Detta examensarbete utgår från ämnet matematik och bygger på intervjuer av språkintroduktionselever, möten och diskussioner med lärare samt resultat från ett delprov i matematik. Resultaten har tagits fram genom en bred, induktiv tematisk analys och beskriver elevuppfattningar kring hinder och möjligheter som de upplevt i undervisning före ankomst till Sverige respektive inom språkintroduktionsundervisning i Sverige. Studien ger också en bild av elevernas uppfattning om sina möjligheter att klara godkänt betyg i matematik och slutligen förs en diskussion kring vilka framgångsfaktorer som är nödvändiga att beakta för att ge språkintroduktionselever realistiska möjligheter att klara godkänt betyg.Svenska språket, som nytt akademiskt språk, framstår som en av de största utmaningarna i elevernas matematikundervisning. I arbetet framkommer likheter men framförallt skillnader mellan tidigare och nuvarande skolgång. Dessa är t.ex. skillnader mellan auktoritära och auktoritativa fostrans- och kommunikationsstilar samt skillnader i sociokulturellt grundade beteendemönster som är svårupptäckta och kan utgöra stora hinder i matematiklärandet i Sverige. Vissa elever visar på egna effektiva arbetsmetoder medan andra har behov av anknytning, stöd och hjälp för att finna nya sätt att arbeta och lära i en svensk skola med ökad frihet under ansvar.Enligt Skolinspektionens kvalitetsgranskning av språkintroduktionsutbildningen på 42 skolor (Skolinspektionen, 2017) varierade förutsättningarna för eleverna att nå måluppfyllelse avsevärt. Slutsatserna i detta examensarbete pekar på avgörande framgångsfaktorer för språkintroduktionsarbete som är förslag på åtgärder mot vissa av de tillkortakommanden som framkommit i Skolinspektionens kvalitetsgranskning. / This qualitative study covers the subject of mathematics. The methods used are student interviews, meetings and discussions with teachers as well as review of mathematical test scores and a broad, inductive, thematic analysis of the interview data.It describes students’ perceptions of obstacles and opportunities in their schooling in mathematics prior to arriving in Sweden and in their Swedish second language introductory program. The results also provide the students’ views on their possibilities to pass in mathematics. A discussion concludes critical progress factors that need to be addressed in order for the students to have realistic possibilities to pass in mathematics.Swedish, as a new academic language for the students, is one of the biggest challenges in their mathematics education. The study describes similarities, but most of all differences between their schooling before and after arrival in Sweden. Among those are differences between authoritarian and authoritative styles of education and communication as well as differences in socio-culturally based behaviours of which the latter can generate huge learning obstacles if not addressed. Some students have manged to adopt effective working methods while others show a need for bonding, support and assistance to cope in the Swedish school characterized by freedom with responsibility.In 2017, the Swedish school inspection authority conducted a quality inspection of 42 schools engaged in second language introduction programmes (Skolinspektionen, 2017). The outcome revealed shortcomings, i.e. the possibilities for students to reach their goals in those programs varied significantly. The critical progress factors of this study address some of the shortcomings highlighted in the quality inspection, thus emphasizing the relevance of this study.

In a changing and globalized world, companies are faced with an ever-increased competition. This rapid change has made a big impact, where automation, complex production and customization are common requirements in order to stay competitive. Due to more complex production, companies need to prioritize safety aspects simultaneously as they develop internal processes. The addressed problem in this thesis have been centralized to the department Massamagasinet at Södra Cell in Mönsterås, mainly due to their experienced safety problems regarding forklifts and heavy vehicles. Due to the chosen context, a case study has been conducted in order to create an in-depth understanding of Södra’s witnessed safety issues. The executed thesis has been characterized by three theoretical perspectives: Multi Causational Theory, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of New Technology as well as Virtual Reality. Thanks to the theories, an identification of safety shortcomings as well as user requirements was made possible. The context and theoretical perspectives have consistently been linked to chosen technologies, Virtual Reality simulators and RFID. Furthermore, interviews with users as well as software-developers have provided a broader perspective, regarding the situation and techniques mentioned above. Results generated, includes both technical possibilities and limitations based on the thesis initial perspective. Moreover, it has been shown that a potential reduction of identified shortcomings is possible, by using a Virtual Reality simulator and RFID system. However, it’s worth mentioning that such implementations and the advantages they potentially might generate, are feasible first when prevailing requirements regarding the techniques are carefully considered. Investments of similar character require both human and financial resources, where maximum value can be achieved first if the employees stands positively against such implementation. Thanks to the theory Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of New Technology, this thesis has been enriched with an additional perspective which aimed to investigate how Södra in general, and Massamagasinet in particular, stands towards new techniques.

<p>Scania is an old and well established company within itsindustry, thus the company has understood, through experience, that it is simply not enough to be product oriented in the truck industry, instead the company has to focus on what is of value to the customer. To know and understand the customer’s business or area of business is a key success factor which develops trust for the company, this trust and knowledge of the customer’s area of operation is of critical importance during economic slowdowns.</p>

Scania is an old and well established company within itsindustry, thus the company has understood, through experience, that it is simply not enough to be product oriented in the truck industry, instead the company has to focus on what is of value to the customer. To know and understand the customer’s business or area of business is a key success factor which develops trust for the company, this trust and knowledge of the customer’s area of operation is of critical importance during economic slowdowns.

The overall aim of this licentiate thesis was to describe encounters in hospital care from the perspectives of nurses and patients. It focuses specifically on nurses’ views of shortcomings in patient-care encounters in one hospital (I) and the meanings of participation in hospital care as narrated by patients (II). Three focus group discussions with 15 registered nurses were conducted, and data were analyzed using thematic content analysis (I). Narrative interviews were conducted with 15 patients in hospital care, and the interviews were analyzed with a phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation (II). This licentiate thesis shows that a shared understanding is considered as central for both the nurses and the patients in the hospital-care encounter. The nurses demonstrate the need to understand, to create space, and also to be available for vulnerable patients. The patients describe the need to be understood and to understand their own situations. This thesis suggests that positive encounters in hospital care imply that nurses need to take responsibility for creating a mutual dialogue where the patient experiences himself or herself as a co-creator in a trustful context. When nurses acknowledge and confirm the vulnerability of their patients, it becomes possible to support them to participate in an active manner. A well-functioning team, as well as a coherent environment, is, in this thesis, understood as a precondition for positive hospitalcare encounters.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify problems and shortcomings in the process of building permits from the perspective of small house owners in Stockholm. The purpose of this study is also to present future improvements. Methods: The method for this study contains both literature study and a case study. The case study consisted of a digital survey and interviews with small house owners and with the municipality´s building permit department. The digital survey consisted of questions about previous experiences of the building permit process to then investigate where there are shortcomings and weaknesses. Results: The results gave a wider perspective of how the small house owners experience the building permit process and how the municipality works through challenges and improves the process. The digital survey showed that several were dissatisfied with the processing time and experienced it as a long period. The respondents also experienced it as a difficulty when it comes to submitting correct documents requested by the municipality and that there are high building permit fees. A concrete improvement measure is that Stockholm municipality clarifies the building permit process steps regarding processing times and other weaknesses that arise on the website. Conclusions: The conclusion of this work is that Stockholm municipality updates the website, so that applicants with less knowledge and experience regarding building permits can get a better idea and possibly follow the schedule and budget they planned for the project. To avoid damage caused by damp during the project, it is possible to undergo a so-called moisture safety design. Stockholm municipality can introduce more employees within the building permit department to be prepared for periods where there is high pressure in building permit matters.

Afrikaans text / As sielkundige in privaat praktyk neem die navorser waar dat 'n negatiewe selfkonsep onderliggend is tot verskeie aanmeldingsprobleme, asook die kind se onvermoe om te aktualiseer, ten einde sy volle potensiaal te bereik. Opvoedkundige sielkundiges het 'n behoefte geidentifiseer aan hulpverleningsingrepe om die probleem aan te spreek. Dit het gelei tot die daarstel van 'n model: "Model vir psigoterapeutiese vaardigheidsopleiding aan die kind met die oog op selfkonsepverbetering". Hierdie model het die opheffing van selfkonsepgebreke, deur middel van psigoterapeutiese vaardigheidsopleiding, ten doel. Die model is saamgestel vanuit die navorser se praktykervaring en 'n literatuurstudie wat gelei bet tot die samestelling van konseptuele raamwerke vir selfkonsep en psigoterapeutiese vaardigheidsopleiding. Seltkonsepgebreke is in hierdie studie in verband gebring met vaardigheidstekorte. Dit bet daartoe gelei dat selfkonsepgebreke aangespreek kon word deur gebruik te maak van vaardigheidsopleiding. Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat daar 'n verbetering in die selfkonsep van kinders in die middelkinderjare plaasgevind bet met die toepassing van die model. Volgens opvoedkundige sielkundiges in privaatpraktyk le die waarde van die model en die riglyne vir die operasionalisering daarvan, daarin dat dit praktiese toepassingswaarde bet in die proses van hulpverlening. / As a psychologist in private practice, the researcher notices that a negative self-concept is underlying to several initial reported problems, as well as the child's inability to actualize in order to reach his full potential. Educational psychologists identified the necessity for supportive intervention to address this problem. This has led to the establishing of a model: "Model for psychotherapeutic skills training for the child with the purpose of improving self-concept". This model aims to relinquish self-concept shortcomings by means of psychotherapeutic skills training. This model has been constructed from the researcher's experience in her practice as well as a literature study, which led to the compilation of conceptual frameworks for self-concept and psychotherapeutic skills training. In this study, self-concept shortcomings have been linked to the lack of skills. This has resulted in self-concept shortcomings to be addressed by skills training. The conclusion which has been reached is that there is an improvement in the self-concept of children in mid-childhood years with the implementation of the model. According to educational psychologists in private practice, the value of the model and the guidelines for the implementation thereof, lie in the the fact that the model has practical applicational worth in the process of rendering support. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Afrikaans text / As sielkundige in privaat praktyk neem die navorser waar dat 'n negatiewe selfkonsep onderliggend is tot verskeie aanmeldingsprobleme, asook die kind se onvermoe om te aktualiseer, ten einde sy volle potensiaal te bereik. Opvoedkundige sielkundiges het 'n behoefte geidentifiseer aan hulpverleningsingrepe om die probleem aan te spreek. Dit het gelei tot die daarstel van 'n model: "Model vir psigoterapeutiese vaardigheidsopleiding aan die kind met die oog op selfkonsepverbetering". Hierdie model het die opheffing van selfkonsepgebreke, deur middel van psigoterapeutiese vaardigheidsopleiding, ten doel. Die model is saamgestel vanuit die navorser se praktykervaring en 'n literatuurstudie wat gelei bet tot die samestelling van konseptuele raamwerke vir selfkonsep en psigoterapeutiese vaardigheidsopleiding. Seltkonsepgebreke is in hierdie studie in verband gebring met vaardigheidstekorte. Dit bet daartoe gelei dat selfkonsepgebreke aangespreek kon word deur gebruik te maak van vaardigheidsopleiding. Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat daar 'n verbetering in die selfkonsep van kinders in die middelkinderjare plaasgevind bet met die toepassing van die model. Volgens opvoedkundige sielkundiges in privaatpraktyk le die waarde van die model en die riglyne vir die operasionalisering daarvan, daarin dat dit praktiese toepassingswaarde bet in die proses van hulpverlening. / As a psychologist in private practice, the researcher notices that a negative self-concept is underlying to several initial reported problems, as well as the child's inability to actualize in order to reach his full potential. Educational psychologists identified the necessity for supportive intervention to address this problem. This has led to the establishing of a model: "Model for psychotherapeutic skills training for the child with the purpose of improving self-concept". This model aims to relinquish self-concept shortcomings by means of psychotherapeutic skills training. This model has been constructed from the researcher's experience in her practice as well as a literature study, which led to the compilation of conceptual frameworks for self-concept and psychotherapeutic skills training. In this study, self-concept shortcomings have been linked to the lack of skills. This has resulted in self-concept shortcomings to be addressed by skills training. The conclusion which has been reached is that there is an improvement in the self-concept of children in mid-childhood years with the implementation of the model. According to educational psychologists in private practice, the value of the model and the guidelines for the implementation thereof, lie in the the fact that the model has practical applicational worth in the process of rendering support. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Revisorer har idag till uppgift att granska och uttala sig kring ett företags ekonomi, dess redovisning och, i Sverige, företagets förvaltning. Revision handlar delvis om att förstå det granskade företaget och dess verksamhet. Höga krav ställs på revisorns kompetens och oberoende, delvis för att intressenter ska kunna fatta viktiga beslut efter en korrekt utförd revision. Uppsatsen studerar huruvida det finns olika faktorer som har en inverkan på kvalitetsskillnader mellan små och stora revisionsbyråer. Vi vill med studiens syfte kartlägga och analysera huruvida revisionsbyråns storlek påverkas dess revisionskvalitet. Vi försöker i denna studie besvara vårt syfte utifrån två olika delstudier. Uppsatsens första delstudie består av en grundlig litteraturgenomgång där vi presenterar, för uppsatsen, relevant forskning. Efter en genomgripande litteraturgenomgång fann vi fem faktorer som vi valde att bygga vidare vår uppsats på. Dessa faktorer var upptäcka brister, rapportering av brister, klientportfölj, rykte och kontorsstorlek. Slutsatsen i delstudie 1 visar att faktorerna torde ha en betydande inverkan på revisionskvalitet och att de stora byråerna har lättare, än de mindre byråerna, att åstadkomma en revision av hög kvalitet. Några exempel på detta är att mycket kompetens på plats torde öka chansen att upptäcka brister i revisionen och att de stora byråernas rykte kan vara gynnsam för byråns klientselektion. Därefter följer delstudie 2 som är en fördjupning av uppsatsens delstudie 1. I denna del utförde vi en intervjustudie där 13 revisor intervjuades från både små och stora revisionsbyråer. Detta gjorde vi för att få en klarare bild över hur revisionskvalitet uppfattas av dagens revisorer och huruvida de ser någon skillnad mellan byråstorlekarna. Vi lade även till komfortfrågor under dessa intervjuer då vi ansåg det vara av stort intresse att tillföra den individuella revisorn och dennes upplevda komfort och huruvida detta kunde ha en inverkan på revisionens uppnådda kvalitet. Intervjustudiens resultat visade inga specifika mönster på att revisionskvaliteten skulle vara högre hos någon av de respektive byråstorlekarna. Vi fann istället den individuella revisorn och dennes komfort som den mest betydande faktorn för revisionskvalitet. Vårt kunskapsbidrag blir således utifrån denna studie att revisionskvaliteten inte torde skilja sig åt mellan byråstorlekarna. Vår analys åskådliggör däremot att den individuella revisorns engagemang och komfort är den avgörande faktorn till huruvida skillnader inom revisionskvalitet uppstår mellan byråer. / Today auditor´s task is to review and express their opinion on a company's finances, their accounts and, in Sweden, the company's management. Audit is partly about understanding the audited company and its operations. There are high demands on the auditor's competence and independence, partly because stakeholders should be able to make important decisions for a proper and thorough audit. The research involves studying whether there are different factors that have an impact on the quality differences between small and large accounting firms. We found the subject interesting and wanted to identify and analyze whether the auditing firm's size affected its audit quality. In this study we tried to answer our purpose from two different studies. The first sub-study consists of a thorough literature review where we present, for this essay, relevant research. After a thorough literature review, we found five factors that we chose to build our essay on. These factors included the identification of gaps, the shortcomings Report, Client Portfolio, Reputation and Office Size. The conclusion of this study shows that these factors have a significant impact on audit quality, and that the larger firms, from these factors, have it easier to achieve higher quality audits. Some examples are that more expertise in the office should increase the chance of detecting deficiencies in the audit, and that the great reputation of the agencies can be beneficial to the Agency's client selection. Then follows substudy 2, which is a deepening of the essay’s substudy 1. In this part we carried out an interview study, in which 13 auditors were interviewed from both small and large accounting firms. We did this in order to get a clearer picture of how audit quality is perceived by today's accountants, and whether they see any difference between the firm sizes. We also added comfort issues during these interviews because we considered it to be of great interest to supply the individual auditor and their perceived comfort, and whether this could have an impact on audit quality. The results of the interviews showed that no specific pattern on audit quality would be higher in any of the respective firm sizes. Interestingly, we instead found the individual auditor and his comfort as the most significant factor for audit quality. Our knowledge contribution is thus, based on this study, that audit quality is not higher in any particular firm when it comes to agency size. Our analysis illustrates, however, that the individual auditor's engagement and comfort are the deciding factors to whether differences in audit quality arises between agencies.

Background: Many processes play a critical role in making non-manufacturing operations work as optimal as possible. One of these processes that is an important part of these activities is the goods flow process. If this process does not function effectively, this can affect the entire business, which in turn will lead to huge costs and lead times. It is therefore important that the flow of goods in the terminal works well because customers nowadays require that goods that they place an order have to be delivered as soon as possible. Purpose: The aim of the study is to find solutions for streamlining flow of incoming and outgoing goods, which will reduce unnecessary transport distances between goods reception and delivery ports, as well as finding a solution for lack of surface. Methodology: All necessary information has been collected by using qualitative and quantitative data and with the help of various types of interviews: semi-structured and unstructured, as well as participating in observations to initiate process mapping and find new terminal design. Subsequently, cost savings were achieved by comparing the new and old terminal design, after that calculations were performed to see how much surface use was made more efficient with movement of LKM stock. Conclusion: By analyzing incoming goods flow and changing port usage in the terminal, in other words by increasing the number of ports for a department and by distributing goods flow between ports in an optimal manner, goods flow efficiency can be achieved. Non-manufacturing operations work can improve its productivity by optimizing floor space usage and eliminating waste and defects which effect goods handling. / Bakgrund: Många processer spelar kritisk roll för att icke-tillverkande verksamheter ska fungera så optimalt som möjligt. En av dessa processer som utgör en viktig del i sådana verksamheter är godsflödeprocessen. Om denna process inte fungerar på ett effektivt sätt kan det påverka hela verksamheten som i sin tur kommer att leda till stora kostnader och ledtider. Det är därför viktigt att godsflödet i terminalen fungerar väl eftersom kunder nuförtiden ställer höga krav på att gods som de lägger en beställning på skall levereras så snabbt så möjligt. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att hitta lösningar för att effektivisera flödet av in- och utgående gods som i sin tur kommer att minska onödiga truckkörningar mellan godsmottagning och utleverans portar, samt att optimera golvyta användning i terminalen. Metod: All nödvändig information har samlats in genom att använda kvalitativa och kvantitativa data och med hjälp av olika typer intervjuer: semi-strukturerade och ostrukturerade, samt genom deltagande observationer för att initiera processkartläggning och designa ny terminallayout. Därefter räknades kostnadsbesparingen fram som uppnåddes genom att jämföra den nya och gamla terminaldesignen, efter detta utfördes beräkningar för att se hur mycket användning av golvyta effektiviserades med LKM lager förflyttning. Slutsats: Genom att analysera inkommande godsflöde och ändra portanvändning i terminalen, det vill säga utöka antal portar för en avdelning samt genom att fördela godsflöde mellan portar på ett optimalt sätt kan godsflödeeffektivisering åstadkommas. Icke-tillverkande verksamhet kan förbättra sin produktivitet genom att optimera golvyta användning och eliminering av slöserier och brister i godshanteringen.