No description available.

Psychosomatic health, including sleep, is important for adolescent well-being and daily functioning. Sleep difficulties are more seldom studied per se and whether there is socio-demographic variation in sleep difficulties among adolescents in Sweden is less known. The overall aim of the present study was to examine the frequency and social distribution of sleep difficulties among adolescents in Sweden. The child supplements of the Survey of Living Conditions, a Swedish nationally representative sample of ages 10-18, from years 2002 and 2003 were used (n=2531). Information from adolescents was linked to information from parents in a cross-sectional study design. Based on logistic regression analyses, variation in sleep difficulties was present according to gender, age, family structure, family economy, parent’s unemployment and residential area. No systematic sleep inequality by social class was found in the present study. The main results showed that adolescent girls, older age groups of adolescents, adolescents living in reconstituted families, living in families with a lack of cash margin, having unemployed parents and living in big cities reported sleep difficulties to a greater extent. Social factors, together with biological, psychological and cultural factors interact in explaining the variation in sleep difficulties.

No description available.

Background: Sleep is important for the experience of health and is of great importance for patients’ recovery. Nurses view sleep as healing and beneficial for patients. Sleep enhancing measures are used in varying degrees and can for example include attenuation of noise and light, timing of care and clarifying information. Problem: Sleep disorders are frequentamong patients in hospitals. Sleep is important for patients’ recovery and in order for nurses to reduce sleep discomfort, it is important to identify what causes sleep discomfort. Aim: The aim is to create an overview of what patients describes influence their sleep in hospitals. Method: General literature overview with eight quantitative studies, two qualitative studies and one mixed-method study. Findings: Several recurring causes of disturbed sleep in hospitals appeared. The patients described different conditions related to the environment, such as noise and light that disturbed their sleep. Care-related conditions affecting the sleep were for example nursing and medication at night, as well as patients’ experiences of lack of control and influence. In patient-related conditions the patients experienced that pain and anxiety complicated their sleep. Conclusion: There are different causes for sleep in patients in hospitals. Common causes of disturbed sleep in hospitals include pain, noise, caring during night and anxiety.

Sleep difficulties are a widespread problem that is often caused by high stress and can have negative consequences for many functions such as memory difficulties. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate gender differences between self-rated sleep difficulties, perceived stress and everyday life memory difficulties in university students. Furthermore, associations betweenself-rated sleep difficulties, stress and memory difficulties were investigated. To answer the research questions, three validated questionnaires were used regarding sleep difficulties measured with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), perceived stress measured with Percevied Stress Scale (PSS) and memory difficulties measured with Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). The survey was completed by 99 students at Luleå University of Technology, of which 88 answers (50 women and 38 men) were included in the analysis. The results showed that there were differences between women and men regarding perceived stress, where women reported higher levels of stress. Furthermore, the results showed positive associations between self-reported sleep difficulties and stress, as well as stress and self-reported memory difficulties. In a multiple regression analysis, perceived stress was the only factor associated with memory difficulties. In conclusion, the study showed that women experienced more stress than men, that stress and sleep are strongly correlated, and that stress was the only factor associated with memory difficulties in everyday life in university students. / Sömnsvårigheter är ett utbrett problem som ofta orsakas av hög stress och kan få negativa konsekvenser för många funktioner såsom minnessvårigheter. Syftet med denna examensuppsats var att undersöka könsskillnader mellan självskattade sömnsvårigheter, upplevd stress och minnessvårigheter hos universitetsstudenter. Vidare undersöktes associationer mellan självskattade sömnsvårigheter, stress och minnessvårigheter. För att besvara frågeställningarna användes tre validerade frågeformulär gällande sömnsvårigheter mätt med Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), upplevd stress mätt med Percevied Stress Scale (PSS) och minnessvårigheter mätt med Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Enkäterna besvarades av 99 universitetsstudenter vid Luleå tekniska universitet, där 88 enkätsvar (50 kvinnor och 38 män) sedan analyserades. Resultatet visade att det fanns skillnader mellan kvinnor och män gällande upplevd stress, där kvinnor rapporterade högre nivåer av stress. Vidare visade resultatet att det fanns positiva samband mellan självskattade sömnsvårigheter och stress, samt stress och självskattade minnessvårigheter. I en multipel regressionsanalys var upplevd stress den enda faktorn som var associerad med minnessvårigheter. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att kvinnor upplever mer stress än män, att stress och sömn är starkt korrelerade samt att stress var den enda faktor som var associerad med minnessvårigheter i vardagen.

Com o início da puberdade ocorrem modificações nos componentes biológicos do ciclo vigília-sono. Estes estão associados a fatores sociais, como os horários escolares, lazer e trabalho e podem reduzir as horas disponíveis para o sono. Foi objetivo principal deste trabalho avaliar os padrões do ciclo vigília-sono de estudantes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores, alunos de escola pública do município de São Paulo. Vinte e sete adolescentes entre 14-18 anos de idade responderam ao questionário de caracterização das condições de vida, saúde e trabalho, e simultaneamente, utilizaram actígrafos; preencheram o protocolo diário de atividades e o diário de sono por 15 dias consecutivos. As variáveis analisadas durante a semana e nos fins-de-semana foram: horário de início e término do sono noturno, número e duração dos despertares noturnos, duração do sono noturno, latência subjetiva e eficiência do sono noturno, facilidade em adormecer à noite e despertar pela manhã, qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno, número de cochilos, horário de início e término do cochilo, duração do sono diurno e duração do sono diário. As variáveis foram testadas através da análise de variância (ANOVA) de 1 fator e teste t-Student para a comparação de 2 médias. Foram feitas múltiplas comparações utilizando a correção de Tukey-HSD. Os resultados significantes foram: efeito do trabalho nos fins-de-semana para o horário de dormir [F(1,23)=6,1; p=0,02] e durante a semana para o horário de acordar [F(1,23) = 17,3; p=0,00]. Para o grupo dos trabalhadores, o horário de acordar foi semelhante ao longo da semana e 1h21min mais tardio nos fins-de-semana [t=-3,27;p<0,01]. Na duração do sono verificamos efeito do trabalho durante a semana [F(1,23)=16,7; p=0,00], efeito do sexo [F(1,23)=10,8; p=0,00] e a interação entre o trabalho e sexo nos fins-de-semana [F(1,23)=4,8; p=0,04]. Os adolescentes trabalhadores possuem uma duração do sono noturno em média 1h30min a menos durante a semana quando comparado com o fim-de-semana [t=-4,04;p<0,01]. Para a duração do sono diurno verificamos a interação entre trabalho e sexo durante a semana [F(1,23)=5,6; p=0,03], e para a duração total de sono verificamos efeito do trabalho durante a semana [F(1,23)=14,3; p=0,00] e efeito do sexo nos fins-de-semana [F(1,23)=10,1; p=0,00]. Os adolescentes trabalhadores possuem uma duração total do sono em média 1h20min a menos durante a semana quando comparado com o fim-de-semana [t=-3,32;p<0,01]. Para as queixas relacionadas ao sono noturno encontramos efeito do trabalho para a “facilidade em despertar pela manhã" [F(1,23)=6,5; p=0,02] e para a qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno durante a semana [F(1,23)=6,2; p=0,02]. Concluímos que o ciclo vigília-sono dos adolescentes trabalhadores é caracterizado por: acordar mais cedo e ter menor duração do sono noturno e do sono total durante a semana do que os não-trabalhadores. Nos fins-de-semana os trabalhadores dormem mais cedo, mas permanecem com uma duração de sono menor que os colegas não trabalhadores. Em relação ao sexo, verificou-se que os adolescentes do sexo masculino possuem uma menor duração de sono noturno e do sono total nos fins-de-semana. Os adolescentes do sexo feminino possuem uma maior duração do cochilo durante a semana. Os adolescentes trabalhadores relataram maior dificuldade para acordar e percebem seu sono como de pior qualidade durante a semana. O trabalho destes adolescentes tem repercussões negativas na duração e percepção da qualidade do sono, com possível privação crônica de sono. O efeito do trabalho afeta de forma significativa a qualidade de vida atual podendo limitar as perspectivas dos adolescentes quanto ao seu desenvolvimento intelectual, bem estar físico e mental. / Changes of the sleep-wake cycle are associated to several factors, such as, puberty, school hours, duration and type of activities during free time, working hours. The objective of this study was to evaluate patterns of sleep-wake cycles among high school students who work and don’t work. Twenty-seven high school students, ages 14-18 years old participated in the study. They were studying in a public school of São Paulo, Brazil. Their Monday-Friday study hours were 19:00 to 22:30h. They answered a comprehensive questionnaire about working and living conditions, and reported health symptoms and diseases. Also, activity- rest measurements were continuously recorded with Actigraph (Ambulatory Monitoring, USA). Activities and sleep dairies during 15 consecutive days were also reported. Main variables were tested using one factor ANOVA and t-Student tests were performed to compare sleep duration during Monday-Friday and weekends. It was used Tukey HSD test for multiple comparisons among the variables. Results of sleep showed working students went to sleep earlier during weekends [F(1,23)= 6.1; p= .02] and woke up earlier during working days than non-working students [F(1,23)=17,3; p= .00].The duration of night sleep is shorter among working students [F(1,23)= 16,7; p= .00], and males [F(1,23)=10,8; p= .00] than non-working students. The male working students showed a shorter nap duration during the working week [F(1,23)= 5,6; p= .03] compared to females and non-working students. Reported sleep complaints were “difficulties waking up in the morning" [F(1,23)= 6,2; p= .02]. Conclusions: work caused negative consequences to sleep among adolescents, with possible build up of a chronic sleep debt. This can affect the quality of life, and schooling development of working students.

Com o início da puberdade ocorrem modificações nos componentes biológicos do ciclo vigília-sono. Estes estão associados a fatores sociais, como os horários escolares, lazer e trabalho e podem reduzir as horas disponíveis para o sono. Foi objetivo principal deste trabalho avaliar os padrões do ciclo vigília-sono de estudantes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores, alunos de escola pública do município de São Paulo. Vinte e sete adolescentes entre 14-18 anos de idade responderam ao questionário de caracterização das condições de vida, saúde e trabalho, e simultaneamente, utilizaram actígrafos; preencheram o protocolo diário de atividades e o diário de sono por 15 dias consecutivos. As variáveis analisadas durante a semana e nos fins-de-semana foram: horário de início e término do sono noturno, número e duração dos despertares noturnos, duração do sono noturno, latência subjetiva e eficiência do sono noturno, facilidade em adormecer à noite e despertar pela manhã, qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno, número de cochilos, horário de início e término do cochilo, duração do sono diurno e duração do sono diário. As variáveis foram testadas através da análise de variância (ANOVA) de 1 fator e teste t-Student para a comparação de 2 médias. Foram feitas múltiplas comparações utilizando a correção de Tukey-HSD. Os resultados significantes foram: efeito do trabalho nos fins-de-semana para o horário de dormir [F(1,23)=6,1; p=0,02] e durante a semana para o horário de acordar [F(1,23) = 17,3; p=0,00]. Para o grupo dos trabalhadores, o horário de acordar foi semelhante ao longo da semana e 1h21min mais tardio nos fins-de-semana [t=-3,27;p<0,01]. Na duração do sono verificamos efeito do trabalho durante a semana [F(1,23)=16,7; p=0,00], efeito do sexo [F(1,23)=10,8; p=0,00] e a interação entre o trabalho e sexo nos fins-de-semana [F(1,23)=4,8; p=0,04]. Os adolescentes trabalhadores possuem uma duração do sono noturno em média 1h30min a menos durante a semana quando comparado com o fim-de-semana [t=-4,04;p<0,01]. Para a duração do sono diurno verificamos a interação entre trabalho e sexo durante a semana [F(1,23)=5,6; p=0,03], e para a duração total de sono verificamos efeito do trabalho durante a semana [F(1,23)=14,3; p=0,00] e efeito do sexo nos fins-de-semana [F(1,23)=10,1; p=0,00]. Os adolescentes trabalhadores possuem uma duração total do sono em média 1h20min a menos durante a semana quando comparado com o fim-de-semana [t=-3,32;p<0,01]. Para as queixas relacionadas ao sono noturno encontramos efeito do trabalho para a “facilidade em despertar pela manh㔠[F(1,23)=6,5; p=0,02] e para a qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno durante a semana [F(1,23)=6,2; p=0,02]. Concluímos que o ciclo vigília-sono dos adolescentes trabalhadores é caracterizado por: acordar mais cedo e ter menor duração do sono noturno e do sono total durante a semana do que os não-trabalhadores. Nos fins-de-semana os trabalhadores dormem mais cedo, mas permanecem com uma duração de sono menor que os colegas não trabalhadores. Em relação ao sexo, verificou-se que os adolescentes do sexo masculino possuem uma menor duração de sono noturno e do sono total nos fins-de-semana. Os adolescentes do sexo feminino possuem uma maior duração do cochilo durante a semana. Os adolescentes trabalhadores relataram maior dificuldade para acordar e percebem seu sono como de pior qualidade durante a semana. O trabalho destes adolescentes tem repercussões negativas na duração e percepção da qualidade do sono, com possível privação crônica de sono. O efeito do trabalho afeta de forma significativa a qualidade de vida atual podendo limitar as perspectivas dos adolescentes quanto ao seu desenvolvimento intelectual, bem estar físico e mental. / Changes of the sleep-wake cycle are associated to several factors, such as, puberty, school hours, duration and type of activities during free time, working hours. The objective of this study was to evaluate patterns of sleep-wake cycles among high school students who work and don’t work. Twenty-seven high school students, ages 14-18 years old participated in the study. They were studying in a public school of São Paulo, Brazil. Their Monday-Friday study hours were 19:00 to 22:30h. They answered a comprehensive questionnaire about working and living conditions, and reported health symptoms and diseases. Also, activity- rest measurements were continuously recorded with Actigraph (Ambulatory Monitoring, USA). Activities and sleep dairies during 15 consecutive days were also reported. Main variables were tested using one factor ANOVA and t-Student tests were performed to compare sleep duration during Monday-Friday and weekends. It was used Tukey HSD test for multiple comparisons among the variables. Results of sleep showed working students went to sleep earlier during weekends [F(1,23)= 6.1; p= .02] and woke up earlier during working days than non-working students [F(1,23)=17,3; p= .00].The duration of night sleep is shorter among working students [F(1,23)= 16,7; p= .00], and males [F(1,23)=10,8; p= .00] than non-working students. The male working students showed a shorter nap duration during the working week [F(1,23)= 5,6; p= .03] compared to females and non-working students. Reported sleep complaints were “difficulties waking up in the morning” [F(1,23)= 6,2; p= .02]. Conclusions: work caused negative consequences to sleep among adolescents, with possible build up of a chronic sleep debt. This can affect the quality of life, and schooling development of working students.

Fotbollsdomare verkar ofta i stressfyllda miljöer som innefattar en risk för att utsättas för olikatyper av hot. Kunskapsläget kring fotbollsdomares psykiska hälsa och hur den kan tänkas skiljasig beroende på faktorer som serienivå och kulturell kontext är dock bristande. Den aktuellastudien ämnade undersöka huruvida det finns en skillnad i psykiskt välbefinnande och psykiskohälsa hos fotbollsdomare i Sverige utifrån vilken nivå de dömer. En viktig del av studien varäven att kontrollera för ett antal relevanta kovariat. För att fånga in de aktuellamåendefaktorerna användes formulären Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Scale, GeneralizedAnxiety Disorder 7-item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Insomnia Severity Index, EatingDisorder screen for Primary care och Shirom-Melamed Burnout-6 som utfallsmått. Urvaletbestod av 297 fotbollsdomare (12.1% kvinnor, 87.9% män, M = 33.8 år, SD = 13.0). Studienvar en kvantitativ tvärsnittsundersökning med differentiell design och inkluderade ettrepresentativt urval. Data samlades in via en internetadministrerad enkät. Resultaten visade attdet utifrån psykiskt välbefinnande och psykisk ohälsa inte finns några skillnader mellan domarepå olika nivåer. Samtidigt visade resultaten, exempelvis, att kvinnliga fotbollsdomare tenderaratt ha en sämre psykisk hälsa än manliga fotbollsdomare och att utsatthet för hot har en negativpåverkan på fotbollsdomares psykiska hälsa. Sammantaget visar resultaten att det vid insatseroch förebyggande åtgärder relaterat till fotbollsdomares psykiska mående kan vara nödvändigtatt rikta sig mot hela domarkåren, oberoende av nivå. / Football referees often operate in stressful environments involving a risk of exposure to varioustypes of threats. However, the knowledge regarding football referees' mental health and how itmay differ depending on factors such as the level of competition and cultural context is lacking.The current study investigated whether there is a difference in psychological well-being andmental health illness among football referees in Sweden based on the level at which theyofficiate. An important part of the study was to control for relevant covariates. To capture therelevant well-being factors the following outcome measures were used; Brunnsviken BriefQuality of Life Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, Patient HealthQuestionnaire, Insomnia Severity Index, Eating Disorder screen for Primary care, and ShiromMelamed Burnout-6. The sample consisted of 297 football referees (12.1% women, 87.9%men, M = 33.8 years, SD = 13.0). The study was a quantitative cross-sectional survey with adifferential design and included a representative sample. Data were collected through aninternet-administered survey. The results indicated that there are no differences inpsychological well-being and mental health problems among referees at different levels. Theresult also showed that female soccer referees tend to have poorer mental health than malesoccer referees and that exposure to threats has a negative impact on soccer referees' mentalhealth. Overall, the results suggest that in interventions and preventive measures related to themental well-being of football referees, it may be necessary to target the entire refereeingcommunity, regardless of level.

Elitidrottare har identifierats som en riskgrupp för psykisk ohälsa utifrån exponering av såväl generella som sportspecifika påverkansfaktorer. Bland elitidrottare är förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa dessutom större bland kvinnor än män. Första syftet med studien är att kartlägga förekomsten av symtom på psykisk ohälsa (ångest, depression och sömnsvårigheter) och psykisk hälsa bland spelare i Svenska Damhockeyligan (SDHL). Andra syftet är att undersöka samband mellan symtom på psykisk ohälsa/hälsa och demografiska variabler (skador, anställningsstatus), socialt stöd och psykologisk flexibilitet. 182 av 199 SDHL-spelare (medelålder 22,3±SD 4,8, 16–35 år) från alla nio lag deltog i denna tvärsnittsstudie. Självskattningsformulär användes som datainsamlingsmetod och data analyserades vidare genom statistiska analyser. Resultatet visade att över 4 av 10 spelare rapporterade måttliga eller högre nivåer av symtom på ångest, depression och/eller sömnsvårigheter, där ungefär hälften rapporterade komorbiditeter. Detta indikerar ett glapp för prevention. Sammantaget rapporterade 6 av 10 ett sub-idealt tillstånd (d.v.s. ingen psykisk ohälsa och psykiskt välbefinnande), vilket indikerar ett glapp för promotion. Statistiskt signifikanta positiva samband fanns för psykologisk flexibilitet och socialt stöd. Förslagsvis kan dessa faktorer bli fördelaktiga att adressera vid preventivt och promotivt hälsoarbete med målgruppen. Framtida forskning kan adressera dessa faktorer vid interventionsstudier liksom följa populationens psykiska hälsotillstånd och dess påverkansfaktorer över tid. / Objectives: First, to map the prevalence of symptoms of mental illness (i.e., anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties) and mental health among players in the Swedish Women’s Hockey League (SDHL). Second, to investigate relationships between mental illness/health and demographic variables (i.e., injuries, employment status), social support and psychological flexibility. Methods: SDHL players (n=182; mean age 22.3±SD 4.8, range 16-35) from nine teams participated in this cross-sectional study. 79% (n=145) combined sports with education or work (i.e., “dual careers”). 20% (n=54) reported injuries. Self-assessment questionnaires were used to measure perceived levels of symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep difficulties, psychological flexibility, and social support. Mental health/illness variables were presented as descriptive statistics and associations were investigated through multivariate binary logistical regression analyses. Results: Moderate or severe levels of symptoms were reported among 29% for sleep difficulties and 26% for anxiety and/or depression. 19% reported comorbidities. 58% reported flourishing mental health. Lower psychological flexibility was associated with lower odds of flourishing mental health and higher odds of symptoms of mental illness. Social support was associated with higher odds of flourishing mental health and lower odds of sleep difficulties. Conclusion: 6 of 10 players reported not reaching the ideal state of mental health (i.e., no mental illness and flourishing mental health). Statistically significant associations were found with psychological flexibility and social support, suggesting these factors will be beneficial to consider when working to promote mental health and prevent mental illness in this population.