Cette recherche qualitative de type exploratoire basée sur l’étude de cas vise à comprendre le processus d’« altération des relations sociales » ou (conflits) entre les principaux acteurs des soins et de l’aide à domicile, afin de mieux les détecter, les comprendre et les prévenir. L’organisation de la prise en charge des soins et de l’aide à domicile constitue l’objet de cette étude. La principale question qui nous a guidé dans cette recherche, est ainsi formulée : Comment la personnes âgée, ses proches aidants et les intervenants organisent-ils la prise en charge des soins et de l’aide à domicile après la réadaptation à la suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral ? Certes, cette question de recherche nous conduit à la description des faits, mais son but est aussi d’expliquer, d’analyser et de comprendre la nature des rapports entre les acteurs et les problèmes auxquels ils sont confrontés pour ensuite comprendre les relations conflictuelles qui apparaissent comme problématiques pendant la prise en charge des soins et de l’aide à domicile après la réadaptation à la suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche de recherche transdisciplinaire comprenant la sociologie, l’anthropologie, la psychologie sociale, l’écologie humaine et les sciences de la réadaptation. Une telle démarche nous a poussé à regrouper d’abord le corpus autour de trois grands pôles : un pôle théorique recouvrant théories et modèles, un pôle empirique relatif au recueil des données; et un pôle méthodologique lié aux démarches et techniques de collecte et d’analyse des données. Par ce fait, un cadre conceptuel a été construit à partir des fondements théoriques et conceptuels tirés de l’écologie humaine, et de la sociologie de traduction. Ce cadre conceptuel nous xv confère huit niveaux d’analyse qui servent à décrire, analyser et interpréter la nature des relations sociales entre les acteurs. Il y a donc dans cette centration un fonds qui permet aux sciences humaines appliquées de mieux comprendre l’organisation de la prise en charge des soins et de l’aide à domicile après la réadaptation à partir d’un arsenal très riche de données recueillies. Pour y arriver sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons procédé à la sélection de quinze participants dont cinq personnes âgées victimes d’un accident vasculaire cérébral, cinq proches aidants et cinq intervenants professionnels. Ensuite, nous avons croisé trois techniques pour la collecte des données, dont les entrevues semi-structurées, les observations et l’étude des documents. Les données recueillies ont été analysées au moyen du logiciel QSR Nvivo 8, en suivant un arbre thématique préalablement construit, et nous avons ainsi obtenu 16 codes thématiques et 34 sous-codes. Trois principaux thèmes ont émergés de l’analyse de résultats, il s’agit de : la convivialité dans les relations sociales; la tiédeur dans les relations sociales et la stratégie dans les relations sociales. En plus, cinq sous-thèmes ont été identifiés, il s’agit : des conflits entre les acteurs; des ententes entre les acteurs; du support social; des changements des rôles sociaux et l’altération des relations sociales entre les acteurs. L’analyse des résultats nous a permis d’esquisser trois profils structurés de cas (conviviaux, suggestifs et intrinsèques) entre les principaux acteurs impliqués dans la prise en charge des soins et de l’aide à domicile après la réadaptation à la suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral. Ensuite, nous avons clarifié les principales notions contenues dans notre étude. Il s’agit des relations sociales altérées (conflictuelles), relations sociales tièdes et les relations sociales stratégiques. Par la suite, nous avons procédé à la systématisation des résultats en comportements et attitudes qui engendrent les conflits ou qui favorisent la collaboration entre les acteurs, pour enfin nous intéresser aux relations sociales entre la personne âgée, ses proches aidants et les intervenants en faisant une xvi analyse intra-cas et inter-cas dans le but de démontrer les convergences et les divergences entre les cas en nous référant aux quatre sous-concepts de notre cadre conceptuel. Chez les cas conviviaux, on note une absence de divergences, tandis qu’elles se manifestent davantage par des controverses entre les acteurs chez les cas suggestifs. Chez les cas intrinsèques ou suggestifs, les divergences sont marquées par l’antagonisme entre les acteurs, bien qu’elles se manifestent chez les cas conviviaux et les cas intrinsèques par la réticence et le désintéressement dans les relations sociales. Pour l’interprétation des résultats, il était question de comparer nos résultats entre eux en faisant référence aux sous-concepts du cadre conceptuel, aux informations obtenues au moyen de notre question de recherche et aux travaux antérieurs ayant porté sur le phénomène étudié. Nous terminons avec l’analyse organisationnelle des services à domicile pour ensuite démontrer les aspects du fonctionnement des services à domicile qui engendrent les conflits ou encore favorisent la collaboration entre les acteurs. Enfin, la conclusion de notre recherche fait ressortir comment les principaux faits identifiés s’accordent avec les résultats de notre étude, et surtout les apports nouveaux en fonction du problème étudié. / The aim of this exploratory type qualitative research based on case study is to understand the process of “social relations alteration” or “conflicts” between the care giving main actors and the responsible of home care and assistance, in order to better detect, understand and prevent them. The subject of this study is the organization of the home care management. The main question that guided us in this research, is thus formulated: how the elderly, their caregivers and stakeholders organize the management of care and assistance at home after rehabilitation following a stroke? While this research question leads us to the description of the facts and their measurement, its purpose is to explain, analyze and understand the nature of relationships between the actors and the problems they are facing and then understand conflict relationships that appear to be problematic in the management of care and support at home after rehabilitation following a stroke. This thesis is part of a transdisciplinary research approach including sociology, anthropology, social psychology, human ecology and rehabilitation sciences. Such an approach has led us to combine the first corpus around three poles: a pole covering theoretical models and theories, a pole on the collection of empirical data and a pole on methodological approaches and techniques related to the collection and data analysis. For this, a conceptual framework was built from the theoretical and conceptual foundations from human ecology and sociology of translation. This conceptual framework gives us eight levels of analysis that are used to describe and interpret the nature of social relations between actors. So, there is in this centering (center action), a background that enables Applied Human Sciences to capture, analyze and interpret the organization of the management of care and support at home after rehabilitation from a rich array of data. To arrive at the methodological level, we proceeded to the selection of fifteen participants including five elderly victims of stroke, five caregivers and five professional speakers. Then we crossed three techniques for data collection, including semi-structured interviews, observations and document review. The data were analyzed using QSR NVivo 8 software, following a previously constructed tree theme, and we obtained 16 thematic codes and 34 sub- codes. Three main themes have emerged from the results of analysis such as: usability in social relations; the warmth in social relations and the social relations strategy. In addition, five following sub-themes have been identified: conflicts between the actors; agreements between stakeholders; social support; changes in social roles and alteration of social relationships among actors. The analysis of the results allowed us to sketch three structured profiles (friendly cases, suggestive cases and intrinsic case) between the main actors involved in the management of care and home help after rehabilitation following a stroke. Then we made the clarification of key concepts in our study. These are the altered social relations, the warmth social relations and the strategic social relations. Subsequently, we proceeded to the systematization of results in behaviors and attitudes that generates conflicts and/or further promote collaboration between stakeholders to finally take an interest in social relationships between the elderly, the caregivers and stakeholders making an intra-and inter-case analysis case in order to demonstrate the convergences and divergences between cases with reference to four concepts in our conceptual framework. In case user-friendly, there is a lack of differences, as they manifest themselves more by controversy between actors in suggestive cases. In intrinsic and/or suggestive cases, the differences are marked by antagonism between the players, although they manifest themselves in the friendly xix and/or intrinsic case by reluctance and disinterest in social relations. In interpreting the results, it was question of them compare our results with reference to concepts in the conceptual framework, the information obtained through our research question and the previous work that examined the phenomenon studied. We conclude with organizational analysis of home care services to then demonstrate aspects of the operation of home care that exacerbate conflicts or promote collaboration between actors. Finally, the conclusion of our research highlights how key facts identified are consistent with the results of our study, especially the new contributions to the problem studied.

Theoretical-empirical work is focused on innovation education with using cooperative learning. The theme of labour is evaluation in cooperative learning and his specifics. The theoretical part is devoted to the description of cooperative learning, school rating and especially the evaluation of cooperative activities. The empirical part is a report from the action research of own lessons at the second level of elementary school, describes the transformation of teaching by introducing work in cooperative groups and monitors pupils' involvement in teaching in relation to the evaluation criteria. Part of the research is an analysis of pupils' self-image and a reflection of cooperative activities.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of social-emotional climate in the elementary school class whose pupil is a child with special educational needs. The theoretical part focuses on the development of relationships among the people who influence the classroom climate and on creating a favourable classroom climate with all its positive features. It discusses disruptions of the classroom climate by a pupil with special educational needs and thus also the related competencies of the teacher in charge of the classroom climate and possible ways of diagnosis, intervention and support options. In the practical part, ten teachers from two selected elementary schools provide their insight on the degree of influence the pupils with special educational needs who attend their class have on the classroom climate. The aim of the research was to find out whether the classroom climate is significantly influenced by the presence of a pupil with special educational needs and if it raises the need for special care of the classroom climate. Semi- structured interviews with teachers have revealed that in order to achieve educational goals, it is necessary to create a favourable classroom climate and to maintain or improve it according to the teacher's knowledge and experience, including the possibility of...

Bakgrund: Företag blir alltmer beroende av sina medarbetare då organisationens värdeskapande process till stor del sker genom dem. Det är således viktigt att motivera, bibehålla och utveckla sina medarbetare. Tidigare studier om hur motivationen påverkas av distansarbete skiljer sig åt, där vissa menar att distansarbetet har en positiv inverkan på motivationen medan andra menar motsatsen. Innan Covid-19-pandemin har distansarbetet skett på en mer frivillig nivå men till följd av Covid-19-pandemin har många företag varit tvungna att införa det. Syfte och problemformulering: Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur medarbetare upplever att motivationen påverkas av det påtvingade distansarbetet. Studiens problemformulering är “Hur upplever medarbetare som innan Covid-19-pandemin inte arbetade på distans samt medarbetare som innan Covid-19-pandemin arbetade deltid på distans att motivationen har påverkats av det påtvingade distansarbetet?” Litteraturgenomgång: I litteraturgenomgången presenteras teorier kring konceptet motivation där inre och yttre motivation samt amotivation behandlas. Även teorier kring distansarbetet presenteras där kommunikation och work life balance behandlas.  Metod: Vid genomförandet av studien har forskarna i föreliggande rapport använt sig av en kvalitativ metod. För att samla in det empiriska materialet har forskarna använt sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det har intervjuats fyra respondenter som innan Covid-19-pandemin inte arbetade på distans samt fyra respondenter som innan Covid-19-pandemin arbetade deltid på distans.  Slutsats: Det har framgått att det påtvingade distansarbetets påverkan på motivationen är oberoende av ifall medarbetaren har en vana av distansarbete eller inte. Det framgår snarare att det är hur väl medarbetarens individuella behov uppfylls som avgör hur motivationen påverkas av det påtvingade distansarbetet. / Background: Companies are becoming increasingly dependent on their employees, as the organization's value-creating process largely takes place through them. It is thus important to motivate, retain and develop the company's employees. Previous studies on how motivation is affected by teleworking differ, where some believe that telework has a positive effect on motivation while others believe the opposite. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, teleworking took place on a more voluntary level, but as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, many companies have had to implement it. Purpose and research question: The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of how employees feel that motivation is affected by the forced distance work. The study's research question is "How do employees who before the Covid-19 pandemic did not work remotely and employees who before the Covid-19 pandemic worked part-time remotely feel that motivation has been affected by the forced telework?" Literature review: The literature review presents theories about the concept of motivation, where internal and external motivation as well as amotivation are treated. Theories about telework are also presented where communication and work life balance are treated. Method: The researchers in the present study have used a qualitative method. To collect the empirical material, the researchers used semi-structured interviews. Four respondents who before the Covid-19 pandemic did not work remotely and four respondents who before the Covid-19 pandemic worked part-time remotely were interviewed. Conclusion: It has emerged that the impact of forced telework on motivation is independent of whether the employee has a habit of telework or not. It is rather clear that it is how well the employee's individual needs are met that determines how motivation is affected by the forced distance work.

The diploma thesis Cooperation of Teams and Joint Leisure Time of Employees deals with relation between frequency of involvement of individuals in cooperation of teams and their evaluation of the cooperation, information sharing and spending leisure time with colleagues. In the theoretical part, the theme is put into the broader framework of culture. The main areas affecting the problem are defined further. Emphasis is put on corporate culture, organizational climate and social relations between individuals in a company. In the empirical part of the text, the research question is described, the main hypothesis is set, the operational hypotheses are derived, the operationalization is performed, and the company and its teams that are subject of the research are presented. Subsequently, all processes and their relation being subject of the research are theoretically anchored and described based on the data analysis. In the concluding part of the text, there is an overview of mutual sympathy, ties and antipathy of members of the studied teams as well as it is found out to what extent the data analysis confirms the hypotheses determined. Information about mutual sympathy, ties and antipathy of individuals was obtained using the first questionnaire at the beginning of the research. The analyses of...

Contexte : Malgré les directives sur le temps d’écran, les enfants passent plus de temps sur des appareils électroniques qu’auparavant, ce qui en fait un facteur de risque important pour le développement social ultérieur. Les facteurs de protection à l’utilisation prolongée des écrans dans le contexte de l’enfance sont peu explorés. Partager des repas dans un contexte familial pourrait offrir un moyen de favoriser le développement psychosocial et de contrer les risques associés au temps d’écran élevé. Cette étude examine l’interaction entre l’environnement des repas en famille et la tendance de temps d’écran à la petite enfance sur les principales relations sociales des adolescents. Il est attendu qu’une meilleure qualité des repas en famille joue un rôle protecteur sur l’association entre les tendances d’habitudes d’écran et les relations sociales adolescentes. Méthode : Les participants sont 1 455 enfants (50,9 % de filles) de la cohorte de naissances de l’Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec. Les parents ont rapporté l’utilisation d’écrans des enfants à 2 et 6 ans et la qualité de l’environnement des repas en famille à 6 ans. Les parents et les enfants ont respectivement fourni des mesures sur la relation parent-enfant et la victimisation à 13 ans. Les analyses ont testé l’association directe entre les tendances du temps d’écran et la qualité de l’environnement familial durant les repas sur les relations sociales ultérieures, en utilisant des régressions linéaires. Les analyses de modération ont ensuite examiné l’interaction entre les tendances de temps d’écran et la qualité de l’environnement des repas en famille sur les relations sociales. Résultats : Nous avons observé qu’une hausse dans le temps d’écran était associée à une relation père-fille moins conflictuelle et moins de victimisation chez les filles ainsi qu’à des relations moins positives avec les deux parents et moins de victimisation chez les garçons. Pour tous, un meilleur environnement lors des repas était associé à des relations sociales plus saines avec les parents et les pairs. L’environnement familial lors des repas avait un effet modérateur distinct sur l’association entre les habitudes télévisuelles et les relations des filles avec leur mère ainsi que leurs pairs. Entre autres, lorsque les repas représentaient une occasion d’expression et de communication, une hausse du temps d’écran était associée à une relation mère-fille plus positive et moins conflictuelle. Étonnamment, les filles participant à des repas en famille moins positifs et ayant une tendance de temps d’écran plus élevée éprouvaient moins de victimisation à l’adolescence. L’interaction entre les tendances de temps d’écran et la qualité de l’environnement des repas en famille n’était pas trouvée significative pour les garçons. Conclusion : Encourager les repas familiaux représente une activité simple/rentable qui peut compenser certains risques à long terme associés à une utilisation accrue des écrans au-delà des caractéristiques individuelles et familiales préexistantes et concurrentes. Les initiatives de santé publique devraient considérer les repas en famille comme une stratégie d’intervention complémentaire aux directives d’utilisation des écrans. Les directives sur l’utilisation des écrans devraient considérer les repas en famille comme une stratégie compensatoire. / Background: Despite screen time recommendations, children are increasingly spending time on electronic devices, rendering it an important risk factor for subsequent developmental outcomes. Not much is known about protective factors in childhood context. Sharing meals could offer a way to promote psychosocial development and counter risks associated with screen use. This study examines the interaction between family meal environment and early childhood screen time on key adolescent social relationships. We expect that better mealtime environment plays a protective role in the association between screen time trends and adolescent social relationships. Method: Participants are 1455 millennial children (50.9% girls) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort. Parents reported on child screen use at ages 2 and 6 years and family meal environment quality at age 6 years. Parents and children reported on parent-child relationships and victimization experiences, respectively, at age 13 years. Multiple regression estimated the direct association between screen time trends and family meal environment quality and the interaction between screen time trends and family meal environment quality on later social relationship outcomes. Results: We observed that a greater increase in screen time was associated with a less conflictual father-daughter relationship and less peer victimization for girls as well as less positive relationships with both parents and less victimization for boys. For both girls and boys, a better mealtime environment was associated with better social relationships with parents and peers. For girls, early childhood screen time trends had distinct impacts on relationships with mothers and peers, conditional on mealtime environment. When family meals are an opportunity to express feelings and communicate, increasing trends in screen time are associated with more positive and less conflictual mother-daughter relationships. These same increases in screen time were associated with less peer victimization when family meal environment quality was more dysfunctional. No meaningful non-linear associations between screen time trends and family meal environment quality were observed for boys. Conclusion: Capitalizing on family meal environment represents a simple/cost-efficient activity that can compensate for some long-term risks associated with increased screen use, above and beyond pre-existing and concurrent individual and family characteristics. Public health initiatives may benefit from considering family meals as a complementary intervention strategy to screen use guidelines.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka lärare samt studenters distanserade gruppdiskussioner inuti Zoom’s funktion breakout-rooms, samt hur studenternas engagemang följaktligen har påverkats. Studien är grundad i tre semistrukturerade fokusgrupper gjorda med studenter samt lärare med erfarenhet av distanserade gruppdiskussioner inuti breakout-rooms. Utifrån det empiriska materialet från fokusgrupperna framgår det tydligt att respondenterna till en stor del fokuserar på funktionalitet, flexibilitet samt sociala relationer och kameraanvändlighet. Utifrån det empiriska materialet framgår det att det funnits förmåner i form av en enkelhet och smidighet för lärarrespondenterna att utforma gruppdiskussioner, samt flexibiliteten som gett studenterna en ökad frihet. Emellertid framgår det utifrån studentrespondenterna att uppfattningen av distanseringen grundar sig i försämrad kommunikation med lärare och studenter, svårigheter i form av distraktioner samt en försämrad relation till sina klasskamrater, vilket följaktnings har påverkat studenternas engagemang negativt. / The purpose of the study is to examine teachers' and students' distant group discussions within Zoom's function breakout rooms, and how the students' involvement has consequently been affected. The study is based on three semi-structured focus groups made with students and teachers with experience of distant group discussions inside breakout rooms. Based on the empirical material from the focus groups, it is clear that the respondents largely focus on functionality, flexibility as well as social relations and camera usability. Based on the empirical material, it appears that there have been benefits in the form of a simplicity and flexibility for the teacher respondents to design group discussions, as well as the flexibility that has given the students increased freedom. However, it appears from the student respondents that the perception of distancing is based on impaired communication with teachers and students, difficulties in the form of distractions and a deteriorating relationship with their classmates, which consequently has affected students' commitment negatively.

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Opportunities to be and remain healthy are unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups and emerge and widen throughout childhood and adolescence. This thesis seeks to answer if social relationships are one of the mechanisms that operate in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health among Swedish adolescents, using the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey round 2009/10. It also aims to clarify which aspect of social relationships – its structure or function - matters more for health. Network structure includes its size and frequency of contact, and network function refers to resources received from those in the network, such as social support. The research questions guiding the thesis are: (1) Is higher socioeconomic status associated with higher self-rated health and wellbeing among Swedish adolescents? (2) Does the structure and the function of the child’s social relationships mediate in the associations in question 1? (3) Which aspect of social relationships (structure or function) mediates the associations in question 1 to the largest extent? Research questions are addressed by a mediation analysis using regression models to explore which indicators of social relationships mediate the associations between SES and health and wellbeing. Results showed a positive association between SES and health and wellbeing, and mainly three significant mediators were found which indicated that children with higher SES receive higher social support from their parents and peers and have a larger network which in turn lead to better health and wellbeing. Finally, results indicated that it is the function of social relationships rather than the structure that mediates to the largest extent.

Die Altersforschung beleuchtete in den letzten Dekaden diverse Aspekte von sozialen Beziehungen im Alter, dabei blieb Sexualität allerdings häufig unberücksichtigt. Gleichzeitig zeigte die Sexualforschung, dass viele ältere Erwachsene davon berichten, sexuell aktiv zu sein, und dass sexuelle Aktivität im Alter mit Indikatoren erfolgreichen Alterns zusammenhängt. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden drei empirische Studien durchgeführt, um neue Erkenntnisse über die Sexualität im Alter und ihre Korrelate zu gewinnen. Sexualität wurde dabei als ein facettenreiches Konstrukt verstanden, was zu dem Ansatz führte, verschiedene Aspekte von Sexualität zu unterscheiden: sexuelle Aktivität, sexuelle Gedanken, Intimität, Bedeutsamkeit der Sexualität, sexuelles Vergnügen, erlebte körperliche Nähe und gewünschte körperliche Nähe. Um neue Erkenntnisse über die Natur der Sexualität im Alter zu gewinnen, wurden Zusammenhänge von Sexualität mit dem Alter und der Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten Geburtskohorte untersucht, sowie berichtete Alltagsschwankungen in erlebter und gewünschter körperlicher Nähe. Für ein breiteres Verständnis der Korrelate der Sexualität im Alter wurden Zusammenhänge mit mehreren psychosozialen Faktoren unter gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung soziodemographischer Merkmale und physischer Gesundheit analysiert. Das Ergebnismuster in Bezug auf die Zusammenhänge mit psychosozialen Faktoren ergab relevante Unterschiede. Zum Beispiel hing eine bestehende Partnerschaft mit häufigerer sexueller Aktivität, häufigeren sexuellen Gedanken und mehr erlebten Intimitätsgefühlen zusammen. Dafür sagte eine längere Beziehungsdauer weniger sexuelle Aktivität und weniger sexuelle Gedanken, aber nicht weniger Intimitätsgefühle voraus. Die Nützlichkeit der Unterscheidung verschiedener Facetten von Sexualität wird diskutiert und der notwendige Einbezug von Sexualität als ein Aspekt enger sozialer Beziehungen im Alter betont. / Over the past decades, aging research has provided valuable insights into close social relationships in late adulthood, however, sexuality has often been left out of focus. At the same time, there is accumulating evidence for considerable proportions of older adults engaging in sexual activity. Correspondingly, initial evidence exists for an active sex life being related to indicators of successful aging. Thus, there is a need for theoretical and empirical integration. Within the scope of this cumulative doctoral thesis, we investigated sexuality in late adulthood to provide new insights into its nature and correlates. Within three empirical studies, we applied a multifaceted approach to sexuality and altogether distinguished seven facets of sexuality: sexual activity, sexual thoughts, intimacy, importance of sexuality, enjoyment of sexuality, physical intimacy experienced, and physical intimacy wished. To provide new insights into the nature of sexuality in late adulthood, we examined age differences, cohort differences and daily fluctuations within its several facets. To investigate the correlates of sexuality in late adulthood, we examined the associations between the facets of sexuality and a number of psychosocial factors, while accounting for sociodemographic and physical health factors. As expected, the pattern of results differed by facet of sexuality, and we found both common and facet-specific associations between the facets of sexuality and the psychosocial factors examined. For example, having a partner was associated with more frequent sexual activity, more frequent sexual thoughts and more feelings of intimacy. In turn, longer relationship duration was related to less frequent sexual activity and sexual thoughts, but not less intimacy. We discuss the utility of distinguishing different facets of sexuality and argue for the need of considering sexuality as linked with close social relationships in late adulthood.