Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons l’étude des représentations sociales du politique dans la presse quotidienne. Notre objet d’étude est le sens de la nation au Québec dans une période historique où la notion idéologique de nation s’avère un cadre de référence en profonde mutation dans de nombreuses sociétés. Plus particulièrement, nous voulons nous situer au centre des tensions à propos de la représentation sociale nationale en prenant comme observatoire un travail idéologique fédéraliste par des Québécois, qui à la fois se posent comme promoteurs de la nation, et visent une intégration dans un autre espace national et juridique : le Canada. Les résultats de cette étude qualitative sont issus d’une analyse sémantique du discours éditorial du journal La Presse. Nous avons ainsi examiné les différentes catégories de connaissance mobilisées lors de l’évocation de l’espace national, ainsi que la façon dont elles sont organisées au sein du discours lors des deux périodes référendaires, soit en 1980 et 1995. C’est donc dans le cadre d’une sociologie de la connaissance journalistique que nous menons cette étude. Le discours social, à partir de l’étude des théories des représentations sociales et de la sociologie des contenus médiatiques, ne peut se considérer qu’à travers l’ensemble des relations sociales dont il est le produit. Nous nous attachons ici à définir d’une part les spécificités du discours éditorial, et d’autre part les différentes catégories de connaissances utilisées dans notre corpus qui font sens. On perçoit alors, grâce à une description diachronique, l’évolution des représentations sociales ayant a trait à l’espace national québécois entre les deux périodes étudiées. Après avoir défini ce dont on parle lorsqu’il est question de l’espace national, nous nous emploierons à analyser la façon dont ce discours est organisé. Ainsi, nous mettons en avant d’une part, les différentes formes discursives, rhétoriques et argumentatives, mises en place dans le but de persuader et de justifier l’action (le rejet des deux référendums, et l’adhésion aux promesses de renouvellement du fédéralisme), et d’autre part la logique discursive mobilisée consistant à placer la nation comme un objet politique rationnel ou non. En effet, le discours éditorial nous permet de mettre au jour une organisation cognitive de la connaissance, qui à quelques nuances près, est structurée de façon manichéenne entre le rationnel (l’éditorialiste, le fédéralisme, l’économique, l’universalisme, la raison de sens commun) et l’irrationnel (le souverainisme, ses dirigeants n’étant que des rêveurs et des passionnés), se plaçant dès lors dans un rapport de communication politique, plus proche de la propagande que de l’exemplarité réflexive que pose le discours éditorial. / In this paper we will look at socio-political roles in the daily media. The objective of this study is to understand the meaning of national space in Quebec during a historical period of transformation that was taking place in numerous societies. More specifically, we aim to examine the conflict at the heart of the nation’s social role, from the perspective of an ideological federalist work by the Quebecois, who see themselves as promoters of their nation while simultaneously integrated in Canada’s national jurisdiction. The results of this qualitative study come from a semantic analysis of editorial articles from the newspaper La Presse. We have analyzed the different categories of information made available while the national space movement was taking place, as well as how they were organized around views during two referendums in 1980 and 1995. This study is therefore created in a context of socio-journalistic information. The social view points, derived from the study of social roles and sociology in the media, can only be considered in the context of the network of social relationships of which they are a product. Here we are trying to define the meaning of the specifications in editorial views, as well as the various areas of knowledge used in this text. Thanks to a diachronic description we can look at the evolution of social roles within Quebec’s national space between the two periods of time studied. Once we’ve defined our subject concerning national space, we will then analyze the way in which the views are structured. Through this process of identifying the different types of view; rhetorical and argumentative, created to persuade and justify the action (the rejection of the two referendums, and the adhesion to promises of renewed federalism), and the logic of the views used to show the nation as a rational political focus or not. Definitively, the editorial views help us to shed light on the cognitive organization of knowledge, which is almost mechanically structured between the rational (editorialism, federalism, economics, universalism, accepted social thinking) and the irrational (souverainism, having only dreamers and idealists as leaders), situated, since then, in a political debate more resembling propaganda than an admirable initiative proposed by editorial views.

Cette thèse porte sur les processus de constitution – problématiques – de femmes comme intellectuelles au XXe siècle. Pour ce faire, trois cas, nés vers 1900, sont étudiés : l’artiste et écrivaine proche des avant-gardes en général et des surréalistes en particulier dans le Paris des années 1920-1930 Claude Cahun, la journaliste martiniquaise du Paris colonial de ces mêmes années et figure militante et intellectuelle importante de la Martinique d’après-guerre Paulette Nardal ; et enfin Viola Klein, juive tchèque exilée en Angleterre et pionnière oubliée de la sociologie féministe. Cette étude repose sur une analyse conjointe de la trajectoire et de la production culturelle de chacune de ces femmes. Il s’agit de comprendre comment leur expérience intellectuelle s’enracine dans des processus de prise de conscience de soi en tant que sujet renvoyé à l’altérité, femme, mais aussi sujet racialisé, qui déterminent les formes d’entrée dans la pensée. Cette thèse rend également compte du positionnement complexe, dedans/dehors, de ces femmes par rapport aux mouvements (le surréalisme pour Cahun, la culture noire en général et la négritude en particulier pour Nardal), et disciplines (la sociologie de la connaissance et du travail pour Klein) « dans » lesquels elles s’inscrivent et ce qu’elles y apportent ainsi que la pluralité des formes de pensée et d’engagement qu’une telle position liminale révèle. Il s’agit enfin d’interroger le processus de diffusion et de réception des oeuvres et des idées, dans lequel les logiques d’invisibilisation et d’oubli, mais aussi de redécouverte, jouent un rôle fondamental. Ce dernier point ouvre sur une réflexion relative aux logiques (nationales, disciplinaires, idéologiques) de construction du savoir. Cette thèse, interrogeant le devenir sujet des femmes et ce que peut lui faire la postérité, se propose ainsi de contribuer à une histoire intellectuelle transnationale des femmes et du genre. / This thesis analyzes the problematic ways in which women were able to become intellectuals in the XXth century. The cases of three women, born around 1900, are here studied. The artist and writer close to the Avant-Garde in general and the Surrealist movement in particular in the 20s and the 30s Claude Cahun; the Martinican journalist of colonial Paris in those same years Paulette Nardal, an important intellectual and activist figure in Post War Martinique after 1945; and last but not least, Viola Klein, a Czech Jew, exiled in Britain, and a forgotten pioneer of feminist sociology.This study is based upon an analysis of both the itinerary and cultural production of each of these women. It aims to understand how their intellectual experience is rooted in processes of self-awareness – as subjects who have to deal with otherness, as women, but also as racialized subjects – which shape the way in which these women intellectuals come to thought and commitment. This thesis also examines the complex position, Inside/Outside, of these women in relation to the movements and disciplines they join (Surrealism for Cahun, Négritude for Nardal, Sociology of Knowledge for Klein), the contribution they make to these movements and disciplines, and the plurality of the forms of thought and commitment such a liminal position entails. The aim is to question the ways in which works and ideas are spread and received – a process in which “invisibilization”, oblivion, but also rediscovery play a major part. This last idea opens up a reflection about the conceptions (national, disciplinary, ideological) pertaining to the construction of knowledge.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a potência das Licenciaturas em Música em ressocializar o indivíduo em sua formação musical. Propôs-se a verificação de como esta instância socializadora sanciona a composição do habitus e a construção identitária de jovens professores de música. O estudo abrangeu todas as instituições com o curso de Licenciatura em Música na modalidade presencial no Estado do Paraná, região sul do Brasil. A pesquisa contou com cento e sessenta indivíduos investigados na primeira fase (2015), os quais eram estudantes das séries finais do curso; e destes, dezessete indivíduos foram selecionados para uma entrevista em profundidade, concretizada na segunda fase do estudo (2017). A primeira etapa analítica recebeu um tratamento quantitativo, privilegiando a análise descritiva, seguida da Análise de Correspondências Múltiplas (ACM) e da Análise de Clusters. Esta abordagem visou realizar um mapeamento do gosto cultural dos sujeitos da pesquisa revelando diferentes perfis de gostos e práticas. A segunda etapa analítica teve um processamento de caráter qualitativo, e permitiu encontrar pluralidades de formas de socialização no mundo contemporâneo, que promoveram a construção de identidades com disposições híbridas de habitus, forjadas a partir de diversas matrizes de cultura e em interações humanas significativas. As trajetórias de vida foram marcadas pela presença da música, em situações permeadas de afetos, que colaboraram para a construção de uma linguagem na área. Essa linguagem foi sendo aprimorada a cada fase da vida, num tempo vivido, à medida que os acontecimentos permitiram condições de possibilidades. As Licenciaturas em Música do Paraná foram capazes de promover uma percepção mais crítica e reflexiva acerca do universo musical, o que implicou na manutenção, transformação e ruptura de gostos e práticas. Verificou-se também, que essas socializações universitárias corroboraram na construção de identidades profissionais docentes na área da música. Desta forma, a presente tese contribui com os estudos sociológicos que buscam demonstrar a dualidade de forças entre estruturas e agentes, entre as realidades materiais e as subjetividades. / The objective of this research was to verify the power of the university graduate of Music Education of the State of Paraná (Southern Brazil) in resocialization the musical education of the individuals. It was proposed to analyse how this instance of socialization participated in the composition of habitus of the agents and to construction of identities of young music teachers. The study covered all the institutions with the Bachelor in Music in the State of Paraná, southern region of Brazil. First, a questionnaire was administered to a 160 participants, who were completing their bachelor\'s degree. Then a sub-sample of seventeen participants was selected to do a depth interview. To define profiles of musical tastes and practices, a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was performed, suited by a Clusters Analysis to define types of participants, according their profiles. The qualitative approach of the research allowed to identify pluralities of forms of socialization in the contemporary world, which promoted the construction of identities with hybrid dispositions of habitus, it was minted for many different instances of socialization and in significant human interactions. The life trajectories were stamped by the presence of the music, in situations permeated by affections that collaborated to the construction of a language in the area. This language was being upgraded every stage of life, in a lived time, as the realities promoted conditions of possibilities. The Bachelors in Music in the State of Paraná were able to foment a more critical and reflexive perception about the musical universe, which implied in the maintenance, transformation and rupture of tastes and practices. It was also verified that these university socializations corroborated in the construction of professional identities in the area of music. In this way, the present thesis contribute with the sociological studies that search to demonstrate that the structure and agency as complementary forces.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T13:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Candotti_FabioMagalhaes_D.pdf: 1137203 bytes, checksum: 2b541e46a67573c5c4a5625049394b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nas ultimas décadas, no Brasil como em outros tantos países, pode-se notar uma importante expansão e intensificação de preocupações e de soluções relativas ao governo dos mais jovens, principalmente daqueles que entram nas estatísticas da pobreza. Em meio a tal acontecimento, ao menos um grande consenso ganhou forca e estabilidade, definindo um solo comum para controvérsias locais e globais. Trata-se da correspondência geral entre a dupla preocupação com a educação e com a socialização dos mais jovens e a dupla consideração das escolas e dos meios e programas culturais como soluções complementares entre si. Tomando por via de acesso pequenos e grandes acontecimentos da historia moderna, a tese se dedica a analisar esse consenso justamente como algo que toma forma por meio dessa relação entre problemas e soluções, ou seja, em função dos saberes e das técnicas que os definem. E na medida em que os saberes em questão são voltados ao governo de coletivos e relações humanas, a descrição desse consenso implica uma analise de sua articulação com certas relações de poder, com um mundo vivo de forcas que ele ajuda a ordenar mas que também o obrigam a ajustes imprevistos. Num primeiro momento, a tese descreve a maneira como um conjunto ou dispositivo técnico disciplinar opera a correspondência inicial entre um problema de educação e uma solução escolar. Em seguida, a analise se volta para a outra correspondência em questão, aquela entre um problema de socialização e uma solução cultural. Nesse caso, o conjunto técnico encontrado foi chamado de "participativo". Ao fim, e apresentada uma descrição do processo mais recente de generalização desse ultimo dispositivo como eixo político do consenso posto como ponto de partida / Abstract: In recent decades, in Brazil and many other countries, there is a significant growth and intensification of concerns and solutions for the government of young people, especially, those that hit the poverty statistics. In the midst of such an event, at least a broad consensus has gained strength and stability, defining a common ground for local and global controversies. This consensus is the general correspondence between, on one hand, the concerns about the education and socialization of young people and, on the other hand, the complementary solution of schools and cultural programs. Taking access by small and great events of modern history, the thesis is devoted to analyzing this consensus precisely as something that is built through this relationship between problems and concerns, namely, in terms of knowledge and techniques that define them. Considering that this knowledge and techniques are directed related to the government of people and human relations, the description of this consensus includes an analysis of their connections under certain power relationships with a living world that it helps to order, but also oblige unanticipated adjustments. In a first moment, the thesis describes how a set or disciplinary technical device operates the initial correspondence between the education as a problem and the school as a solution. After, the analysis turns to the other correspondence in question, the one between the socialization as a problem and the cultural programs as a solution. In this last case, the set or technical device was called "participatory". Finally, is presented a description of more recent process of generalization of the latter device as political axis of the consensus that we consider first / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutor em Sociologia

This study is an attempt to read 1 John, a document which was conceptualised almost two thousand years ago in a particularly different context from that of Zulu people into which this venture is undertaken. A number of hermeneutical problems are raised by this kind of reading. Chapter eight of this thesis addresses itself to these problems. The present dissertation utilises the sociology of knowledge especially Berger and Luckmann's theory of the symbolic universe to investigate the possible social scenario of 1 John into which the conceptualisation and crystallisation of the text of 1 John first took place. The investigation has led the researcher into discovering the abundance of family language and common social conventions relating to family, which the author of 1 John found to be useful vehicles for conveying his understanding of the new situation that had come about as a result of the fellowship eventuating from the acceptance of the gospel. The same theory of Berger and Luckmann was used to investigate the African (Zulu) scenario with the view to ascertaining whether some form of congruency could be established between the social symbols identified in 1 John and those obtaining in the Zulu context. To ensure that the results of this investigation applied to Zulu people of this day and age, the researcher conducted field research. In doing this, a qualitative approach was followed as it was deemed appropriate for this kind of study. Within the qualitative framework, the focus group interview method was employed. The results were therefore subjected to a process of comparison and synthesis with the views obtaining in 1 John and the Zulu world. This investigation confirmed our hypothesis that there exists a major of congruency between both universes, that is, 1 John and that of Zulu people, which if properly identified, investigated and exploited, could enhance a smooth construction of a hermeneutical bridge of understanding between the two worlds and enhance a heightened relevance and significance of 1 John's message within the Zulu context. The investigation also revealed some difficulties regarding certain symbols especially those that that seek to express the divine reality. The bankruptcy of language to capture and express the divine reality as people perceive it was noted. Our conclusion therefore, was this: inadequate though these symbols might be to express divine reality, at the moments they are a given. For instance, within the Zulu context, a number of symbols could be used to express the reality of the Christ-event. For instance, to mention just a few, the First born son, as well as the Ancestor symbols, both convey something of the reality of Christ but they do not go far enough to express the fullness embodied in the person of Christ. For that reason it is suggested that we do not shy away from these symbols because of attendant difficulties, but that an informed and critical discussion seeking to reach consensus among all stake-holders be conducted. / Dissertation (DD)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Les identités et les connaissances qui traversent les relations entre les individus soulèvent les mêmes enjeux d’appréhension, de normalisation et de reproduction des comportements et des discours qui font le monde social. Elles répondent toutefois à des logiques différentes : les identités appuient les différences qui naissent de perceptions subjectives et de confrontations d’intérêts, alors que les connaissances sont portées par des idéaux d’universalité et strictement tenues par les réalités objectives. À partir d’une revue de la littérature et faisant état de la question, ce mémoire s’intéresse à la perméabilité croissante qui s’établit entre identités et savoirs par le recours à un positionnement essentialisé, que nous qualifions de « positionnalité ». Notamment, nous interrogeons ses formes idéologiques contemporaines afin de comprendre quelles sont les origines de ces positionnements identitaires essentialisés et leurs conséquences pour l’élaboration et la médiation du savoir. Nous établissons que la positionnalité est le fruit d’un abord constructiviste des régimes de vérité et de pouvoir, et qu’elle s’appuie sur des lectures partisanes des héritages de la théorie critique. Nous mettons aussi en exergue l’environnement politique façonné par « l’ère post-vérité », caractérisé par une dépréciation de la valeur des faits et la contestation des autorités épistémiques traditionnelles. Enfin, nous avançons que le développement de la positionnalité, précipité par l’ère post-vérité, entretient une dynamique néolibérale d’appropriation ou de privatisation des savoirs pris en tant que biens communs. Les thèmes abordés dans ce mémoire nous conduisent à penser que l’essentialisation des positionnements identitaires a dépassé le cadre strictement épistémologique, et sert désormais une accumulation et une appropriation exclusive des moyens de la connaissance. / Identities and knowledge permeate relationships between individuals, raising the same issues of comprehension, normalization and reproduction of behaviors and discourse that constitute the social world. However, they follow different logics: identities reproduce the differences that arise from subjective perceptions and confrontations of interests, while knowledge rests on ideals of universality and of objective reality. Through an extensive review of the literature, this thesis examines the growing permeability between identities and knowledge that has arisen from a recent, essentialized form of positioning we call "positionality". In particular, we question this contemporary ideological form in order to understand the origins of such essentialized identity positions as well as their consequences for both the development and mediation of knowledge. We establish that positionality relies on a constructivist approach to truth and power regimes as well as on partisan readings of critical theory’s legacies. We also highlight the political environment of the “post-truth era,” characterized by a devaluation of facts and the challenging of traditional epistemic authorities. Finally, we argue that the development of positionality, hastened by the post-truth era, reinforces neoliberal appropriation, or privatization, of knowledge heretofore understood as a public good. The topics addressed in this thesis lead us to think that the essentialization of identity positioning has moved from a strictly epistemological question to one concerning the accumulation and exclusive ownership of the means of knowledge production.

This dissertation examines the scope and limitations of the re-appropriation of the term barbarism by modern Jewish intellectuals in conversation with Third World social movements. Emmanuel Lévinas is my paradigmatic example of this re-appropriation, as his Talmudic interpretations illuminate this process, and his work is located on the axis of the encounter between Jewish and decolonial thinking. I contend that Lévinas follows a classic line of modern European interpreters who expressed their discomfort with the description of the Jewish people as barbaric. While this discomfort can be traced within this orthodox interpretation of Lévinas, I argue that his particular solution for the problem can only be explained by a more heterodox exploration. Lévinas’ positive re-appropriation of the term is part of contextual conversations that he sustained with other peoples characterized as barbarians (i.e. Third World decolonial theorists). While this re-appropriation was originally conceived in order to establish an East-East revolutionary conversation between Eastern European rabbinical interpreters and other radical Eastern projects (i.e. Maghrebi Marxism) it became an East-South decolonial conversation between Jewish and Afro-Caribbean/Latino-American intellectuals. This conversation, however, ultimately challenges the apologetic Jewish re-appropriation of exteriority in the concert of multiple barbarians. I explore the limitations of Jewish thought to engage with this community and cross from an apologetic to a critical barbarism. This dissertation, in conclusion, seeks to make an original contribution in the interrelation between Jewish and post-colonial studies. I aim to do so by first, demonstrating that the Jewish return to classical sources is historically and conceptually a decolonial counter-narrative that was influenced by (and in turn influenced) Third World discourses; second, explaining the reasons and consequences of the persistence of Jewish imagery and influences in Third World decolonial theory; third, exploring the limits of Jewish thinking and the benefits of the expansion of Jewish apologetical dialogues into barbaric critical conversations. And finally, challenging most contemporary scholarship in modern Jewish philosophy, which holds that Jewish thought and the modern re-reading of its sources can only be understood in the context of Western consciousness.

O Objetivo deste trabalho é tratar da Homeopatia e da Medicina Científica, e de sua convivência institucional, considerando principalmente o cenário posterior à década de 1980, quando de sua assimilação pela Medicina Oficial brasileira. O que se pretende demonstrar, fundamentalmente, é que a Medicina Científica e a Homeopatia são essencialmente diferentes, e acima de tudo demonstrar que este caso particular de relações institucionais deve ser entendido sob pelo menos duas perspectivas, de uma epistemológica, e de outra sociológica. Essas duas perspectivas são essenciais para entender a moderna relação institucional entre Homeopatia e Medicina Científica, que acontece num contexto de assimilação institucional da Homeopatia pela Medicina Oficial. Ainda que essa integração nunca possa vir à ser concretizada completamente, essa assimilação é resultado de uma grande mudança no universo simbólico das culturas ocidentais, principalmente dos conceitos e valores ligados ao imaginário da saúde. Neste novo contexto simbólico, a ciência como instituição é ressignificada e e devidamente recontextualizada, em termos de cultura popular e senso comum (universo simbólico da vida cotidiana), de modo que passa a poder acomodar os mais diversos tipos de conhecimentos em seu universo. É sob a perspectiva do processo de racionalização e desencantamento do mundo que essas instituições são analisadas e a compreensão dos universos simbólicos mantidos por cada grupo é o objetivo central desse trabalho. / This study deals with Homeopathy and Scientific Medicine and focus its institutional relationship, especially considering the latter scenario to the 1980s decade, after its assimilation by brazilian Official Medicine. It intends to demonstrate that Scientific Medicine and Homeopathy are fundamentally and essentially different things and, above all, demonstrate that this particular case of institutional relations should be understood in, at least, two perspectives: epistemological, and sociological. These perspectives are essential to understand the modern relationship between Homeopathy and Official Medicine -­ which takes place in a context of institutional assimilation of homeopathy by the Official Medicine (although this integration could never come to be fully realized). This assimilation is the result of a change in the symbolic universe of western cultures, especially the concepts and values linked to the health imaginary. In this new symbolic context, science, as an institution, is resignified and recontextualized in terms of popular culture and common sense (the symbolic universe of everyday life), allowing to accommodate all different types of knowledge in this new resigninified universe of science. Its from the process of rationalization and disenchantment of the worlds perspective that these institutions are analyzed, and the understanding of the symbolic universes maintained by each group is the central objective of this work.

O Objetivo deste trabalho é tratar da Homeopatia e da Medicina Científica, e de sua convivência institucional, considerando principalmente o cenário posterior à década de 1980, quando de sua assimilação pela Medicina Oficial brasileira. O que se pretende demonstrar, fundamentalmente, é que a Medicina Científica e a Homeopatia são essencialmente diferentes, e acima de tudo demonstrar que este caso particular de relações institucionais deve ser entendido sob pelo menos duas perspectivas, de uma epistemológica, e de outra sociológica. Essas duas perspectivas são essenciais para entender a moderna relação institucional entre Homeopatia e Medicina Científica, que acontece num contexto de assimilação institucional da Homeopatia pela Medicina Oficial. Ainda que essa integração nunca possa vir à ser concretizada completamente, essa assimilação é resultado de uma grande mudança no universo simbólico das culturas ocidentais, principalmente dos conceitos e valores ligados ao imaginário da saúde. Neste novo contexto simbólico, a ciência como instituição é ressignificada e e devidamente recontextualizada, em termos de cultura popular e senso comum (universo simbólico da vida cotidiana), de modo que passa a poder acomodar os mais diversos tipos de conhecimentos em seu universo. É sob a perspectiva do processo de racionalização e desencantamento do mundo que essas instituições são analisadas e a compreensão dos universos simbólicos mantidos por cada grupo é o objetivo central desse trabalho. / This study deals with Homeopathy and Scientific Medicine and focus its institutional relationship, especially considering the latter scenario to the 1980s decade, after its assimilation by brazilian Official Medicine. It intends to demonstrate that Scientific Medicine and Homeopathy are fundamentally and essentially different things and, above all, demonstrate that this particular case of institutional relations should be understood in, at least, two perspectives: epistemological, and sociological. These perspectives are essential to understand the modern relationship between Homeopathy and Official Medicine -­ which takes place in a context of institutional assimilation of homeopathy by the Official Medicine (although this integration could never come to be fully realized). This assimilation is the result of a change in the symbolic universe of western cultures, especially the concepts and values linked to the health imaginary. In this new symbolic context, science, as an institution, is resignified and recontextualized in terms of popular culture and common sense (the symbolic universe of everyday life), allowing to accommodate all different types of knowledge in this new resigninified universe of science. Its from the process of rationalization and disenchantment of the worlds perspective that these institutions are analyzed, and the understanding of the symbolic universes maintained by each group is the central objective of this work.

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