Partnering is a collaboration method where the contractor and the client work together, based on a mutual trust towards each other and with a common goal for the project. The method originates from the United States where it was early adapted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It later spread internationally where the United Kingdom and Denmark were early in Europe to see the potential with partnering, to help aid with the issues they were having where construction projects kept running late, going over budget and lacked in quality. By using partnering you can achieve a shorter building time, improved work relationships and enhanced efficiency and cost effectiveness. In Sweden state-owned Swedish Transport Administration commonly use partnering in highway road projects, where Skanska has been involved as the contractor. Skanska wishes to use partnering in wider measure, especially with the municipalities in the Mälardalen region. In order to research the municipalities’ usage of partnering interviews were held with a selected group. These interviews resulted in a conclusion that the usage of partnering was very limited and the focus shifted to research the potential use of partnering in the future. Overall the attitude towards partnering was positive, but due to lack of time and knowledge about the collaboration method they hadn’t used it yet. In order for them to use it in the future they most likely will have to find a project where the advantages of partnering makes it more advantageous than the traditional forms of contract.

The interest regarding sustainability assessment is increasing in the construction and civil industry, where CEEQUAL is the only sustainability assessment tool for civil projects in Sweden. CEEQUAL is a sustainability assessment founded in Great Britain, launched by the organisation Institution of Civil Engineers in 2003 with the purpose to assess sustainability aspects of civil- and infrastructure projects in Great Britain and Ireland. The certification according to CEEQUAL is based on self-assessment performed by an educated assessor. The assessor gather evidences which should prove that consideration has been taken to the purpose of the question in the CEEQUAL-manual. The evidence is then reviewed by an independent verifier, thereafter the project is assigned an award and a rating. In 2011, the international version was launched and Skanska was one of the first companies to certify a project outside Great Britain and Ireland. The aim of the thesis is to examine two of the identified problems regarding the sustainability aspects in the civil industry today, monitoring of sustainability goals and the time consuming process to find adequate proof documentation of a CEEQUAL-certification. How well does CEEQUAL take into account the monitoring, both during the project but also during the operation and how CEEQUAL can be developed to be more sustainable. The time consuming process is remedied by a reference card, specific for road- and infrastructure projects at Skanska Sweden AB. In the operation manual of Skanska Sweden there is a variety of tools to be used as evidence in a CEEQUAL-certification. The main documents to consider are Project Plan, Risk Inventory, GreenWorkplace and Safety- and Environmental Tour. For Skanska to be more sustainable, they need to further consider responsible sourcing and the water usage of the project, both regarding the products but also the water usage during construction and operation stage. The case study BoKlok Runhälla is a development project by Skanska Väg och Anläggning Mellansverige, where the goal for the CEEQUAL-certification was to achieve at least 40 % of the total score, by only working with the usual tools that is used at a civil project at Skanska. BoKlok Runhälla achieved, after the self-assessment by the assessor, 60 % of the total score. Though, the high rate in this case is due to the right conditions regarding investigations of ecology and biodiversity, cultural relics and stormwater management together with a ground indication map. This was offset by the unsound ground conditions, which means that only a low percentage of the masses could be recycled. The case study shows that the right conditions together with prestudies about the prerequisites facilitates the certification substantially. CEEQUAL contributes to a monitoring of the sustainability work during the construction stage of the project by documentation of the evidences within a number of sustainability aspects. CEEQUAL is certifying the process, that there are procedures considering sustainability rather than the performance, in other words what is fulfilled considering the usage of energy, water, waste and so on. The CEEQUAL manual is designed so that the requirements are met, not how they has been fulfilled or what it can cause. The difficulty is to set up general guidelines and measures of for example the usage of water, electricity and waste. Now, CEEQUAL only rewards if there are any measures or goals, but no target level of it. One can conclude that the CEEQUAL manual working effectively to cover up the relevant subjects for the compliance of the projects. Preparations in terms of plans and programs which facilitates a sustainable work during operation stage of the project is covered by the manual. Though, one problem is that the project only gets rewarded and not penalized, which means that a project can get a certificate without regards to the compliance of the project. Recommendations for CEEQUAL to developed is to work with clear guidelines on target levels in terms of the consumption of electricity, water, waste et cetera and to use mandatory requirements for the projects to ensure a minimum level and that no considerable sustainability aspect are waived. Also set higher standards on the suppliers and the choice of materials regarding life cycle analysis, which should not only consider energy consumptions and greenhouse gases but also have a broader perspective are development opportunities for CEEQUAL. Besides this, a discussion was held regarding if time-limited certification together with monitoring of the sustainability work after a few years is a step in the right direction. This requires a greater commitment from all parties involved, including clients and operators. However, the review of the manual shows that for a sustainable work a major commitment from the client and the designer is needed to create the conditions for a more sustainable work.

Skanska 21 is a student program for university students. The program runs for a year and a half parallel to university studies. It is aimed at those studying a few specific master engineering programs at Lund University, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Chalmers University of Technology or Luleå University of Technology. The program consists of a number of program meetings such as company presentations, a boarding school week, rhetoric training and project visits. The aim of the project is to evaluate the Skanska 21 student program. This has been done by conducting a study on how the program is designed, how it is implemented and the results it produces. Finally, some suggestions on how to improve the program have been made. The survey was conducted using interviews and questionnaires to persons within the Skanska 21 management and current and former Skanska 21 students. The theoretical aspects presented in the report focus on the theories of mentoring, experiential learning, employer branding and professional development. The findings show that the formal objectives that have been set for Skanska 21 are met to a large extent. Keywords: Skanska 21, Skanska, student program, trainee, executive recruitment, employer branding, experiential learning, learning, mentoring, professional development.SammanfattningSkanska 21 är ett studentprogram för studenter som bedriver universitetsstudier och pågår i ett och ett halvt år parallellt med studierna. Programmet riktar sig till de studenter som går några få utvalda civilingenjörsprogram vid Lunds Tekniska Universitet, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola eller Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Programmet består av ett antal programträffar bestående av bland annat företagspresentationer, en internatvecka, retorikutbildning och projektbesök.Syftet med examensarbetet är att genomföra en fallstudie av studentprogrammet Skanska 21. Detta har gjorts genom en studie av hur programmet är konstruerat, hur det genomförs och vilket resultat det ger. I rapporten finns förslag på förbättringsmöjligheter. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer och enkäter till personer inom Skanska 21:s ledning samt nuvarande och före detta adepter.De teoretiska aspekterna som presenteras i rapporten fokuserar på teorier kring mentorskap, upplevelsebaserat lärande, arbetsgivarvarumärke och kompetensutveckling. Slutsatserna visar att de formella målen som sätts upp för Skanska 21 uppfylls till stor del. / Skanska 21 är ett studentprogram för studenter som bedriver universitetsstudier och pågår i ett och ett halvt år parallellt med studierna. Programmet riktar sig till de studenter som går några få utvalda civilingenjörsprogram vid Lunds Tekniska Universitet, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola eller Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Programmet består av ett antal programträffar bestående av bland annat företagspresentationer, en internatvecka, retorikutbildning och projektbesök.Syftet med examensarbetet är att genomföra en fallstudie av studentprogrammet Skanska 21. Detta har gjorts genom en studie av hur programmet är konstruerat, hur det genomförs och vilket resultat det ger. I rapporten finns förslag på förbättringsmöjligheter. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer och enkäter till personer inom Skanska 21:s ledning samt nuvarande och före detta adepter.De teoretiska aspekterna som presenteras i rapporten fokuserar på teorier kring mentorskap, upplevelsebaserat lärande, arbetsgivarvarumärke och kompetensutveckling. Slutsatserna visar att de formella målen som sätts upp för Skanska 21 uppfylls till stor del.

Logistik på projekt inom byggbranschen är en avgörande faktor för framgång. Att i många avseenden detta behöver optimeras och förbättras i produktionen av byggnadsverk har författarna till detta examensarbete fått uppleva vilket är bakgrunden och syftet till arbetet. Examensarbetet handlar om logistik på Skanska projektet Norra länken, del 52. Arbetet består av två delar, en frågeenkät som undersöker logistik arbetet generellt på projektet och en analys av leveranser av material till projektet. Dessa två områden som är ihopkopplade analyseras i syfte att få fram svårigheter inom logistik på projektet. Arbetet belyser att planering och planeringsverktyg är en förutsättning för att logistiken ska fungera. Ett planeringsverktyg som är under implementering inom Skanska kommer användas för att visa dess fördelar inom logistik för att förhoppningsvis få hela projektets personal mer intresserade och insatta i logistikens betydelse. / Logistics on projects in the construction industry is a critical success factor. The fact that in many respects, this needs to be optimized and improved in the production of construction works which the authors of this paper have been experiencing and is the background and purpose to this work. The thesis deals with the logistics of the project, Skanska Norra Länken, part 52. The work consists of two parts, a questionnaire that examines the logistics work in general on the project and an analysis of the supply of materials to the project. These two areas are connected analyzed in order to produce difficulties in the logistics of the project. The work illustrates that planning and planning is a prerequisite for the logistics function. A planning tool that is being implemented within Skanska will be used to demonstrate its advantages in logistics in order to hopefully get the whole project staff more interested and knowledgeable about the importance of logistics.

Arbetsrelaterade olyckor och ohälsa har under de senaste åren minskat och från 1990 – talet har olycksfrekvensen halverats. Detta kan komma av att medvetenheten och kunskapen för risker har ökat samt att samverkan mellan företag och branschorganisationer har blivit betydligt bättre och idag jobbar alla tydligt mot samma mål. Att lyckas utesluta och förebygga alla olyckor är svårt men det behöver vara målet för alla företag. Genom att tydligt involvera medarbetare för att skapa en sundare arbetsmiljö och stärka säkerhetskulturen kan på så sätt olyckor förebyggas. / The aim of the study was to analyse how employees at Skanska Hus Östergötland reason about the number of accidents in the workplace. In order to achieve the aim of the study, three questions at issue were worked out from which the work was based: How has the focus area affected the daily work of the employees? What do the employees think is needed to reduce the number of accidents in the workplace? What do the employees consider to be the biggest obstacle in the work towards a safer workplace? In the end, only two questions were answered. The empirical data of the study was collected by means of qualitative interviews in which a total of nine employees at Skanska were interviewed. Based on the empirical data collected, the data was thematised and presented in the results. Work-related accidents and injuries have decreased in recent years and from the 1990s the accident frequency has reduced. This may be due to the fact that awareness and knowledge of risks has increased and that collaboration between the parties has improved significantly and today everyone is clearly working towards the same goal. Succeeding in excluding and preventing all accidents is difficult, but it needs to be the goal for all companies. By clearly involving employees to create a healthier work environment and strengthen the safety culture, accidents can thus be prevented. The results show that all of the respondents suggest that there are clear obstacles in the work to succeed in reducing mass accidents in the workplace. In addition to the clear obstacles that need to be worked on, issues such as behavior, attitude and safety culture are constantly being discussed within companies in the construction industry. Saying "I'm just going" or taking shortcuts at work rarely ends well as it easily happens that you hurry up or make mistakes. Working under stress or not always being sharp during dangerous moments can have devastating consequences at work. When it comes to safety and work environment in the construction industry, Sweden and also Skanska are far ahead in this matter. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Den här studien fokuserar på att studera hur organisationskultur kommuniceras externt i en mansdominerad bransch. Studieobjektet Skanska har sedan 2009 genomgått en förändring mot en allt mer jämställd organisation, men än är arbetet trögrörligt. Hur kulturen kommuniceras externt, hur den manliga dominansen och den kvinnliga minoriteten synliggörs samt hur organisationen kommunicerar för att nå en bredare kompetens är frågor som studien vill besvara. Materialet som analyseras kommer från organisationens hemsida.Mer specifikt behandlar materialet Skanskas värderingar, deras syn på mångfald och inkludering samt intervjuer med medarbetare. Syftet med studien är att synliggöra hur organisationskultur som främjar jämställdhet kommuniceras i en mansdominerad bransch. För att göra detta har både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys genomförts. Den kvalitativa analysen omfattar en diskursanalys samt en ideologikritisk analys. Vidare kompletteras analysen av en kvantitativ analys för att kunna jämföra det som kommuniceras i materialet med den faktiska verkligheten i organisationen. Studiens ramverk utgår ifrån organisationskultur och genusperspektiv.Resultatet visar att Skanskas externa kommunikation följer fyra huvudämnen: normbrytning, lagarbete, hierarki och den önskade bilden av organisationen. Organisationskulturen framställs som den önskade bilden av Skanska, snarare än den faktiska verkligheten. Skildringen av den manligt dominerande kulturen och den rådande minoriteten av kvinnor görs på ett problematiskt sätt och maktförhållandet i materialet är till fördel för Skanska. / The purpose of this study is to identify how organizational culture is communicated externally in a male dominated industry. Since 2009, the study object Skanska has undergone a change towards a more equal organization, but the work is still moving at a slow pace. The study poses the question of how the culture is communicated externally, what is known as the male dominance and the female minority and how they target a broader competence. The organizational website constitutes the material basis of the study.More specifically, the material deals with Skanska’s values, their views on diversity and inclusion and interviews with employees. The purpose of the study is to visualize how organizational culture that promotes gender equality is communicated in a male dominated industry. To do this, both qualitative and quantitative analysis have been carried out. The qualitative analysis includes a discourse analyses as well as an ideological critical analysis. In addition, the analysis of a quantitative analysis is used to compare what is communicated in the material with the actual reality of the organization. The study's framework is based on organizational culture and gender perspective.The result of the study shows that Skanska’s external communication follows four main topics: breaking norms, teamwork, hierarchy and the desired image of the organization. The organizational culture is described as Skanska’s desired image of the organization rather than the reality. The description of the male dominance and the female minority is problematic and the power configuration in the material benefits Skanska.

Detta examensarbete, Tidplanering av ett stort byggprojekt är en fördjupning inom byggstyrning med fokus på hur planeringsarbetet kan förbättras. Rapporten baseras på Skanskas planeringsarbete av Nya Karolinska Solna. Fördjupningen bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med personal ur utvalda projektfaser och erforderliga dokument, som ger en närmare inblick i hur arbetet med tidplanering utförs och kommuniceras. Arbetet resulterade i slutsatsen att ledningsverktyget Last planner får samtliga befattningar på byggarbetsplatsen att kommunicera bättre med varandra och uppmärksammar eventuella problem i god tid. Skanska rekommenderas därför att implementera Last planner i framtida projekt. Skanska bör avsätta mer tid för projektering innan produktionen påbörjar. Detta gör att de minskar risken för förseningar i sina projekt. Tillämpning av 4D‐odeller förenklar förståelsen för hur projektet utvecklas under arbetets gång i jämförelse med det planerade arbetet. Därför kan Skanska med fördel använda sig utav 4D-modellering inom framtida projekt. Skanska rekommenderas att ta fram arbetsmallar för 4D-modelleringen och till stöd för framställandet av 3-veckorstidplaner, där det framgår hur de använder vissa funktioner i planeringsprogrammen samt riktlinjer för hur tidplaner ska utformas. Vi rekommenderar att planerare ges möjligheten att hålla återkommande möten för erfarenhetsutbyte. Även om faserna skiljer sig åt, kan planerare använda sig av varandras erfarenheter i framtida projekt och det är ett bra sätt att bibehålla kunskapen inom Skanska. / This thesis is an in-depth study of building management focusing solely on time planning of a large-scale building project. The report is based on planning within New Karolinska Solna, a project by Skanska. The study was conducted through qualitative interviews on site as well as acquiring necessary documents in relation to the thesis subject. The material that was gathered gave insight into how the time plans are produced  and communicated. This brought about the conclusion that Last planner, a communications method, should be implemented in future Skanska projects as it is a holistic approach to communicating time plans by involving all involved in the project.  The design team should be given more time to finish all necessary drawings before construction work begins. This will result in a decrease of delays caused by lack of drawings. Applying the use of 4D-models clarifies, in a generally understandable way, the development of the construction work in comparison to what was initially planned. Therefor, the usage of such models is an advantage for use in future projects. Develop working templates for 4D-models, and as support for producing 3-week look-ahead time plans, with  clear guidelines for the layout of time plans as well as how certain functions are used within planning programs. We recommend that the planners be given the opportunity to hold regular meetings to exchange ideas and individual experience, even though phases may differ from each other. This would be a positive step in maintaining knowledge within Skanska.

Problem: Byggbranschen är en av de större industrisektorerna som lyckas skapa minst integration. Branschens projektbaserade karaktär och höga fragmentering utgör en betydande utmaning för att involvera berörda parter. Forskarna i denna studie anser det finnas en brist i hur organisationer inom byggbranschen går tillväga för att integrera sina underentreprenörer. Syfte: Studiens syfte har varit att skapa förståelse för de behov och implikationer outsourcing medför i praktiken samt hur dessa optimeras för att nyttja outsourcingens fulla potential. Genom att undersöka en stor aktörs tillvägagångssätt att integrera sina underentreprenörer i en projektbaserad bransch ämnar studien bidra med ökad kunskap för hur integrering kan ske när en organisation väljer att outsourca delar av sin verksamhet. Metod: Studien har använt sig utav semistrukturerade intervjuer samt en av studiens forskares utförda observation som en del av det empiriska underlaget. Intervjuerna skedde med tre av Skanskas anställda: inköpsansvarige, logistikansvarige samt blockchef för SN81. Sedan genomfördes intervjuer med två underentreprenörer och en andraleds-underentreprenör: VSM, Bellmans och Olderin. Slutsats: Integration sker genom kontrakt, strategiska samarbeten och genom informationsdelning. Genom kontraktering och avtal med specifika krav försöker Skanska upprätthålla de standarder och tillvägagångssätt som de anser vara betydande. Som resultat av de strategiska samarbeten och långsiktiga relationer Skanska har skapas ett beroendeförhållande till UE. Outsourcing av verksamhetsområden bidrar till minskad kunskap, insyn och kontroll av verksamheten. Till följd av att Skanska skapar självständiga arbeten och förstärker relationen mellan enheter minskas osäkerheten. Med hjälp av kontrollverktyg minskar Skanska risken för opportunistiskt beteende hos UE. / Problem: The construction industry is one of the major industrial sectors that has created the least integration. The industry's project-based character and high fragmentation contributes to a significant challenge for involving stakeholders. The researchers in this study believe there is a shortage in literature of how organizations in the construction industry manages to integrate their subcontractors. Purpose: The purpose of the study has been to create a clear understanding of the needs and implications of outsourcing in practice and how these are optimized to utilize the full potential of outsourcing. By studying a major actor's approach to integrate its subcontractors in a projectbased industry, the study aims to provide increased knowledge of how integration can be successful when an organization chooses to outsource parts of its production. Method: This study has used semi-structured interviews and one of the researcher’s observations as part of the empirical basis. The interviews took place with three of Skanska's employees: purchasing manager, logistics manager and block manager for SN81. Following interviews were conducted with two subcontractors and one sub-subcontractor: VSM, Bellmans and Olderin. Conclusion: Integration takes place through contracts, strategic partnerships and information sharing. Through contracting and agreements with specific requirements, Skanska tries to maintain the standards and approaches that they consider to be significant. As a result of the strategic partnerships and long-term relationships Skanska has created an interdependence to the subcontractors. Outsourcing of business areas contributes to reduced knowledge, insight and control of operations. As a result of Skanska's creation of self-contained tasks and creation of lateral relations, uncertainty is reduced. With the help of control tools, Skanska reduces the risk of opportunistic behaviour among subcontractors.

My thesis is divided into two main parts, such as the theoretical and practical part. In theoretical part, I describe brief history of Internal Audit with the special interest on the Czech Republic and Sweden. I mention these two countries as the headquarters of Skanska are found in Sweden and it has a long developed tradition. Then, I concentrate more on IA organization and procedures, IA standards and code of ethics. Furthermore, I concentrate on the methodology used in IA. In practical part, I focus more on a description of IA process at Skanska. I describe the practical background of this company and later on, I have mentioned two practical cases targeted on audit of one loss project and audit of processes such as Accounts payable and Accounts receivable.

This thesis covers the topic of the ethical aspects of business. The paper defines what an ethics and a business ethics are and it describes selected tools of business ethics. The practical part focuses on building company called Skanska and on its view of business ethics. This part consists of an interview with managing director of Skanska SK a.s. and of a questionnaire survey. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the level of the business ethics in this building company. The main research question is: "How important part do the ethical aspects represent in the company Skanska?"