En utmaning knutet till onlinespel och sociala relationer online är svårigheten att bibehålla kontakten, vilket leder till att många relationer och vänskaper online påverkas negativt när användare går från ett spel till ett annat. Tidigare forskning pekar på att den kontakt som uppstår till följd av onlinespel består av svaga relationer utan större känslomässiga och personliga band mellan spelarna. Syftet med denna studie är således att undersöka uppkomsten av sociala relationer online för att sedan dra slutsatser knutet till hur dessa relationer bildas med hjälp av digitala plattformar. För att genomföra detta genomfördes en kvalitativ forskningsstudie som grundar sig i tidigare litteratur, intervjuer samt kompletterande enkätutskick. Denna studie  har resulterat i ett kunskapsbidrag genom att identifiera digitala plattformar som på ett eller annat sätt bidrar till skapandet av sociala relationer i onlinespel. / There is an existing challenge associated with online games and social relationships onlineregarding the difficulty of maintaining contact, resulting in many online relationships andfriendships being affected negatively as users move from one game to another. Previous researchindicates that the contact that arises as a result of online games consists of weak relationshipswithout major emotional and personal ties between the players. The purpose of this study is thusto investigate the emergence of social relationships online in order to draw conclusions linked tohow these relationships are formed using digital platforms. To achieve this, a qualitative researchstudy was conducted based on previous literature, interviews and supplementary questionnaires.This study has resulted in a contribution of knowledge by identifying digital platforms that inone way or another contribute to the creation of social relationships in online games.

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Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka skyddsfaktorer mot emotionell ensamhet ur äldres perspektiv. För att besvara vårt syfte har vi genom elva kvalitativa intervjuer med äldre personer i en kommun norr om Stockholm försökt fånga intervjupersonernas subjektiva upplevelse av skyddsfaktorer mot emotionell ensamhet. Intervjupersonerna vi har träffat är mellan 79 år och 98 år, hemmaboende, ensamstående med hemtjänstinsatser. Empirin har bearbetats genom kodning där materialet kategoriseras och nyckelbegrepp identifierades. Utifrån kodningsarbetet gjordes en tematisk analys med stöd av tidigare forskning och en teoretisk referensram. Teorin vi använt oss av är gerotranscendensen som är en gerontologisk teori. I studien har vi identifierat fyra skyddsfaktorer som intervjupersonerna upplever vara ett skydd mot emotionell ensamhet, nära relationer i form av familj, självständighet trots hjälpberoende, acceptans, trygghet och att få bo kvar i sitt eget hem. Sorg och saknad efter en partner är en stor utmaning för den äldre som blir kvar på jordelivet men det uppstår också praktiska utmaningar där man efter ett långt liv tillsammans står ensam kvar med allt ansvar. Vi har också genom våra intervjupersoners utsagor förstått att ensamhet inte alltid behöver vara något negativt, att vara ensam har i vissa fall visat sig vara välkomnat hos flera äldre. / The purpose of this study has been to examine protective factors against emotional loneliness from the elderly’s perspective. To accomplish this we have conducted 11 qualitative interviews with the members of the elderly community in a municipality north of Stockholm, with the aim to capture the participants’ subjective experiences in terms of protective factors against emotional loneliness. The subjects, aged between 79 and 98 years old, are single homeowners assisted by home care services. The empirics have been compiled through coding where the material has been categorised and key concepts identified. Through the coding process a thematic analysis was conducted, supported by previous research and a theoretical frame of reference. The theory we have used is the gerotranscendence, which is a gerontological theory. In this study we have identified five protective factors that the subjects consider to be a protection against emotional loneliness; close relationships with family members, independence despite the need of home care, acceptance, security, and remaining a resident in your own home. Grief and the loss of a partner can be a great challenge for the elderly. But there are also practical challenges to encounter when you are left handling all the responsibilities that used to be shared with a spouse. We have also, from the statements of our subjects, come to the conclusion that being alone is not always seen as a negative thing and can sometimes even be embraced by the elderly.

The aim of this study was to investigate the after-school staff's perspectives on their strategies for promoting peer relationships for students with autism. Previous research has shown that children and young people with autism have difficulties linked to the diagnosis, which make social interaction and the maintenance of peer relationships difficult. The study used qualitative semi-structured interviews with eight after-school professionals. The interviews were analyzed using interpretive phenomenology to make the respondents' individual experiences visible. To interpret and discuss the results this study used the sociocultural theory, the four levels of relational perspective and Nilholm's perspective on inclusion. The phenomenological analysis of the data resulted in four different themes; The after-school staff's view of relationships for all students in the after-school center, the after-school staff's view of relationships for students with autism, the after-school staff's view of strategies to promote relationships for students with autism and the after-school staff's view of difficulties in building relationships within the after-school center. In the results, the after-school staff describe the importance of having peer relationships and be given the opportunity to participate in activities for all students within the after-school center and the activities need to be adapted to everyone. However, there were two respondents who problematized the idea of inclusion in that the group's needs can be overlooked when an activity needs to be adapted. In the results the respondents discussed that there were different difficulties among students with autism and, these difficulties had an impact on the social interaction and peer relationships. They also lifted differences between the sexes. The strategies that the after-school staff highlighted to support peer relationships for students with autism were about providing adult support in activities and individual solutions depending on which student they met. The results also show that there are aggravating circumstances regarding the work with relationships within the after-school center, some of the respondents described staff shortages, large student groups, the lack of planning time and lack of competence to meet students with autism. Overall, this study contributes with knowledge about peer relationships in relation to students with autism and which working methods may be suitable to support these students in the after-school center, as previous research in relationships connected to autism and after-school centers is limited. / I den här studien har syftet varit att undersöka fritidspersonalens perspektiv på deras strategier för att främja kamratrelationer för elever med autism. Tidigare forskning har visat att barn och unga med autism har olika svårigheter kopplat till diagnosen vilket försvårar det sociala samspelet och upprätthållandet av kamratrelationer. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta fritidspersonal. Intervjuerna analyserats sedan med hjälp av en tolkande fenomenologi för att synliggöra respondenternas individuella upplevelser. För att tolka och diskutera resultatet användes den sociokulturella teorin, de tre nivåerna av relationellt perspektiv och Nilholms perspektiv på inkludering. Den fenomenologiska analysen av data resulterade i fyra olika teman; Fritidspersonalens syn på relationer för alla elever inom fritidshemmet, fritidspersonalens syn på relationer för elever med autism, fritidspersonalens syn på strategier för att gynna relationer för elever med autism och fritidspersonalens syn av svårigheter i relationsbyggandet inom fritidshemmet. I resultatet beskriver fritidspersonalen vikten av att ha kamratrelationer och få delta i aktiviteter för alla elever inom fritidshemmet och att aktiviteter behöver anpassas till alla. Dock problematiseras inkluderingstanken av två respondenter genom att gruppens behov kan bli åsidosatt när en aktivitet behöver anpassas efter en elev. I resultatet diskuterades att det fanns olika svårigheter bland elever med autism, vilket försvårande det sociala samspelet och deras kamratrelationer. Svårigheterna kunde skilja sig mellan könen. De strategier som fritidspersonalen lyfte fram för att stötta kamratrelationerna för elever med autism handlade om att ge vuxenstöd i aktiviteter och individuella lösningar beroende på vilken elev de mötte. I resultatet framkommer också att det finns försvårande omständigheter vad gäller arbetet med relationer inom fritidshemmet, vissa av respondenterna beskrev personalbrist på grund av hög sjukfrånvaro, stora elevgrupper, bristen på planeringstid och avsaknad av kompetens att möta elever med autism. Sammantaget bidrar denna studie med kunskap om kamratrelationer i förhållande till elever med autism och vilka arbetssätt som kan vara lämpliga för att stötta dessa elever inom fritidshemmet då tidigare forskning inom relationer kopplat till autism och fritidshem är begränsade.

Statens institutionsstyrelse (SiS) skall ansvara för ungdomar och vuxnas anpassade tvångsvård och behandling. Målet med SiS är att kunna ge individerna bättre förutsättningar för ett liv bortom kriminalitet och droger. SiS slutna ungdomsvård är för ungdomar som har begått ett brott och tillämpas därmed tvångsvård. Det är särskilt intressant då det visar sig att många ungdomar inom ungdomsvården har neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) men kunskapsnivån inom funktionshinderområdet brister hos personalen. Situationen är såtillvida komplex då ungdomen befinner sig i en sluten miljö där ett mer individanpassat arbetssätt bör tillämpas. Således var studiens syfte att beskriva hur personal inom sluten ungdomsvård arbetar med ungdomar med NPF. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsansats har empirin inhämtats via yrkesverksamma och tagit del av deras egna arbetslivserfarenheter. Intervjuerna genomfördes via en semistrukturerad intervjuguide för att på sätt fånga informanternas verklighet. Efter genomförda intervjuer hade vi ett textmaterial som vi valde att analysera genom en tematisk innehållsanalys. Sammanfattningsvis har studiens resultat visat att NPF är ett ämne som diskuteras, men att det fortfarande kan behöva etableras mer kunskap och färdigheter inom den slutna ungdomsvården. Personal efterfrågar ökad kunskap kring funktionsnedsättningar och hur relationsbyggandet skall kunna utföras på ett sätt som fungerar för arbetet med ungdomen. / The Swedish State Board of Institutions (SiS) shall be responsible for adapted compulsory care and treatment of young people and adults. The goal of SiS is to be able to give individuals better conditions for a life beyond crime and drugs. SiS's closed youth care is for young people who have committed a crime and thus applies compulsory care. It is particularly interesting as it turns out that many young people in youth care have neuropsychiatric disabilities (NPF) but the level of knowledge in the field of disability is lacking among the staff. The situation is complex to the extent that the young person is in a closed environment where a more individually adapted working method should be applied. Thus, the aim of the study was to describe how staff within closed youth care work with young people with NPF. Through a qualitative research approach, the empirical evidence has been obtained through professionals and taken part of their own working life experiences. The interviews were conducted through a semi-structured interview guide in order to somehow capture the reality of the informants. After completed interviews, we had a text material that we chose to analyze through a thematic content analysis. In summary, the results of the study have shown that NPF is a topic that is being discussed, but that more knowledge and skills may still need to be established within closed youth care. Staff demand increased knowledge about disabilities and how relationship building can be carried out in a way that works for the work with young people.

Die vorliegende Dissertation geht der Frage nach, welchen Einfluss kognitiv geprägte Persönlichkeitsmerkmale auf das gegenseitige Verständnis zwischen Gesprächspartnern haben. Intelligenz und Bewertungsdispositionen werden als Haupteffekte untersucht. Zudem wird dem Einfluss von dyadischen Persönlichkeitsunterschieden auf das zwischenmenschliche Verständnis sowie der Frage, ob sich Hochbegabte in ihrer sozialen Anpassung von einer Vergleichsgruppe von Universitätsabsolventen unterscheiden, nachgegangen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Personen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Intelligenz ihrer Interaktionspartner und der Qualität der jeweiligen Beziehungen wahrnehmen. Dieser Effekt lässt sich jedoch (mit Ausnahme des Wortschatzes) nicht durch psychometrische Intelligenzmessungen bestätigen. Zweitens liefern die Ergebnisse der Studie keine belege für die Behauptung, dass zwischenmenschliche Persönlichkeitsunterschiede die Qualität der Kommunikation beeinträchtigen. Drittens stellt sich die Stichprobe von Hochbegabten als weniger sozial angepasst dar als die Stichprobe von Hochschulabsolventen. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise darauf, dass dies nicht durch ihre extrem hohe Intelligenz, sondern durch eine Stichprobenverzerrung hin zu Anpassungsproblemen verursacht wird. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass das zwischenmenschliche Verständnis einen bedeutsamen Faktor für die Entwicklung enger Beziehungen darstellt. Allerdings legt der geringe Einfluss von Intelligenz und Bewertungsdispositionen auf die Qualität dyadischer Interaktionen den Schluss nahe, dass die meisten Menschen die Anforderungen zwischenmenschlicher Interaktionen auch meistern können, ohne über eine hohe Intelligenz zu verfügen. Darüber hinaus scheint es den meisten Gesprächspartnern zu gelingen, einander trotz dyadischer Unterschiede in ihrer Persönlichkeit zu verstehen. / The current dissertation investigated the role of cognitive personality traits on the mutual understanding between interaction partners. For this purpose, main effects of intelligence and dispositional valuations were studied. In addition, it was asked whether within-dyad personality differences affect mutual understanding and whether gifted individuals differ from a comparison group of university students in their level of social adjustment. Results indicated that individuals perceive a relation between the intelligence level of their interaction partners and the quality of their social relationships. However, such an effect could not be replicated with psychometric intelligence measures (with the exception of vocabulary). Second, the results of the current study did not support the contention that dyadic personality differences constrain communication quality. Third, it could be shown that the sample of gifted individuals was less well adjusted than the sample of university alumni. However, several indications were found that this was not due to their extremely high intelligence but to an oversampling of gifted individuals with adjustment problems. Together, the results showed that mutual understanding is an important factor in the development of close relationships. However, the limited impact of intelligence and dispositional valuations on the quality of dyadic interactions suggests that most people are able to cope with the demands of interpersonal interactions without having a high intelligence level. In addition, most conversation partners seem able to understand each other in spite of within-dyad personality differences.

Diese Dissertation untersucht individuelle Unterschiede in der Adaptation von Jugendlichen und fokussiert auf jugendliche Immigranten. Sie postuliert ein übergreifendes Rahmenmodell, das entwicklungs-, akkulturations-, und intergruppenpsychologische Ansätze integriert, um ein umfassendes Verständnis der Adaptationsprozesse zu erlangen. Von diesem Rahmenmodell werden zwei Forschungsfragen abgeleitet. Die erste Frage lautet, wie ist das Zusammenspiel von Entwicklungs- und Akkulturationsaufgaben? Die zweite Frage lautet, wie ist das Zusammen-spiel dieser Aufgaben mit den Beziehungen zu der Familie und den Gleichaltrigen? Die Dissertation basiert auf drei empirischen Studien, die längsschnittliche Daten von Schülern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund verwendeten. Studie 1 zeigte, dass eine gut funktionierende Familie und die Beteiligung an der Herkunfts- und Aufnahmekultur Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen und ethnische Identität vorhersagten. Studie 2 ergab, dass soziometrische Beliebtheit in der In- aber nicht der Outgroup Selbstwert von Jugendlichen vorhersagte, was durch selbstwahrgenommene Beliebtheit mediiert wurde. Studie 3 zeigte, dass soziometrische Beliebtheit bei Klassenkameraden ohne, aber nicht bei solchen mit, Migrationshintergrund ein geringes persönliches Diskriminationserleben in jugendlichen Migranten vorhersagte. Zusammenfassend hat diese Dissertation das Rahmenmodell erfolgreich angewendet, in dem sie gezeigt hat, dass positive Beziehungen mit der Familie und Gleichaltrigen Ressourcen für das Bewältigen von Entwicklungs- und Akkulturations-aufgaben darstellten, die miteinander verwoben waren. Die wesentliche Implikation ist, dass jede der beiden Kulturen und sozialen Gruppen eine Quelle unterschiedlicher Risiken und Ressourcen ist, die alle wichtige Aspekte der Adaptation sind. Diese Dissertation ist ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung eines kontextualisierten und integrativen Verständnisses der Adaptation von Jugendlichen in einer modernen Gesellschaft. / This dissertation examines individual differences in the adaptation of adolescents and focuses on the case of immigrant adolescents. It proposes a guiding framework that integrates developmental, acculturative, and intergroup approaches in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the processes underlying adaptation. From this framework, I derive two core research questions that guide the three empirical studies of this dissertation. First, what is the longitudinal interplay of developmental tasks and acculturative tasks? Second, what is the longitudinal interplay of either of these two tasks and the quality of adolescents’ relationships with family and peers? This dissertation is based on three studies that used the same longitudinal data set of immigrant and host-national students. Study 1 showed that family functioning and involvement in host and ethnic cultures predicted immigrant adolescents’ self-efficacy and ethnic identity. Study 2 revealed that sociometric peer likability by ingroup but not outgroup classmates predicted self-esteem of both immigrants and host-nationals, which was fully mediated by their self-perceived likability. Study 3 demonstrated that sociometric peer likability by host-national but not by immigrant classmates predicted low perceptions of personal discrimination in immigrant adolescents. In summary, this dissertation successfully applied the proposed integrative framework by demonstrating that positive relationships with family and peers represented resources for adolescents’ mastery of their acculturative and developmental tasks, which in turn were intertwined. The main implication is that each of the two cultures and societal groups presents immigrant adolescents with different risks and resources that are all important aspects of their adaptation. In sum, this dissertation is an important step toward a more contextualized and integrative understanding of the adaptation of adolescents in a modern society.

Chez les personnes âgées, la dépression est un problème important en santé publique, à cause de sa prévalence élevée et de son association avec les incapacités fonctionnelles, la mortalité et l’utilisation des services. La plupart des études ont montré que le manque de relations sociales était associé à la dépression, mais les résultats ne sont pas clairs. Au Québec et au Canada, on possède peu de données sur la prévalence de la dépression chez les personnes âgées et de son association avec les relations sociales. Peu d’études ont examiné le rôle des relations sociales sur l’utilisation des services de santé par les personnes âgées déprimées. Le but de cette recherche était d’examiner le rôle des relations sociales dans la présence de la dépression et dans la consultation chez un professionnel de la santé des personnes âgées déprimées, au Québec. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail visait à : 1) examiner les associations entre les relations sociales et les troubles dépressifs selon la région de résidence; 2) examiner les associations différentielles des relations sociales sur la dépression des femmes et des hommes âgés; 3) examiner le rôle des relations sociales dans la consultation auprès d’un professionnel de la santé des personnes âgées déprimées. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons utilisé les données de l’enquête ESA (Enquête sur la Santé des Aînés), réalisée en 2005 -2006 auprès d’un échantillon de 2670 personnes âgées résidant à domicile au Québec, qui nous ont permis de rédiger trois articles. Les troubles dépressifs (incluant la dépression majeure et mineure) ont été mesurés, selon les critères du DSM-IV, en excluant le critère de l’altération du fonctionnement social, professionnel ou dans d’autres domaines importants, à l’aide du questionnaire ESA développé par l’équipe de recherche. Les relations sociales ont été mesurées à l’aide de cinq variables : (1) le réseau social; (2) l’intégration sociale; (3) le soutien social, (4) la perception d’utilité auprès des proches et (5) la présence de relations conflictuelles avec le conjoint, les enfants, les frères et sœurs et les amis. Des modèles de régression logistique multiple ont été ajustés aux données pour estimer les rapports de cote et leur intervalle de confiance à 95 %. Nos résultats ont montré des prévalences de dépression plus élevées chez les personnes qui résident dans les régions rurales et urbaines, comparées à celles qui résident dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. La pratique du bénévolat, le soutien social et les relations non conflictuelles avec le conjoint sont associés à une faible prévalence de dépression, indépendamment du type de résidence. Comparés aux hommes, les femmes ont une prévalence de dépression plus élevée. L’absence de confident est associée à une prévalence de dépression élevée, tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes. La probabilité de dépression est plus élevée chez les hommes veufs et chez ceux qui ne pratiquent pas d’activités de bénévolat, comparativement à ceux qui sont mariés et font du bénévolat. Chez les femmes, aucune association significative n’a été observée entre le statut marital, le bénévolat et la dépression. Cependant, la présence de relations conflictuelles avec le conjoint est associée avec la dépression, seulement chez les femmes. Les relations avec les enfants, les frères et sœurs et les amis ne sont pas associées avec la dépression dans cette population de personnes âgées du Quebec. En ce qui concerne la consultation chez un professionnel de la santé, nos résultats ont révélé que presque la moitié des personnes âgées dépressives n’ont pas consulté un professionnel de la santé, pour leurs symptômes de dépression, au cours des 12 derniers mois. Par ailleurs, notre étude a montré que les personnes âgées qui disposent de tous les types de soutien (confident, émotionnel et instrumental) consultent plus pour leurs symptômes de dépression que ceux qui ont moins de soutien. Comparativement aux hommes mariés, les femmes mariées consultent plus les professionnels de la santé, ce qui laisse supposer que le réseau de proches (épouse et enfants) semble agir comme un substitut en réduisant la fréquence de consultation chez les hommes. Vu la rareté des études canadiennes sur la prévalence de la dépression chez les personnes âgées et les facteurs psychosociaux qui y sont associés, les résultats de ce travail seront utiles pour les cliniciens et pour les responsables des politiques à l’échelle nationale, provinciale et locale. Ils pourront guider des interventions spécifiques, selon la région de résidence et pour les hommes et les femmes âgées, dans le domaine de la santé mentale. / Depression is an important public health problem among the elderly population due to its high prevalence and its association with disability, mortality and use of health services. Most studies have shown that lack of social networks is associated with depression but results are not clear. In Quebec and in Canada, little evidence exists on the prevalence of depression in the elderly population and on its associations with social relationships. Few studies have examined the associations between social relationships and health services utilisation among the depressed elderly patients. The aim of this work was to examine the role of social relationships on the presence of depression and on the consultation with a health professional by the elderly patient with depression, in Québec. More specifically, this work aimed at examining if: 1) the associations between social relationships and depression varied in rural and urban areas; 2) the associations between social relationships and depression were different in men and in women and 3) assessing the role of social relationships in the consultation of a health professional by the elderly patients with depression. To attain these objectives we have written three articles using data from the ESA survey, conducted in 2005-2006 on a representative sample of 2670 community dwelling people over 65 in Quebec. Depressive disorders (including major and minor depression) were measured by the DSM-IV criteria using the ESA questionnaire developed by the research team which excludes the criteria on limitations of social functioning. Social relationships were measured by aspects of social networks (marital status and diversity of ties), engagement in community social activities (religious attendance, frequenting social centers, and volunteerism), social support and perception of usefulness and presence of conflict in the relationships with spouse, children, siblings and friends. Multiple logistic regressions were adjusted to estimate odds ratios and their 95 % confidence intervals. Prevalence of depression was higher among those living in urban and rural areas of Quebec compared with metropolitan Montreal. Volunteerism, social support and not having conflict with the spouse were associated with lower frequency of depression independently of the area of residence. Women had higher prevalence of depression compared with men. Lack of a confident was associated with higher frequency of depression both in men and in women. Men who were widows and those who were not involved in volunteer work had higher odds of depression than men in other marital situations and men who were volunteering. Marital status and volunteer work were not associated with depression in women. However, conflict in marriage was associated with depression in women. Relationships with children, siblings and friends are not associated with depression in this population of elderly people from Quebec. Concerning consultation with a health professional for symptoms of depression, we have shown that approximately half of those depressed elderly, both among men and among women, have not consulted for their symptoms in the last 12 months. Consultation is associated with high levels of support, but the immediate network (spouse and siblings) seems to act as a substitute for depressed elderly men, reducing their frequency of consultation. Given the scarcity of Canadian studies on depression prevalence among the elderly population, these results on depression and its associated factors provide important information for clinicians and decision makers for planning and targeting of services by area of residence and for both men and women.

The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge about how a few pedagogues apprehend playing’s opportunities to create social relationships between children. The purpose is also to contribute knowledge about how a few pedagogues apprehend their role in children’s relationship work in playing. To obtain empirical material to our study we have completed qualitative interviews with eight pedagogues who work in extended school in four different schools. The theoretical framework we have used to analyze the empirical data is symbolic interactionism, in particular concepts from Erving Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959). According to the pedagogues, playing create social relationships between children by their fantasy, creativity and by their own initiative. According to the pedagogues, playing clarifies children how to work together and how to behave towards other children. To include and prevent children from being excluded the pedagogues use different tools to support them in entering social relationships with other children. The pedagogues use free play to get children to learn how to take responsibility and in an independently way create new social relationships with other children. The pedagogues use adult- conducted play to get children to interact in play, to enter community and create social relationships. The pedagogues feel they are in children´s free play depending on how the children act for example if there is a problem regarding children´s language or behavior in playing. In adult-conducted play the pedagogues apprehend their role to be an explicit and determined leader and be the one who always controls children’s play. The pedagogues also apprehend their role in adult-conducted play to break up subgroups and lead the children away from evil playing. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur ett antal pedagoger uppfattar lekens möjligheter för barn att skapa sociala relationer. Syftet är även att bidra med kunskap om hur ett antal pedagoger uppfattar sin roll i barns relationsarbete i leken. För att samla in empiriskt material till vår studie har vi genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta pedagoger som arbetar på fritidshem på fyra olika skolor. För att analysera det empiriska materialet använder vi oss av symbolisk interaktionism i form av ett antal begrepp från Erving Goffmans Jaget och maskerna: En studie i vardagslivets dramatik (1959). Pedagogerna uppfattar att leken skapar sociala relationer mellan barnen via deras fantasi, kreativitet, egna initiativ. Pedagogerna uppfattar att i leken får barnen lära sig att samarbeta och hur man ske bete sig mot andra barn. För att inkludera och motverka att barn är exkluderade uppfattar pedagogerna att de använder sig av olika verktyg för att stötta dem att ingå i sociala relationer med andra barn. Pedagogerna uppfattar att fri lek används för att barnen ska lära sig att ta ansvar och på ett självständigt sätt skapa nya sociala relationer med andra barn. Pedagogerna uppfattar att de använder styrd lek för att barnen ska få interagera i lek, ingå i gemenskap och skapa sociala relationer. Pedagogerna uppfattar att de intar olika roller i barnens fria lek beroende på hur barnen agerar i leken. Bland annat om det är problem angående barnens språkbruk eller beteende i leken. I den styrda leken uppfattar pedagogerna att sin roll är att vara en tydlig och bestämd ledare och hela tiden vara den som styr barnens lek. Pedagogerna uppfattar även att sin roll i den styrda leken är att bryta upp subgrupper och leda barnen bort från ondskefulla lekar.

Phénomène émergent, l’usage des réseaux sociaux en ligne et des outils informatiques mobiles croît de façon exponentielle et tend à se généraliser. Leur développement envahit peu à peu tous les espaces de vie, marquant plus particulièrement celui des entreprises, le monde du travail. La question du rapport entre les nouvelles technologies et le droit du travail n'est pas nouvelle, elle date de l'introduction de l'informatique dans la sphère sociale, notamment dans les relations collectives. Pour autant, l'examen de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence récentes témoigne largement de nouvelles problématiques juridiques quant à l'utilisation de moyens de communication sans limite de temps et d'espace. L’usage d’internet, et plus spécifiquement des réseaux sociaux dans l’entreprise déséquilibre les relations de travail en confrontant le pouvoir de l’employeur aux droits et libertés émergents et intimement liés aux nouvelles pratiques salariales. Ces nouveaux rapports invitent à remodeler la législation sociale pour une garantie des droits et libertés qui se veut effective. Les réseaux sociaux d’entreprises interrogent enfin sur le renouvellement du dialogue social dans l’entreprise dans une société démocratique de l’information. Brouillant les anciens cadres de référence, les nouvelles technologies de la communication invitent à une réflexion sur le devenir du droit du travail. / An emerging phenomenon, online social network and mobile apps usage has increased exponentially and is becoming widespread. Their exponential adoption offers a multitude of possibilities which is gradually invading living spaces, and in particular the professional world. The link between new technologies and employment law is not really new and dates from the arrival of IT (Information Technology) into the professional world, especially in collective relationships. However, recent doctrine and jurisprudence examinations surface new legal issues in regards to the use of new communication means that don’t have any time and space limits. Internet usage, and more precisely social network usage within companies, destabilises employment laws and leads to a confrontation between employer rights and the employees’ emerging rights and freedoms according to new practices. Companies’ relationship to social networks resurface questions about the renewal of industrial relationships inside a company that belongs to a democratic information-based society. Reshaping old frameworks, and new communication technologies encourages a wider reconsideration of future employment laws.