way that investors could understand the direction of the company and develop reasonable expectations for determining success via investor conference, roadshow, and other communication channels.

Bien que présentant des caractéristiques variées, les valeurs mobilières donnant accès au capital reposent sur un mécanisme commun : une promesse de contrat. Singulièrement, les valeurs mobilières complexes déployant leurs effets dans le temps (les promesses s'échelonnant ordinairement sur plusieurs années), l'investisseur est susceptible de supporter une dépréciation du patrimoine de la société, manifestée par une baisse de la valeur des actions escomptées. Dès lors, au risque de maltraiter les droits des porteurs, sur décision unilatérale de la société, leur protection s'impose. La recherche d'une protection cohérente (conciliant l'attractivité du régime à l'égard des investisseurs et une certaine souplesse pour les émetteurs) invite alors à identifier les faits générateurs de la protection. Or, il apparaît que l'énumération légale présente des lacunes. En outre, à cet écueil s'ajoutent les subtilités liées à la mise en œuvre des instruments de protection, notamment en cas de réduction du capital à zéro. Il est donc apparu que le régime de protection, issu de l'ordonnance du 24 juin 2004, est imparfait à divers égards, parfois dirimants en pratique. Face à ce constat, sont donc présentées tour à tour les opérations susceptibles de porter atteinte aux prérogatives d'accès au capital. Cet examen nous a conduit à la conviction de la nécessité de perfectionner le dispositif afin d'en améliorer la lisibilité, la sécurité et par voie de conséquence, l'attractivité. Les propositions formulées dans l'ouvrage visent ainsi à lever les obstacles identifiés, dans le respect de l'esprit de modernisation, d'unification et de simplification qui ont pu guider les précédentes réformes. / Several securities giving access to the capital are based on option contracts. The use of commitment contracts shows the versatility of this civil legal tool, but its analysis raises several pitfalls, inherent in the original features of the option's subject. Considering the status of future shareholders, a specific process needs to be set up for risk control. In theory, a complete protection for investors should be ensured by the ban of any transaction that might harm their interests. On the contrary, in the case of a legal gap, a company could break the agreement and empty it of its content. Thus, regulations of securities giving access to the capital should both accommodate attractiveness for investors and guarantee more flexibility for issuers. In order to find a more consistent solution, one must identify the operative events that ensure the active protection of rights under option. However, the variety of the events, which are likely to affect shareholders' equity, makes the identification process more complex. Addressing this issue is the first step of the process; the problem linked with the implementation of defensive measures would be the main topic to be analyzed. This analysis will be split in two parts. The first one will focus on how the body jeopardizes the unity targeted by the 2004 order. And the second part will be dedicated to concrete applications of the measures suggested in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial code. The period between the initial investment and the access to the shareholder status triggers the activation of a complex legal paraphernalia, which is worth analyzing.

[pt] Este trabalho mostra que as regras brasileiras de dividendos mínimos fazem com que a distribuição de proventos no Brasil seja alta relativamente aos Estados Unidos, apesar da fraca proteção oferecida pela lei das S.A. aos acionistas minoritários no Brasil. Ainda assim, subterfúgios legais permitem que 42% de uma ampla amostra de empresas não financeiras com ações listadas na Bovespa distribuem menos dividendos do que o previsto em estatuto. Tal retenção de ganhos poderia ser benéfica aos acionistas, visto que garante financiamento a novos projetos. Entretanto, dados de investimentos das empresas listadas na Bovespa mostram que este não parece ser o caso: à exceção de períodos com forte restrição ao crédito, a regra brasileira de dividendos mínimos protege os acionistas minoritários sem prejudicar a capacidade das firmas financiarem oportunidades de investimento. / [en] This paper shows that Brazil s mandatory dividend rules partly explain why its average dividend yield is higher than in the U.S. And yet, several Brazilian firms bypass the mandatory dividend rules. We show that 42% of a broad sample of nonfinancial firms with shares listed at Bovespa use legal loopholes to pay fewer dividends than the amount that their statutes call for. The data suggest that the main reason for these firms to bypass the dividend rules is not to ensure financing for new projects. Instead, lower dividend payments seem to pave the way for the controlling shareholders to dilute the cash-flow rights of minority shareholders. Thus, short of credit crunch, the Brazilian mandatory dividend rules do protect minority shareholders, without making harder for firms to finance investment opportunities.

The amendment of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 in 1999 by Companies Amendment Act 37 of 1999 made it possible for the first time, in South Africa, for a company to acquire its own shares and for a subsidiary to acquire shares in its holding company. The position introduced by the 1999 amendments was repealed in 2011 with the coming into effect of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. I have compared capital maintenance rule under the Companies Act 61 of 1973, as amended in 1999 with capital maintenance rule under the Companies Act 71 of 2008. I have also examined in detailed the requirements to be complied with when a company acquires its shares as well as the requirements to be complied with when a subsidiary acquires shares in its holding company. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted