Energy simulation in building sector was an important issue which can eliminate energy use and improve energy efficiency. The building, which is located at Ringvägen 18 in Ljusdal community in Sweden, was chosen to be the main mission of this research and it was one of eleven objects which were involved in EKG project. First step was to create the model and simulate it to reach heating value of 117 MWh which was reached by EKG project. After getting validation value, many renovations were implemented and the heating value was reduced by 58.7% and the heating demand by 55.2%. Improving of energy use through prefabrication gave reduction of heating value of 70.4% and heating demand of 65.8% The LCC part was important issue because it gave clear vision and judgment about the economic and investment issue. The acceptability of the investment decision was decided by 198 answers which were responsible to judge if the investments were good or not. There were 22 types of different renovation and every type included 9 cases which depended on interesting rate and energy price factors. The result was 198 answers which were divided to 100 answers as “YES” for good investment and 98 answers as “NO” for good investment.

This study investigates upper secondary school students’ opinions on working with a computer simulation in microbiology. During one lesson, the students got to work with the simulation and answer questions about what was happening in the simulation. Collection of data was made through observation, surveys and interviews. The result shows an overall positive attitude among the students towards working with simulations in biology class. Despite this, using simulations as a learning tool can not be recommended without reservation. It is of importance that the simulation to be used is carefully selected according to learning goals and that students are supported in their interpretation of the simulation. The most important support is the teacher explaining what the simulation is showing.

Detta examensarbete beskriver skapandet av en simulator som genererar samtalsdata liknande den man får från en telefonväxel. Examensarbetet har utförs på uppdrag av företaget Nipsoft AB och simulatorn är tänkt att används av Nipsoft vid tester och demonstationer av deras ratingsystem för telekom. Ett ratingsystem för telekom behandlar samtalsdata från telefonväxlar med syfte att bl.a. prissätta telefonsamtal och koppla samtalen till rätt kund. Simulatorn kommer att används för att generera indata till ratingsystemet vid tester och demonstrationer där det inte passar att använda äkta samtalsdata. I början av arbetet gjordes en litteraturstudie i simulering som bland annat gav en process för hur ett simuleringssystem skapas. Det fortsatta arbetet utfördes till stora delar enligt denna process. För att simulatorn skulle kunna generera realistisk samtalsdata togs en stor mängd statistik fram från äkta telefonsamtal från en av Nipsofts kunder. Statistik togs fram för samtalslängd, antal samtal per dygn, dygnsfördelning, destination, telefonnummer per kund, andelen obesvarade samtal och olika typer av fel. En modell för simulatorn skapades utifrån Nipsofts krav och den statistik som tagits fram. Modellen implementerades i C# och Windows Forms. Den färdiga simulatorn testades genom att Nipsofts ratingsystem fick köra igenom ett stort antal samtal skapade av simulatorn. Statistik beräknades och jämfördes med statistiken som tidigare tagits fram från äkta samtal. Resultatet blev att samtalen från simulatorn stämmer bra överens med äkta data. Även ett prestandatest gjordes och detta visade att simulatorn har riktigt bra prestanda. / This thesis describes the creation of a simulator for generating phone call data similar to the output from a real telephone exchange. The thesis was performed for the company Nipsoft AB and the simulator is intended to be used by Nipsoft during testing and demonstrations of their telecom rating system. A telecom rating system is a system that process data from telephone exchanges to determine things like the cost and payer of each call. The simulator will be used to generate input to the rating system in cases when it is not suitable to use real call data. To better understand how to create a realistic simulator a large amount of phone calls from one of Nipsoft’s customers has been studied. Statistics for call length, calls per day, distribution over the day, destination, phone numbers per customer, number of unanswered calls and different kind of error rates has been computed. A model for the simulator was created according to Nipsoft’s demands and the computed statistics. The model was implemented in C# and Windows Forms. The simulator was tested by feeding it’s output as input to the Nipsoft rating system. Statistics was computed and compared to the statistics previously calculated from real phone calls. The result showed that the simulator does produce realistic call data, very similar to a real telephone exchange. Also a performance test was made and this showed that the simulator has excellent performance.

Arbetet är ett samarbete med företaget Gisip AB. Företaget sysslar med värmesystem med fokus på mikrovågsteknik. De vill ha ett verktyg för att kunna simulera sinverksamhet och tillverkning. Detta arbete syftar till att utvärdera användbarheten av ljussättningstekniken fotonmappning som grund för att simulera mikrovågor. För att skala ned systemet valdes spridningen av mikrovågor som fokus för arbetet. En applikation implementerades som genererar texturer för att visa spridningen av systemet. Dessa texturer visar var fotonerna från systemet har studsat mot väggarna i en simulerad metallåda med en mikrovågsgivare, magnetron, ansluten i en av metallådans sidor. Vidare genereras även antalet skärningar med ett antal sfärer som är utplacerade i lådan för att representera flaskor med vatten som användes vidanalysen av ett liknade verkligt system. Resultatet tyder på att fotonmappning är en bra teknik att jobba vidare med men det är väldigt mycket jobb att få ett komplett fungerande verktyg.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate how the use of discrete event simulation affects investment decisions linked to changeover time reduction. This purpose has been met by answering the following two questions: • How does an investment analysis differ, regarding changeover time reduction, based on discrete event simulation from one that is not? • How is an investment decision in setup time reduction affected if the decision is based on discrete event simulation or not? Method - The study has been conducted as a one-off study at a Swedish manufacturing company where data collection has taken place through interviews and observations. This data has then been analyzed both as a comparison between the company's existing investment analysis and an investment analysis expanded by simulation. This result has, in turn, been compared against a theoretical framework developed during a literature review. Findings - This study shows that simulation enables the ability to take into account more parameters of both changeover time itself and surrounding factors such as sequencing and batch sizes, fitter dependency and buffers. It also enables the impact of variation to be visualized. The result also indicates that an investment decision that takes place without simulation and without regard to the extension of parameters risks overestimating the benefit of the investment. Limitations - The main limitations in this study consist of that only increased throughput and the reduced cost this may result in is used as a measure of the benefit of an investment decision. No other aspects that a reduction in changeover time can affect have been taken into account in the analysis, even though it is discussed in the discussion chapter. The study has also not made any difference to the effort required to reduce the changeover time or reduce the variation of changeover time. This means that the cost of changeover time reduction or reduction of its variation is considered the same no matter where in the process it takes place as long as it is equal in size. Keywords – Discrete event simulation, Setup-time reduction, investment basis, investment decision

IoT stands for the Internet of Things and is a concept that has been around since 1999. IoT are objects around us that collects data and connects to controls or other machines via the internet and is a field that constantly growing every year. The most used communication for IoT devices is wireless communication. The term is broad and contains many different protocols, e.g. Bluetooth, WiFi, and LoRa. LoRa, which is short for Long Range is an energy-efficient long-range wireless data transfer technology that sends small data packets between IoT nodes and LoRa receivers. A LoRa receiver can communicate with hundreds of nodes and the product has spread widely throughout the world. LoRa is the term for the physical layer for communication and LoRaWAN corresponds to the communication protocol. Simulating a LoRaWAN network is interesting as it provides an opportunity to get an idea of how it might work. This can result in increased use of network simulations in experiments and give the opportunity for companies, as well as private individuals to take the first step towards using LoRa and benefit from the results. Ns-3 is a network simulator and has been selected for use in this work. The use of a network simulator always raises questions about how credible the simulation portraits reality. With a collaboration with Etteplan, the issue for the work was formulated to: ● How well can simulation of LoRaWAN correspond to physical measurement when used between a LoRa receiver and IoT node in a free-vision environment? To answer the question, a simulation of a LoRaWAN network in the simulator Ns-3 was tested and then compared with results based on reality. The factor that was compared in the simulation against reality is the signal strength and how it is affected by spreading factors, different bandwidths and distances. The spreading factors 7 to 11 and the bandwidth 125, 250 and 500 kHz have been used at the distances 211, 1800 and 3500 meters. After analysing the data collected during the experiment it can be seen that the signal strength became stronger the higher the bandwidth used in the reality, however similar tests resulted in the simulation to the contrary. The higher bandwidth contributed to a lower signal strength. The spreading factor behaved differently in the simulation compared to the reality because it had a bigger impact on the signal strength. The conclusion of this can be that the simulation was able to integrate the signal for a longer time with higher spreading factor and this led to better signal strength as it reduced the interference of communication. However, one can conclude that the simulation showed a good picture of what a real scenario might look like between a LoRa receiver and IoT node.

Bosch Rexroth i Mellansel utvecklar och tillverkar hydrauliska drivsystem med digitala lösningar under produktvarumärket Hägglunds. Bosch Rexroth jobbar ständigt med att öka sin leveranssäkerhet och samtidigt minska kapitalbindningen och lagerkostnaderna, för att lyckas med det ser man ett behov av att hitta ett bättre sätt att beräkna säkerhetslagernivåerna för artiklarna man använder. Målet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om en matematisk modell som beräknar säkerhetslagernivåer utifrån en prognos för efterfrågan, istället för historisk efterfrågan, kan öka både leveranssäkerheten och sänka värdet av säkerhetslagret. Den matematiska modellen som har skapats jämför flera metoder för att dimensionera säkerhetslager och testar dem i en simulering där de jämförs mot varandra samt mot de nuvarande säkerhetslagernivåerna. Utifrån hur väl de olika metoderna uppfyller servicegraden för artiklarna och hur lagervärdet påverkas, väljs den beräkningsmetod som anses vara bäst. Parametrar som modellen tar hänsyn till är servicegrad, prognostiserad efterfrågan, varians av efterfrågan, ledtid för inköp samt varians av ledtiden för inköp. Modellen har implementerats i programmeringsspråket R, men läser in datat via Excel-filer och skriver även ut resultatet i Excel-filer. Resultaten visar att med de nuvarande säkerhetslagerivåerna skulle servicegraden för cirka 99% av artiklarna uppfyllas enligt simuleringen, men för många artiklar är säkerhetslagren överdimensionerade och binder onödigt mycket kapital. Genom att använda det metod som anses vara bäst i det här arbetet uppfylls inte bara servicegraden för alla artiklar, utan medellagervärdet skulle också minska med över 40%. Utifrån resultaten rekommenderas Bosch Rexroth att implementera och använda modellen som skapats i det här arbetet för att dimensionera sitt säkerhetslager

In connection with the property crises in many countries, caused by the financial crises, people are now more aware of the risks involved in poor property-investments. The unusually cold winters along with extreme prices of electricity in Sweden in recent years has also contributed to increased interest in energy-efficient buildings. The process of developing a modern family home in Kiruna, Sweden is presented the first part of this paper. The house has been designed to withstand very high stresses from snow, low energy consumption as well as a high standard of living comfort. Aspects of the house covered here involves everything from construction, heating and ventilation to sanitation. Each of these areas is presented based on their underlying, scientific methods or theories. The purpose of this approach is to enable that the results presented here can be used as reference in other housing projects. Non-standard solutions for some of the areas are used in the development of this house. One example of this is the use of Masonite beams, which proved to be very useful in the roofs and floor structure between the two levels of the house. The beams simplify access for ventilation pipes and waste water pipes, as well as the use of thick isolation. They also enable large spans. The second part of this paper involves small wind turbines designed not to require permission from the authorities. The wind conditions as well as the choice of a suitable wind turbine are investigated from a scientific and economic stand point. The results concluded that a vertical axis wind turbine is the better choice considering the limitations of rotor diameter along with the lower wind speeds in Kiruna. The final choice was a vertical axis wind turbine with 4 kW rated power. The yearly production of electricity is estimated to 4000 kWh, which was not enough to generate profit. In the last part the possibility of using a filtration system for electricity prices in the future is investigated. This is based on the developed house’s energy performance and the wind turbine’s production. The assumptions made is that the wind turbine is equipped with a large battery and that private individuals have access to the same kind of debiting system that companies in Sweden have today. The model used in this simulation is self-made and enables variable energy consumption for the house as well as variable energy production for the wind turbine to give a truthful representation of the variations which occur naturally during a year. The results concluded that there are profits to be made in the range of 10 % of the value of the wind turbine’s yearly production.

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Bakgrund: Kommunikationen är en grundläggande del inom hälso- ochsjukvården, detta för att bygga en bra relation mellan vårdgivare och patientför att främja patientsäkerhet. Nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor har uttrycktosäkerhet kring att bemöta patienter i deras yrkesroll vilket kan påverkapatientsäkerheten. MI- samtal är ett kommunikationsredskap somexempelvis används för att bygga en god relation mellan patient ochvårdgivare. Olika typer av simulering har visats öka sjuksköterskorssjälvförtroende inom yrket, då det leder till ökad kunskap och chansen attförbättra sina färdigheter. Syftet: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskestudentersupplevelse av samtalssimulering som inlärningsmetod för motiverandesamtal. Metod: Studien är en empirisk enkätstudie där deltagarna har svarat påfrågorna i fritext. Datainsamlingen har analyserats genom en tematiskanalys.  Resultat: Resultatet visade att deltagare i studien uttryckte en godinteraktion med avataren och att de upplevde avatarsimuleringen som enbra inlärningsmetod. Det framkom också att studenterna kände sig merförberedda inför samtal med en verklig person. Det visade sig också attdeltagare upplevde att avataren var overklig och att de hade svårt att tasamtalet seriöst. I inlärningssyfte påpekade studenterna att de saknadefeedback från lärare efter övningen.  Slutsats: Studien visade på att avatarsimulering är en givande övning förinlärning av motiverande samtal. Utifrån studenternas upplevelser avavatarsimulering som inlärningsmetod visade studien även att de förberedsinför den kliniska verksamheten. För att förbättra sina kunskaper inomvårdande samtal ses övningen som användbar även som färdigsjuksköterska.