Cette thèse, s’inscrivant dans une approche sociocognitive, étudie l’apprentissage professionnel dans une formation d’enseignants du 2nd degré se spécialisant pour scolariser les élèves en situation de handicap. Son objectif est de montrer que l’enseignant en formation de spécialisation construit des savoirs professionnels dans l’interaction sociale en présentiel et en ligne avec ses pairs par le biais d’outils du dispositif hybride, en particulier à travers un carnet de bord en ligne. Notre cadre théorique mobilise les théories de l’apprentissage professionnel. La construction sociale des apprentissages prend en compte l’importance de l’environnement social, culturel et la place de l’individu dans la construction des savoirs, tout en mobilisant les interactions via différentes modalités. Les savoirs professionnels peuvent être mobilisés par l’enseignant et repérés en tant que savoirs énoncés dans le carnet de bord en ligne, en tant que savoirs perçus par l’évolution du niveau du sentiment d’efficacité professionnelle (SEPro) et en tant que savoirs constatés dans les pratiques enseignantes d’adaptation en classe et hors la classe. À partir d’une méthodologie mixte, cette recherche présente les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès de cinq enseignants du 2nd degré poursuivant une formation de spécialisation (2CA-SH) dans un contexte hybride à l’ESPE de Toulouse. Une comparaison est conduite en parallèle sur l’évolution du niveau de SEPro avec un groupe d’enseignants suivant la même formation en présentiel (n= 24) et un groupe sans formation (n =58). L’analyse des éléments empiriques montre que les interactions en ligne et présentielles entre pairs permettent de construire des savoirs professionnels relatifs aux gestes d’adaptation et à la connaissance des élèves et que ces savoirs se diversifient sur l’année. Les savoirs construits sont mobilisés dans leur SEPro, leurs pratiques et dans l’élaboration du carnet en ligne. La mise en relation de la nature des savoirs professionnels et des processus de construction à l’œuvre (apprentissage social) permet de mettre au jour les processus privilégiés par les enseignants interagissant entre pairs en présentiel et en ligne et de proposer un modèle de l’apprentissage social en contexte de formation hybride. / This thesis, in a social cognitive approach, studies the professional learning of secondary education teachers specializing in disabled pupils. The goal is to show that under specializing learning teachers build professional knowledge in the social interaction whether on-site or on-line with their peers thanks to the hybrid system tools; especially thanks to an on-line log book. Our theoretical framework gathers professional learning theories. The social construction of learning takes into account the importance of the social and cultural environments, the individual’s place when building knowledge, as well as the interactions through different aspects. The professional knowledge can be used by the teacher and be seen as knowledge mentioned in the on-line log book, as the perceived knowledge through the evolution of the Professional Feeling of Efficiency level (SEPro in French), as well as the perceived knowledge in the teacher’s practice when adapting to class and outside the classroom. From a mixed methodology, this study presents the survey results performed following five teachers from the secondary education under a specializing learning (2CA-SH: Accreditation for specialized teachers for secondary school and higher levels) in a hybrid context at the ESPE of Toulouse (Teaching and Learning Graduate School). A comparison is done parallel to the SEPro level evolution with a group of teachers following the same on-site training (n= 24) and a group without training (n =58). The analysis of the empirical elements shows that the on-line and on-site interactions with peers let them build professional knowledge linked to adaptive professional behaviors and the pupils understanding. It also shows that knowledge becomes diversified during the learning year. The built knowledge is used in their SEPro, in their practice and in the elaboration of the on-line log book. The link between the professional knowledge nature and the learning process (social learning) allows to highlight the processes the teachers interacting on-site and on-line with peers prefer. It also allows to propose a social learning model in the context of a hybrid learning. / Esta tesis, que se inscribe en una lógica socio cognitiva, estudia el aprendizaje profesional en el marco de una formación de profesores del grado Superior especializados en el tratamiento de alumnos con discapacidad. Su objetivo consiste en mostrar que el profesor en formación especializada construye conocimientos profesionales en la interacción social en presencial y a distancia con sus colegas gracias a herramientas del dispositivo híbrido, en especial a través de un diario de a bordo en línea. Nuestro marco teórico moviliza las teorías del aprendizaje profesional. La construcción social de los aprendizajes toma en cuenta la importancia del entorno social, cultural y el lugar del individuo en la construcción de los conocimientos, al mismo tiempo que moviliza las interacciones a través de diferentes modalidades. Los conocimientos profesionales pueden ser movilizados por el profesor e identificados como conocimientos listados en el diario de a bordo en línea, como conocimientos percibidos por la evolución del nivel de sentimiento de eficiencia profesional (SEPro) y como conocimientos constatados en las prácticas de adaptación en clase y fuera de clases. A partir de una metodología mixta, esta investigación presenta los resultados de una encuesta realizada con cinco profesores del grado Superior que siguieron una formación especializada (2CA-SH: Certificado de especialización complementaria del grado Superior) en un contexto híbrido en la ESPE (Escuela Superior de Profesorado y de la Educación) de Tolosa. Un comparativo se realizó en paralelo con la evolución del nivel de SEPro con un grupo de profesores que realizaron la misma formación presencial (n= 24) y un grupo sin formación (n =58). El análisis de los elementos empíricos muestra que las interacciones en línea y presenciales entre colegas permiten construir conocimientos profesionales relativos a los gestos de adaptación y al conocimiento de los alumnos y que dichos conocimientos se diversifican conforme pasa el año. Los conocimientos construidos son movilizados en su SEPro, en sus prácticas y en la elaboración del diario de a bordo. La interconexión de la naturaleza de los conocimientos profesionales y de los procesos de construcción de obras (aprendizaje social) permite actualizar los procesos privilegiados por los profesores que interactúan entre ellos en presencial y en línea y proponer un modelo de aprendizaje social en contexto de formación híbrida.

Apesar dos morcegos hematófagos serem muito estudados, diversos aspectos de sua biologia e de seu papel na transmissão da raiva ainda não são conhecidos. O objetivo da presente tese foi estudar os abrigos diurnos, os agrupamentos e o comportamento agonístico do morcego hematófago comum, Desmodus rotundus, e sua relação com a raiva dos herbívoros no Vale do Paraíba. Foi possível também obter informações sobre as duas outras espécies de morcegos hematófagos, especialmente de Diphylla ecaudata. Entre 2011 e 2014, dados sobre abrigos diurnos, composição dos agrupamentos, lesões corporais, diagnóstico de raiva e sorologia antirrábica de D. rotundus foram obtidos nos municípios de Jacareí, Paraibuna, Pindamonhangaba, Salesópolis, Santa Branca e São Luiz do Paraitinga no Vale do Paraíba, Sudeste do estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil. Foram estudados 14 abrigos diurnos de D. rotundus, dos quais 12 eram construções abandonadas na área rural. Desmodus rotundus partilhou abrigos diurnos com apenas cinco espécies de filostomídeos: Diphylla ecaudata, Chrotopterus auritus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina e Anoura caudifer. O tempo de recolonização desses abrigos diurnos por D. rotundus foi em média 12,5 meses, com uma variação entre três e 25 meses. O tamanho dos agrupamentos variou de dois a 79 indivíduos, com uma média de 15,6 morcegos/grupo. Fêmeas foram encontradas em 15 agrupamentos, com uma média de 13 fêmeas e uma variação entre uma e 55 fêmeas/grupo. Por outro lado, machos estiveram mais presentes nos agrupamentos, ocorrendo em quase todos (N=21), com uma média de 7,1 machos/grupo e uma variação de um a 24 machos. Sete agrupamentos foram considerados de machos solteiros. Onze dos 22 agrupamentos eram constituídos de colônia e grupo de machos solteiros. O dimorfismo sexual no comprimento do antebraço de D. rotundus do Vale do Paraíba foi estatisticamente significativo e sugere que as fêmeas são maiores 13 do que os machos. Lesões corporais, atribuídas às mordeduras provocadas por outros morcegos, foram encontradas em 76,7 por cento dos indivíduos de D. rotundus, tanto em machos como em fêmeas. A região mais atingida foram as membranas alares, com 68 por cento , porém lesões nas orelhas, face e membros foram menos frequentes (23,1 por cento nas fêmeas e 26,9 por cento nos machos). Acredita-se que as lesões nessas regiões sejam mais importantes nos mecanismos de transmissão de raiva. Apesar de ter analisado 310 amostras de encéfalos de D. rotundus do Vale do Paraíba, o resultado foi negativo em todas as amostras. A sorologia mostrou que todos os morcegos apresentaram positividade em diferentes graus. Contudo, se considerarmos o ponto de corte 0,5 UI/ml, o número de indivíduos positivos caiu para 30,1 por cento (N=90), sendo 30,9 por cento nas fêmeas e 28,8 por cento em machos. Apesar de nenhum indivíduo de D. rotundus positivo para a raiva ter sido encontrado no Vale do Paraíba durante a presente tese, a sorologia positiva de, pelo menos, 30 por cento mostra que há vírus da raiva circulando em sua população. Essa alta circulação viral pode ter sido favorecida pelas interações agonísticas, que causam lesões em mais de 75 por cento dos morcegos, a formação compacta (em penca) dos agrupamentos, o grooming social, a reciprocidade e partilha alimentar / Despite the hematophagous bats are very studied, many aspects of their biology and their role in the transmission of rabies are not yet known. The aim of this thesis was to study the diurnal shelters, groups and the agonistic behavior of the common hematophagous, Desmodus rotundus, and its relation to the cattle rabies in the Paraíba Valley. It was also possible to obtain information about the two other species of vampire bats, especially Diphylla ecaudata. Between 2011 and 2014, data on diurnal shelters, composition of groups, body injuries, diagnosis of rabies and rabies serology D. rotundus were gathered from the cities of Jacarei, Paraibuna, Pindamonhangaba, Salesópolis, Santa Branca and São Luiz do Paraitinga in the Valley Paraíba, Southeastern of São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. Fourteen diurnal shelters of D. rotundus were studied here and 12 were abandoned buildings in rural areas. Desmodus rotundus shared daytime shelters with only five species of phyllostomid bats: Diphylla ecaudata, Chrotopterus auritus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina and Anoura caudifer. The time of recolonization of these roosts by D. rotundus was on average 12.5 months, ranging from three to 25 months. The size of the groups ranged from two to 79 individuals, with a mean of 15.6 bats/group. Females were found in 15 groups with an average of 13 females/group and ranging between one and 55 females. Moreover, males were present in most groups from Paraíba Valley, occurring in almost all (N = 21), with an average of 7.1 males/group, and a variation of 24 males. Seven groups were considered to be single males groups. Eleven of the 22 groups were made up of colony and single male groups. Sexual dimorphism in the forearm length of D. rotundus from the Paraíba Valley was statistically significant and suggests that females are larger than males. Body Injuries, attributed to bites caused by other bats were found in 76.7 per cent of individuals of D. rotundus, in both males and females. The most affected region was the wing membranes, with 68 per cent , but lesions on the ears, face and limbs were less frequent (23.1 per cent in females and 26.9 per cent in males). It is believed that injuries in these regions are more important in the rabies transmission mechanism. Despite having analyzed 310 samples of brains of D. rotundus from the Paraíba Valley, the result was negative in all samples. Serology showed that all bats were positive in varying degrees. However, if we consider the cut off 0.5 IU/ml, the number of positive samples dropped to 30.1 per cent (N = 90) and 30.9 per cent in females and 28.8 per cent males. Although no individual of D. rotundus positive for rabies was found in the Paraíba Valley during this thesis, the positive serology at least 30 per cent shows that there is rabies virus circulating in this bat population. This high viral circulation may have been favored by agonistic interactions, that cause lesions in more than 75 per cent of the bats, the compact formation (in clusters) of groups, social grooming, reciprocity and food sharing.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study is inserted in the context of analysis of social interaction processes in urban areas, from the perspective of sociology of daily lives and in large cities, where from then seeks to apprehend these processes and reveal the minutiae of the day-to -day of individual users of such spaces. This research has as an empirical object the Praça da Alfândega located in the historic center of Porto Alegre; in order to investigate and apprehend the everyday peculiarities of individuals that take the square as a space for social interactions. The social reality of large urban centers brings with it a variety of forms, different from each other, of social interactions, and the city, for its complexity, a great laboratory studies of society and daily life, as it is home to a multiplicity of worlds, a plurality of contents, that individual takes for himself and prepares them in interactions, in socialization processes and practiced sociability. It is argued in this paper initially the influence of the writings of Georg Simmel for urban studies and social relations that underlie from ephemeral social interactions processes to sociability. Make a presentation of the field of sociology of daily life, as a form of analysis that emphasizes the individual's subjective processes, how they interact with each other and with the social reality around them in their day-to-day, revealing then, from microsocial analysis the interactions that underlie this reality. In the second part of this paper we will deal with an analysis of the formation of the empirical object (Praça da Alfândega) and the socio-spatial transformations that happened in it. Later we enter the current empirical field and data analysis in an attempt to capture the daily life of the square, its social representations, social mapping and social interactions allocated in such urban space. The urban studies, regarding the social sciences contribute to the knowledge of the urban social reality. The growth of cities, reflecting the population growth that largely derived from the rural exodus, attracted by the industrial development, leads us to one facet of the possibilities of such transformations studies that underlie most of the time for socioeconomic analysis in the macro-structural level. But on the other hand, these changes allow us also to analyze the social processes in its micro category, revealing the dynamics that underlie the urban social reality, and therefore the socio-spatial transformations; the social relations of this urban man and the social interactions processes in which it is immersed, and that will reflect the dynamic and social practices in urban spaces. / Este estudo se insere no contexto de análises dos processos de interações sociais nos espaços urbanos, dentro da perspectiva da sociologia da vida cotidiana das e nas grandes cidades, onde a partir de então pretende-se apreender tais processos e revelar as minúcias do dia a dia dos indivíduos usuários de tais espaços. Esta pesquisa tem como objeto empírico a Praça da Alfândega situada no Centro Histórico da cidade de Porto Alegre; com o objetivo de investigar e apreender as particularidades do cotidiano dos indivíduos que tomam a Praça como um espaço de interações sociais. A realidade social dos grandes centros urbanos traz consigo uma pluralidade de formas, diferentes entre si, de interações sociais, sendo a cidade, por sua complexidade, um grande laboratório de estudos da sociedade, e da vida cotidiana, uma vez que abriga uma multiplicidade de mundos, uma pluralidade de conteúdos, que o indivíduo toma pra si e elabora-os nas interações, nos processos de socialização e nas sociabilidades praticadas. Discute-se nesse trabalho inicialmente a influência dos escritos de Georg Simmel para os estudos urbanos e as relações sociais que perpassam desde processos de interações sociais efêmeras até de sociabilidades. Fazemos uma apresentação do campo da sociologia da vida cotidiana, como uma forma de análise que privilegia os processos de subjetivação do indivíduo, como estes interagem entre si e com a realidade social que os cercam no seu dia a dia, revelando assim, a partir de análises microssociais as interações que permeiam tal realidade. Na segunda parte deste trabalho trataremos de uma análise da formação do objeto empírico (a Praça da Alfândega) e as transformações socioespaciais ocorridas na mesmo. Posteriormente entramos no campo empírico atual e análise dos dados, na tentativa de apreender a vida cotidiana da Praça, suas representações sociais, sua cartografia social e as interações sociais alocadas em tal espaço urbano. Os estudos urbanos, no que tange as Ciências Sociais contribuem para o conhecimento da realidade social urbana. O crescimento das cidades, reflexo do aumento populacional que, em grande medida derivado do êxodo rural, atraídos pelo desenvolvimento industrial, nos remete a uma faceta das possibilidades de estudos de tais transformações, que perpassam a maioria das vezes por análises socioeconômicas na esfera macroestrutural. Porém, por outro lado, essas transformações nos permitem também analisar os processos sociais na sua categoria micro, desvelando as dinâmicas que perpassam a realidade social urbana, e consequentemente as transformações socioespaciais; as relações sociais desse homem urbano e os processos de interações sociais em que o mesmo está imerso, e que irá refletir nas dinâmicas e práticas sociais nos espaços urbanos.

L’italia è un paese che invecchia rapidamente. Oggi il marketing dedica una rinnovata attenzione a questo fenomeno, cercando di valorizzarne appieno le potenzialità. La ricerca analizza le caratteristiche peculiari del cliente “over 65” con l’obiettivo di comprenderne specificità e value driver e di orientare correttamente le azioni volte alla creazione di valore. L’analisi è stata condotta in tre ambiti distinti: 1) Grande distribuzione organizzata indagando il ruolo dell’in-store design rispetto alla progettazione dell’esperienza di acquisto del cliente silver con un focus specifico sul ruolo della nostalgia; 2) Settore bancario focalizzando l’attenzione sulle variabili più rilevanti per la creazione di fiducia e sulle relazioni tra fiducia ed importanza attribuita ad un set di variabili; 3) Settore sanitario, indagando la propensione alla spesa a fronte di elementi migliorativi del servizio ed il grado di accettazione di logiche di prezzo dinamico. La metodologia adottata è una survey condotta per mezzo di un questionario. I dati sono stati raccolti mediante interviste interpersonali e interviste CATI. Complessivamente, è stato raggiunto un campione di 1550 soggetti. I dati sono stati elaborati con analisi di moderazione/mediazione e analisi cluster. I risultati ottenuti hanno consentito di profilare i segmenti senior limitatamente ai loro value driver, evidenziando il ruolo della sfera sociale e relazionale, che si conferma la variabile più critica nell’orientare comportamenti e preferenze. / Italy is a rapidly aging country. Today marketing is showing a renewed attention to this phenomenon, trying to fully exploit its potential. The research analyzes the specific characteristics of the "over 65" customer with the objective of understanding its value drivers in order to correctly guide managerial actions aimed at providing value. The analysis was conducted in three different contexts: 1) Mass retailers, looking at the impact of in-store design solutions on silver customers experience with a specific focus on the role of nostalgia; 2) Banking sector, to identify the variables which impact the most on trust in banks and the financial sector and on the relationships between trust and the importance attributed to a set of other variables; 3) Healthcare sector, investigating the willingness to pay for service improvements and dynamic pricing degree of acceptance. The adopted methodology is a survey developed through questionnaires. Data were collected through personal interviews and CATI. Overall 1550 respondents were reached. Moderation/mediation analysis and cluster analysis were performed on the collected data. Results allow to define different segments of silver customers by identifying their value driver, especially highlighting the specific role played by social interactions.

My thesis is dealing with the social system of an organisation and its quality. It is divided in the theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part I describe general aspects of an organisation concerning it a system of social relationships. I look at the development of an organisation in the course of time and I make an overview of the indicators and instruments used for measuring the system's quality. I applied my theoretical knowledge in the practical part. I measured the quality of social relationships with the indicators as social values and standards, corporate ethics and social climate. I consider them the most important in my thesis.

The Swedish national regulations and advice that the Covid-19 pandemic has entailed have resulted in individuals staying at home to a greater extent. This has led to individuals not having physical social interactions to the same extent as before the pandemic. These limitations have meant that digital technology has become an important role in today's society where individuals in virtual groups and virtual communities have had their social needs met online rather than in real life. This is a qualitative survey in which results are based on six semi-structured interviews and 192 questionnaire responses. The respondents consist of adults living in Sweden. Results show that participation in gaming-based voice-mediated online communities helps individuals to fullfil their social needs as well as reduce feelings of loneliness and depression. The availability of such communities enables them to replace social contact when it is otherwise impractical to meet in real life, for example during the Covid-19 pandemic or when the individuals are geographically separated. Individuals in gaming-based voice-mediated online communities have often been attached to other members for a long time, the interactions are not limited to gaming and they can integrate individuals in these communities to their offline-life. They also have greater control over when and for how long they participate along with flexibility which allows the participants to decide how involved in the conversation they wish to be at any given time. Through internet-based communication individuals can selectively and strategically present themselves, which in a positive way distorts the perception between the individuals and result in more intimate and intensive conversations.

Ensamhet har under de senaste åren blivit ett större problem. Om det beror på teknik, ensamboende eller prioriteringar på karriären är svårt att veta, troligtvis på alla dessa. Ensamhet kan leda till allvarliga hälsoproblem, både psykiska och fysiska så som depression och ökad risk för hjärtsjukdomar och stroke. Ensamhet är därför ett folkhälsoproblem som måste hanteras. Den byggda miljön är också något som påverkar människors känsla av ensamhet, det är den sortens ensamhet som märks i offentliga rum. Detta kallas urban loneliness och är den typ av ensamhet som undersöks i detta projekt. Under Covid-19-pandemin rekommenderade Folkhälsomyndigheten social distansering vilket gjorde att fler människor kände sig ensamma. När man träffade andra skulle man helst vara ute i offentliga utrymmen. Det är därför projektet undersöker hur Covid-19 har påverkat betydelsen av offentliga rum. Forskningsfrågan som används är följande. Vilka egenskaper (design och struktur) ska ett offentligt rum ha för att vara attraktivt och motverka urban ensamhet? För att besvara frågan har tre områden i Stockholm använts som fallstudier; Vällingby Centrum, Liljeholmstorget och Sickla Stråket. För att samla information har relevant litteratur och dokument lästs, det har även gjorts en enkätundersökning och direkta observationer inom de tre områdena. Projektet visade att egenskaper i offentliga utrymmen påverkar känslan av ensamhet. Det är dock svårt att veta exakt vilka som är de viktigaste eftersom det är individuellt. Offentliga platser har på något sätt varit viktiga för människor under pandemin. Men på grund av timingen och den korta tidsperioden detta projekt pågår är det svårt att förstå hur mycket och exakt för vem, för att få reda på detta skulle det behövas ytterligare undersökningar. / Loneliness has been an increasing issue during later years in Stockholm. Whether it is because of technology, solo living or career priorities is hard to know, probably all of them. Loneliness can lead to serious health issues, both mental and physical such as depression and increased risk of heart diseases and strokes. Loneliness is therefore a public health problem that needs to be dealt with. The built environment is also something that affects people's feeling of loneliness, this is the kind of loneliness which is felt in public spaces. This is called urban loneliness and is the kind of loneliness which is examined in this project. During the Covid-19 pandemic the Public Health Agency recommended social distancing which created more people feeling lonely. While meeting others one was preferably supposed to be outside in public spaces. This is why the project examines how Covid-19 has affected the importance of public spaces. The research question used is the following.  What characteristics (design and structure) should a public space have to be attractive and counteract Urban loneliness? To answer the question three areas in Stockholm have been used as case studies; Vällingby Centrum, Liljeholmstorget and Sickla Stråket. To gather information relevant literature and documents has been read as well as surveys and direct observations in the three areas. The project showed that elements in public spaces do affect the feeling of loneliness. It is however difficult to know exactly which ones are the most important since it is individual. Public spaces have somehow been important for people during the pandemic. However due to the timing and the short time period of this project it is difficult to understand how much and for whom, in order to find this out, further investigations would be needed.

hälsotillstånd. Individer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, autism, eller båda nedsättningar, har ofta högre risk att hamna i social isolering än individer utan dessa funktionsnedsättningar. Forskning saknas kring hur Augmented Reality-spel kan tillämpas för att underlätta sociala interaktioner för vuxna individer med autism, intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, eller båda funktionsnedsättningar. Tidigare forskning undersöker ämnet mer generellt och fokuserar mer frekvent på barn och unga individer som målgrupp, denna forskning har dock visat positiva resultat gällande Augmented Reality som stöd för utlärandet av viktiga vardagskunskaper. Det problem denna studie ämnar att undersöka är hur vuxna individer med dessa typer av funktionsnedsättningar har en högre risk att hamna i social isolering, samt att det idag finns en brist på forskning kring riktlinjer om hur spel kan utformas för denna målgrupp. Social isolering är när en individ upplever social ensamhet, bristfällig kontakt med familj, social oro och depression Genom att utveckla en Augmented Reality-app-prototyp ämnar författarna att undersöka dess potential för att öka sociala interaktioner mellan vuxna individer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, autism eller båda funktionsnedsättningar. Genom att individerna använder funktionen i appen “ring en vän” så uppstår det en chans för att de träffas. På det sättet hoppas författarna av denna studie att slutprodukten skulle kunna skapa fler sociala interaktioner. Datainsamlingen utförs genom observationer och intervjuer med personal från en daglig verksamhet som dagligen interagerar med individer från målgruppen, med syfte att ge kunskap om Augmented Reality som undervisningshjälpmedel för individer med förutnämnda funktionsnedsättningar. Författarna av denna studie kodar och kategoriserade sedan datan i teman för att undersöka resultatet. I denna studie uppkommer det att det är svårt för personalen på den dagliga verksamheten att motverka social isolering för individerna med de förutnämnda funktionsnedsättningarna. Resultatet visar att det finns intresse och potential för Augmented Reality som ett hjälpmedel för att motverka social isolering. Författarna uppfattar det som att studien har brister då den data som samlats in inte hämtats från den aktuella målgruppen. Framtida forskning skulle kunna vidareutveckla artefakten som har skapats för denna studie. Framtida forskning skulle också kunna utforska möjligheten att utveckla “ring en vän” funktionen till ett verktyg som skulle kunna appliceras på olika applikationer / Social isolation, which is when an individual is distanced from their desired or necessary social networks, can lead to deteriorated mental health. Individuals with intellectual disabilities, autism, or both disabilities often have a higher risk of experiencing social isolation compared to individuals without these disabilities. There is a lack of research on how Augmented Reality games can be applied to facilitate social interactions for adults with autism, intellectual disabilities, or both disabilities. Previous research has explored the topic more generally and has focused more frequently on children and young individuals as the target audience. However, this research has shown positive results regarding the use of Augmented Reality as a support for learning essential life skills. The problem this study aims to investigate is how adults with these types of disabilities are at a higher risk of experiencing social isolation, and there is currently a lack of research on guidelines for designing games for this target group. Social isolation occurs when an individual experiences social loneliness, lack of contact with family, social anxiety, and depression. By developing an Augmented Reality app prototype, the authors intend to examine its potential to increase social interactions among adults with intellectual disabilities, autism, or both disabilities. By using the "call a friend" feature in the app, there is an opportunity for individuals to meet face to face. In this way, we hope that the end product could create more social interactions. Data collection is performed through observations and interviews with staff from a daily activity center who interact with individuals from the target group on a daily basis. The purpose is to provide knowledge about the use of Augmented Reality as an educational tool for individuals with the aforementioned disabilities. The authors of this study then code and categorize the data into themes to investigate the results. This study reveals that it is challenging for the staff at the daily activity center to counteract social isolation for individuals with the aforementioned disabilities. The results demonstrate that there is interest and potential for Augmented Reality as a tool to counteract social isolation. The authors perceive the study to have limitations as the data collected was not obtained directly from the actual target group. Future research could further develop the artifact that has been created,and could also explore the possibility of expanding the "call a friend" function into a tool that could be applied to different applications.

If democratic society is to avert the dire straits that may come from decreasing levels of political participation and civic engagement, all potential explanatory factors must be explored. The purpose of this paper is to i) elucidate how the modeling and self-efficacy mechanisms of social learning theory affect individuals’ decisions to participate politically or not, and ii) assess the applicability of the relatively unutilized social learning theory in studies on political socialization and participation, respectively. By conducting a study composed of life history interviews, the paper aims to contribute to the research field by providing new explanations on how and why participatory behavior occurs in individuals, potentially filling a research gap by using and developing the previously unutilized social learning theory. The study finds that the proposed social learning theory mechanisms appear to have some explanatory power in the context of individuals’ political participation and asserts that social learning theory may very well be applicable in similar future studies as a complement to other explanatory factors.

In 2020, the world was struck by the Covid-19 pandemic. Recommendations to limit physically meeting with others caused somewhat of a paradigm shift in how office workers perform their work. A massive shift to remote work occurred and exposed the workforce to the remote work’s shortcomings and problems. Based on a literature study, remote workers were found to lack social interactions that happen automatically in an office. Therefore, a proposed solution of scheduling regular, social, and informal interaction sessions was tested in an experiment using Microsoft Teams with full-time, remote IT workers. To facilitate informal social interactions during these experiment sessions, the participants were allowed to play a few different games, participate in social activities or not participate at all. Analysis of the results from the experiment showed a slight improvement in the measured factors over the course of the experiment. However, only a decrease in emotional exhaustion was found to be statistically significant. Therefore, the results are insufficient to argue for or against the implementation of regular informal social interactions with a goal of improving employees’ remote working environment. The experiment had several areas which could be improved, particularly the scale and availability of the experiment. Future research should take into account the suggested areas of improvement for the experiment, specifically scaling up a similar experiment in order to support or refute the implementation of regular social interactions as part of a remote working environment. The increase in remote work is believed to persist in the future. Therefore, the drawbacks of remote work merit additional research to uncover techniques to mitigate them. Moreover, due to the nature of their work, IT workers have ample opportunities to work remotely. A suitable environment in which to work remotely can help them benefit from remote work while experiencing less of its negative effects. / Under början av året 2020 drabbades världen av Covid-19 pandemin. Rekommendationer att minimera fysisk kontakt med andra människor förändrade kontorsarbetares arbetsmiljö drastiskt. En omfattande förflytterlse av arbete till distansarbete skedde och syngligjorde dess nackdelar. Denna ökning av distansarbete förväntas fortsätta i framtiden. Nackdelarna hos distansarbete meriterar ytterliggare undersökningar kring tillvägagångsätt för att reducera dem. En av de vanligaste rapporterade nackdelarna är den socialt isolerande effekten. Detta examensarbete kommer fokusera på att undersöka hur man kan reducera den socialt isolerande effekten av distansarbete på heltid hos IT-arbetare. IT-arbetares arbetssätt har stora möjligheter för distansarbete. Därför skulle en bra miljö för distansarbete gynna IT-arbetare och göra det möjligt för fler individer att ta del av fördelarna från distansarbete. Innan pandemin var distansarbetare selektivt utvalda utefter deras personliga möjligheter att lyckas. Under pandemin så har även de individer som passar mindre bra för distansarbete även behövt jobba på distans. Detta gör det möjligt att undersöka möljliga förbättringsätt för fler typer av individer. Baserat på en literaturstudie så har det tydligjorts att distansarbetare saknar den sociala interaktion som sker automatistk i en kontorsmiljö. På grund av detta så föreslogs och testades en möjlig lösning av planerade, regelbundna, sociala och informella tillfällen över Microsoft Teams som ett experiment. För att främja informella och sociala interaktioner under experimenttillfällena så fick deltagarna spela ett par olika spel eller utföra aktiviteter med varandra. Resultaten pekar mot en liten förbättring från experimentet men endast en minsking av känslomässig utmattning var statistiskt significant. Det fanns flera förbättringsområden för experimentet. Sammanfatningsvis var storleken av experimentet och tiden för det, de stora förbättringsområdena. Resultaten är inte starka nog för att kunna tala för eller emot implementerandet av regelbundna, informella, sociala interaktioner med ändamålet att förbättra miljön för distanarbete. Framtida forskning bör ta hänsyn till förbättringsområdena och undersöka en upskalad variant av ett liknande experiment.