While we have a sense of why institutionally marginalized individuals or dominant actors become change agents, it is less clear what motivates privileged insiders - those who have reaped advantages from existing institutional arrangements because of their education, their socio-economic background, their citizenship, their gender, or their race. I combine a symbolic interactionist perspective on social conduct with a structural perspective on frames to explore the process of institutional volition and the conditions under which privileged insiders may become engaged in different types of institutional change work to address societal issues. Institutional volition is the reflective process leading people to engage in purposeful efforts to shape or transform dominant institutional arrangements. My study reveals variances in the institutional volition of privileged insiders that explains why some of these actors engage in work to repair institutions, while others engage in work to transform them, either disrupting or creating institutions. My study draws attention to the distinct role of feelings rather than emotions in determining whether and how privileged insiders engage in institutional change work. It also suggests that these actors commit to transformative change when they acknowledge their complicity in the perpetuation of institutional injustices. Finally, I show that privileged insiders need to reframe their role in order to use it as a resource to engage in institutional disruption or creation work.

Reading aloud is considered an important part of child development yet there are still many children who come to school with limited experience of being read to at home. Research has shown that a contributing factor as to why children have limited experience with reading aloud, linking it to their socio-economic background. In this study, I have therefore decided to investigate if teachers in primary schools feel that they need to have compulsory assignments to reduce disparities in terms of students' experiences of reading aloud at home and how they work to compensate for the lack of reading aloud. In this study, I used three semi-structured interviews where three respondents participated to create an understanding of the issues of this study. The study shows that all teachers read aloud for a series of different reasons. Respondents are well aware of the school's compensatory mission and feel that it is their duty to make up for the lack of reading aloud. / Högläsning anses vara en viktig del av barns utveckling ändå kommer många barn till skolan med begränsad erfarenhet av högläsning i hemmet. Forskning har visat att en bidragande orsak till elever varierade omfattning av högläsning i hemmet kan kopplas till deras socioekonomiska bakgrund. I denna studie har jag därför valt att undersöka om verksamma lärare på lågstadiet anser att de har ett kompensatoriskt uppdrag i att utjämna skillnader vad det gäller elevernas erfarenheter av högläsning i hemmet och hur de då arbetar för att kompensera bristen av högläsning. I denna studie använde jag mig av tre semistrukturerade intervjuer där tre respondenter medverkade för att skapa en förståelse angående de frågeställningar och det syfte denna studie har. Studien visar att samtliga lärare högläser om än i varierad utsträckning i ett kompenserande syfte. Respondenterna är väl medvetna om skolans kompensatoriska uppdrag och de anser att det är deras skyldighet att kompensera för bristen av högläsning.

Caregivers of children with Complex Communication Needs from low socio-economic  backgrounds are deprived of facilities for communication training. As a result, they struggle to communicate with their children even for activities of daily living. This study focuses on how professionals help such parents to communicate with their non-verbal children. Also, it looks into the condition of parents and the facilitators and the barriers professionals face while working in such situations. To conduct the study qualitative study design with an interview method was chosen. Data were collected from seven participants who are special educators. The results revolves around various themes related to the aim. The main results deal with the burden of caregivers, their motivation level, issues related to lack of training, building rapport with parents, the role of parents, and teaching basics. Studying the barriers and facilitators of professionals identified changes in children, parents' positive attitude, regular follow-up, mother as a caregiver, and other support services as facilitators. Barriers were focused on lack of changes, negative attitudes, grandparents as caregivers, hygiene, transportation, and workload. The results indicate that issues were rooted in low socio-economic backgrounds and the need to provide extra support for caregivers to communicate effectively with their children.

Background: Lifestyle related non-communicable diseases are now the biggest cause of death and burden of disease in Thailand. NANDA is an evidence- based classification system of nursing diagnosis. Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify and describe the nursing needs of a patient group from a low socio-economic background located in an urban primary health-care setting in Thailand by using NANDA. Method: The study is a structured observation study with a quantitative approach. The study was conducted at a health- center in Bangkok, Thailand. Result: 42 different NANDA diagnoses were identified in the observed group. In total 609 nursing diagnoses were distributed among 96 patients of which 76 were women. The most frequent nursing need diagnosis found was; Imbalanced nutrition; more than body requirement. The most frequent nursing risk diagnosis identified was: Risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion. Conclusion: The nursing needs observed in the patient group were mainly related to non- communicable diseases. The disease panorama observed in the patient group coherent with findings in international modern research. Significant relationships and patterns between nursing needs could be identified which strengthens the idea of using an instrument such as NANDA. In conducting the study it was evident that some nursing problems did not match with any diagnosis in the NANDA taxonomy. Clinical impact: The study shows the nursing needs among a patient group with low-socio economic backgrounds in an urban primary health care setting in Bangkok. NANDA is a good tool to systematize nursing care in the nursing profession. It can be beneficial for students in similar situations to use a tool like NANDA to categorize their assessments and impressions. / Bakgrund: Livsstil relaterade icke-smittsamma sjukdomar är numera den största dödsorsaken och sjukdomsbördan i Thailand. NANDA är en evidensbaserad klassificeringssystem av omvårdnad diagnos. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva och identifiera omvårdnadsbehov hos en patientgrupp med låg socioekonomisk bakgrund inom primärvården i Bangkok genom att använda NANDA. Metod: Studien är en strukturerad observationsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats. Studien genomfördes på en primärvårsinstans i Bangkok. Resultat: 42 olika NANDA diagnoser identifierades i den observerade gruppen. Totalt fördelades 609 diagnoser på 96 patienter, varav 76 var kvinnor. Vanligaste omvårdnadnadsdiagnosen var Obalanserad kost, mer än kroppsbehovet. Den vanligaste omvårdnads riskdiagnosen identifierad var Risk för minskad hjärtvävnads perfusion. Slutsats: Omvårdnads behovet i den observerade patient gruppen var främst relaterat till icke smittsamma livsstilsrelaterade sjukdomar. Sjukdomspanoramat i den observerade patientgruppen var i överensstämmelse med resultat i internationell modern forskning. Att använda NANDA visade sig vara använbart för att organisera och systematisera observationer och data oavsett sammanhang. Signifikanta samband och mönster mellan olika omvårdnadsbehov kunde identifieras. Ett antal identifierade omvårdnadproblem matchade inte med någon diagnos i NANDA taxonomin. Klinisk betydelse: Studien visar på omvårdnadsbehovet hos en patientgrupp med låg socioekonomisk bakgrund i en urban primärvårdsinstans i Bangkok. NANDA är ett bra verktyg för att systematisera omvårdnad i sjuksköterskeyrket. Det kan vara fördelaktigt för studenter i liknande situationer att använda ett verktyg som NANDA att kategorisera sina bedömningar och intryck.

Academics within the field of education have produced extensive research. The purpose of previous studies has often been to explain the underlying causes, with a generalizing result, to how education operate within a nation. To contribute with an urban perspective, this studies aim is to research how parents from different socio-economic backgrounds in Mexico City are reasoning about their children’s schooling and education. What individual choices they have made and how the social context has impacted on these choices. The respondents were selected through a snowball selection using interviews with semistructured questions for data collection. The material was coded into two themes, individual level and societal level. The respondents with wealthier and poorer socioeconomic background were analysed separately and then compared and summarised. The theoretical framework is a combination of the human capability approach together with the findings in previous research. A finding in the research is that education is perceived differently depending on the socio-economic background. The respondents with wealthier socio-economic background are referring to the future work career and economic security as benefits for their children. The respondents with poorer socio-economic background are mentioning the opportunity to change their lives and “to not become like them”. Despite the different benefits mentioned, all respondents’ value education as the most important investment in life for their children. The conclusion drawn from the study is, that no matter what their socio-economic background is education a high priority.

To operate in our modern society an individual need to possess a well-rounded reading ability, and to know of and use reading strategies is crucial for learners to develop this ability. The present study sets out to explore the beliefs of Swedish English teachers regarding the significance of reading and reading strategies. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate to what extent their classroom practice of teaching explicit reading strategies instructions is consistent with their beliefs. In this qualitative study, four 7-9 English teachers and two student groups participated. These come from two Swedish schools with different social-economic backgrounds. The data was collected by conducting content analysis of the teachers' lesson plans and conducting semi-structured interviews with both the teachers and students. The results show that the teachers express positive attitude to reading and reading strategies as they believe that these constitute essential elements in the communicative classroom. However, the results also indicate that the teachers’ actual classroom practice for reading strategies is not always consistent with their beliefs: for example, despite all teachers being positive to reading and reading strategies’ instruction, only the teachers from the school with lower social-economic background provide reading strategies’ instruction explicitly. Further, the results indicate that factors such as the teachers’ theoretical conceptions, time contraints, student composition and proficiency level, the school’s socio-economic background are the reasons for the teachers including explicit reading strategies’ instruction in their repertoire.

Physical inactivity is a growing concern among adolescents, which is the fundamental issue addressed in this study. The purpose of this study was to gain more knowledge about adolescents’ physical activity habits and the factors that influence physical activity. The study was based on a questionnaire consisting of 23 questions. The participants were 149 upper secondary school pupils between 15-19 years old from Östersund who studied both theoretically and practically oriented programs. Based on the World Health Organization [WHO] recommendations on physical activity the adolescents were categorized as active and inactive, and then compared with various background factors that previous research has demonstrated as being important determinants of physical activity. These factors were socioeconomic background, parental influence, sex and ethnicity. The results showed that most active adolescents are also active in sports clubs (p <0.05), has the highest final grade in the subject physical education and health in school year 9 (p <0.05), attends a theoretical program (p <0, 05), has a high educational capital (p <0.05), has a high sporting capital (p <0.05), is more motivated to physical activity (p <0.05) and have more support from their parents (p <0.05). The results was discussed by using the framework suggested by Bourdieu, habitus and capital.

The purpose of this study is to present an empirical pattern of social equity in Chinese higher education by investigating university students. Student socio-economic background influences access to, and socio-economic conditions in, higher education, and this, in turn, influences student career aspirations. The theoretical background of the study is interdisciplinary and a conceptual framework built on theories and previous research is used to analyse Chinese higher education in a historical, social and economic context. A questionnaire survey was administered at six public universities in the Southwest region of the country to explore students’ socio-economic background, costs and how they finance their studies, as well as their future career aspirations. The relationships between the factors investigated were examined using factor analytical techniques and linear structural relations (LISREL) analysis. The findings indicate that the students come from all socio-economic strata but a disproportionately large number are from high-income families. Students from urban areas are over-represented while rural girls are significantly under-represented. Although the gap between the lowest and highest study costs is enormous, the findings confirm that the average cost of higher education in China far exceeds the average annual income, even for urban residents. Moreover, about one-third of students and their families utilised financial resources other than family such as student loans, borrowing, and other forms of financial assistance. A structural model linking student socio-economic background, enrolment in elite institutions, costs and means of financing education with career aspirations is developed and tested in three stages in order to shed light on the conceptual framework and to present a pattern of social equity. The results show that family socio-economic status has only a modest impact on student access to and in higher education. On the other hand, having social origins in a well-developed community exerts an influential effect. Although study and living costs, and means of financing studies, are influenced by student socio-economic background, they intend to have positive impacts on student career aspirations. While enrolment in elite institutions has a strongly positive impact on costs, it has a moderately negative impact on aspirations to pursue advanced degrees. In conclusion, the study finds that the patterns of socio-economic factors influencing student upward mobility in present-day China are different from those of ancient China and from those previous Communist leaders attempted to achieve only 20 years ago.

Denna studie bygger på intervjuer med lärare och undersöker hur lärarna arbetar med integrering av elever med annan etnisk bakgrund och socioekonomiskt svag bakgrund. Studien eftersöker lärarnas kopplingar mellan elevers etniska bakgrund, socioekonomiska bakgrund och skolresultat samt analyserar hur lärarnas arbetsmetoder, uppfattningar och tankar skiljer sig åt baserat på var skolan de är verksamma på är belägen utifrån en socioekonomisk områdesindelning. Resultatet visar på att enligt lärarna har skolorna inte några skrivna riktlinjer för integreringsarbete och integreringsarbeten genomförs och tolkas olika av lärarna vilket verkar ha ett samband till hur skolans upptagningsområde ser ut. Den påverkansfaktor som lärarna anser vara den största utmaningen i integreringsarbete samt i försök att förklara det rådande studiegapet mellan elever med annan etnisk bakgrund och elever med svensk bakgrund antas vara bristande språkförmåga. Den främsta möjligheten anser de vara de positiva vinningarna som kommer från att elever har olika bakgrunder. Gällande vårdnadshavare framför lärarna att vårdnadshavares bakgrund påverkar både samverkan mellan skolan och hemmet och elevens skolresultat. Hälften av lärarna tror att det finns skillnader i krav och förväntningar på elever utifrån etnisk- och socioekonomisk bakgrund. Diskussioner som berör etnisk- och socioekonomisk bakgrund anser lärarna inte vara känsliga.

That Sweden's self - image as one of the world's most tolerant countries, in which racism and exclusion from people is only of marginal societal relevance, is not in line with the series of empirical studies. During the last three decades, various research results have systematically shown that racism and exclusion have a varying degree of impact on social life in many areas of society and in various ethical groups in Sweden, where the Somali group appears as a particularly vulnerable group, both from a humanistic and economic perspective. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how men with a Somali background themselves perceive reasons for the low labor force participation of this ethnic group in Sweden and how increased participation in working life could be facilitated. The thesis is conducted through a qualitative study and the interviewees are Somali foreign-born men between 20 - 65 years, living in a reasonably large city in Sweden. Factors such as the lack of upper secondary education, foreign - born, language and discrimination as well as health were discussed and analyzed, as they have proven to be central to the phenomenon. The results of the study showed that these factors result in the informants not feeling a sense of belonging to Sweden and that they live under reduced economic resources, power, profession, education,households, etc. The informants expressed that society and the environment's views, and expectations create feelings and experiences of injustice because they do not have a job and stigma and structural discrimination are the concepts that permeate and result in these feelings and experiences. With these results, the study was also able to show that unemployment results in deteriorating physical, mental and social health conditions in the form of a bad mood of emotions such as loneliness, depression, stress and lower self-confidence of the informants. / Att Sveriges självbild som ett av världens mest toleranta länder, i vilket rasism och exkludering mot människor endast är av marginell samhällsrelevans, står inte i samklang med den rad empiriska studier. Under de tre senaste decennierna har olika forskningsresultat systematiskt påvisat att rasism och exkludering i olika grad har en inverkan på socialt liv inom många samhällsarenor och inom olika etiska grupper i Sverige, där den somaliska gruppen framstår som en särskilt utsatt grupp, både ur ett humanistiskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur män med somalisk bakgrund uppfattar orsaker till det låga arbetskraftsdeltagandet hos denna etniska grupp i Sverige och hur ett ökat deltagande i arbetslivet skulle kunna underlättas. Uppsatsen bedrivs genom en kvalitativ studie och intervjupersonerna är somaliska utrikes födda män mellan 20 – 65 år, bosatta i en medel stor stad i Sverige. Faktorer som avsaknaden av gymnasial utbildning, utrikes - inrikes födda, språk och diskriminering samt hälsa diskuterades och analyserades, eftersom de har visat sig vara centrala för fenomenet. Det som framgick i studiens resultat påvisade att dessa faktorer resulterar i att respondenterna inte känner tillhörighet till Sverige och att de lever under försämrade ekonomiska resurser, makt, yrke, utbildning och hushåll. Respondenterna uttryckte att samhällets och omgivningens syn samt förväntningar skapar känslor och upplevelser av orättvisa av den anledningen att de inte har ett arbete, och stigmatisering och strukturell diskriminering är begrepp som genomsyrar och resulterar dessa känslor och upplevelser. I och med dessa resultat kunde studien påvisa även att arbetslösheten resulterar i försämrade fysiska, psykiska och sociala hälsotillstånd i form av ett dåligt mående av känslor som ensamhet, depression, stress och lägre självförtroende hos respondenterna.