Vad är egentligen hållbar stadsutveckling och kommer vi i framtiden att kunna planerastadsmiljöer som har en positiv inverkan, på både natur och människa, i stället för en negativ?En av de grundläggande principerna för designteorin Cradle to Cradle är att vi skaagera hållbart i stället för mindre ohållbart. Dock är teorin ännu relativt outforskad inomfysisk planering.Utöver att undersöka Cradle to Cradle som designteori för hållbar stadsutveckling är syftetmed uppsatsen att dess resultat och slutsatser ska kunna utgöra verktyg för hållbarfysisk planering. Uppsatsen syftar också till att inspirera med innovativa idéer och lösningari den byggda miljön.Uppsatsen inleds med en teoretiskt grundad diskussion kring vad som kan utgöra normativaprinciper för hållbar stadsutveckling. Efter en grundlig objektiv översikt av Cradle toCradle ställs designteorin i relation till de normer som ställts upp.Intentionerna med Cradle to Cradle är goda men designteorin är i dag främst inriktadmot ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet och den viktiga sociala aspekten är inte utvecklad.För ett förverkligande av teorins visioner skulle en övergång till Cradle to Cradle,som står för det vi kallar ekologisk modernisering, behöva ske parallellt med beteendeförändringgenom ett ifrågasättande av de normer, för till exempel produktion och konsumtion,som vi lever efter i dag. Ekologisk modernisering i kombination med normativaprinciper för beteendeförändring kan således vara en väg till hållbar stadsutveckling.Uppsatsens analysresultat överförs sedan från teori till praktik i utvecklingsområdet Kileni Ronneby, Sverige. Den övergripande konceptuella gestaltning som uppsatsen presenterar,ger exempel på hur det är möjligt att fysiskt planera inom Ronneby kommuns olikafokusområden energi, vatten, biologisk mångfald i utemiljön och social mångfald.Samtidigt som det planeras hållbart är det essentiellt att också göra det enkelt och självklartför medborgaren att leva hållbart. Medborgardeltagande i planeringsprocessen är enviktig komponent för att ett område som Kilen ska ge det mervärde som kommunenönskar och spegla de goda intentioner som ligger till grund för utvecklingen. Att planeraett område enligt principerna för Cradle to Cradle kan vid rätt tillvägagångssätt utgöra ettviktigt steg i den hållbara stadsutvecklingen. Inte minst som en manifestation av godaintentioner, en plattform för innovation inom ekologisk modernisering, ett pedagogisktexempel samt en uppmaning till brukaren och betraktaren att också leva hållbart. / What is sustainable urban development and will it in the future be possible to plan urbanenvironments which have a positive impact on both nature and people, instead of negative?One of the basic principles of the design theory Cradle to Cradle is for us to actsustainable, rather than less unsustainable, but the theory is still relatively unexplored inspatial planning.In addition to examining Cradle to Cradle as a design theory for sustainable urban development,the purpose of this paper is that its findings and conclusions should serve astools for sustainable spatial planning. The paper also aims to inspire with innovative ideasand solutions in the built environment. The essay begins with a theoretically baseddiscussion of what may constitute normative principles for sustainable urban development.After an objective review of Cradle to Cradle Design, the theory is set in relationto these standards.The intentions of Cradle to Cradle are good but the main focus of the design theory todayis on ecological and economic sustainability and the important social aspect is notdeveloped. For realization of the visions of the theory, transferring to Cradle to Cradle,which stands for what we call ecological modernization, need to be accompanied by behavioralchange. A comprehensive behavior change requires a questioning of the standards,regarding for example production and consumption, that we live by today. Ecologicalmodernization in combination with normative principles of behavior change can thusbe a path to sustainable urban development.The analytical results of the essay are then transferred from theory to practice in the developmentarea Kilen in Ronneby, Sweden. The overall conceptual design the essay presents,gives examples of how it is possible to physically plan within the municipality ofRonneby's various focus areas - energy, water, biodiversity in the outdoor environmentand social diversity.While planning sustainable, it is also essential to make it easy and natural for people tolive sustainable. Civic participation in the planning process is an important component tomake an area like Kilen provide the added value that the municipality wishes, and to let itreflect the good intentions underlying the development. Designing an area using theprinciples of Cradle to Cradle may, at the right approach, represent an important step inthe sustainable urban development. Not least as a manifestation of good intentions, aplatform for innovation in ecological modernization, a pedagogical example, and a call tothe user and the viewer to also live sustainable.

[ES] Constituye el objeto de esta tesis establecer un proceso de reflexión sobre determinados conceptos naturalizados históricamente por la ciencia urbanística y ambiental, de tal manera que pueda llevarse a cabo una revisión de los mismos -y, consecuentemente, de la legislación que los adopta filosóficamente- en el sentido de, frente a la situación de cambio climático y depredación territorial, permitirnos proceder a cuestionar un sistema que establece el desarrollo como un elemento de progreso económico en términos de crecimiento ilimitado, y proponer la posibilidad real de establecer un desarrollo en equilibrio con el medio. Para ello, se define el contexto evolutivo de la formación del concepto Ordenación Territorial, llegándose a la conclusión de que el significante tradicionalmente aceptado resulta más propio de un modelo basado en la generación de plusvalías, que en la determinación de su propia ordenación, derivada ésta de sus determinaciones intrínsecas, para poder, posteriormente, generar la planificación de los usos y actividades que sobre éste deben o pueden llevarse a cabo. Se trata de reflexionar en cómo considerar el territorio como un recurso ya ordenado en sí mismo, constituido por lo que denominamos sus invariantes, el cual va a ser utilizado por la sociedad -desordenándolo necesariamente-, para poder extraer respetuosamente de él los beneficios que precisa para el propio desarrollo social, todo ello alternativamente al modelo de explotación económica -corregida en base a criterios de «sostenibilidad»- tratado como un mero tablero de actuación, sobre el que planificar usos y actividades. Esta mencionada «sostenibilidad» viene instrumentalizada por el denominado Desarrollo Sostenible, término al que calificamos de oxímoron, por cuanto «desarrollo» -obviamente, en nuestro contexto, desarrollo económico- es un término que se contrapone a «límite», indicador que se debe considerar inherente al concepto de sostenibilidad. Entenderemos, por tanto, que la Ordenación Territorial vinculada a criterios de Desarrollo Sostenible implica la incapacidad, en la evolución territorial, de considerar el equilibrio necesario para poder recuperar y mantener aquellos elementos territoriales, sus recursos, para considerar unos niveles de bienestar aceptables. Consecuentemente, cualquier evolución hacia el límite, que no implique recuperación de lo agostado, con mayor o menor celeridad -desarrollo en «sostenibilidad» -, implicará, indefectiblemente, aproximación a la depleción definitiva. Revisar un sistema basado en el crecer por crecer, implementando un sistema de Estabilidad Continuada, que, en la situación de exaltación de políticas expansivas, sólo será alcanzable mediante un proceso de decrecimiento, senda de reversión hacia posiciones intralímite. Es así, por tanto, como se proponen nuevas figuras territoriales previas a la planificación urbanística basadas en lo que denominamos Capacidades Funcionales de Acogida, figura que vinculamos a la naturaleza intrínseca del territorio y su capacidad para mantenerse en un cierto equilibrio. Capacidades que vienen vinculadas para su activación a la real y verificable Necesidad Social, sin la cual carece de sentido la transformación del patrimonio común. Ello implica, por otro lado, instrumentos básicos limitativos a implementar en la legislación, de manera que el criterio vire hacia posiciones no expansionistas: desterrar la clase de suelo urbanizable; considerar el suelo rural, con sus diferentes aptitudes desarrollables, como alternativa; desclasificación, descalificación e, incluso, desurbanización, ante el expansionismo; determinaciones como ciudad cuidadora, ciudad mediterránea, compacta, mixta, cohesionada, localizabilidad de los recursos; el derecho al aprovechamiento, con recuperación social de plusvalías reales; renaturalización, revegetación y desmovilidad -movilidad no motorizada, proximidad- como ítem proyectual, serían incorporados como proceso cultural de decrecimiento. / [CA] Constitueix l'objecte d'aquesta tesi establir un procés de reflexió al voltant de determinats conceptes naturalitzats històricament per la ciència urbanística i ambiental, de tal manera que puga dur-se a terme una revisió dels mateixos -i, conseqüentment, de la legislació que els adopta filosòficament- en el sentit de, enfront de la situació de canvi climàtic i depredació territorial, permetre'ns procedir a qüestionar un sistema que estableix el desenvolupament com un element de progrés econòmic en termes de creixement il·limitat, i proposar la possibilitat real d'establir un desenvolupament en equilibri amb el medi. Per a això, es defineix el context evolutiu de la formació del concepte Ordenació Territorial, arribant-se a la conclusió que el significant tradicionalment acceptat resulta més propi d'un model basat en la generació de plusvàlues, que en la determinació de la seua pròpia ordenació, derivada esta de les seues determinacions intrínseques, per a poder, posteriorment, generar la planificació dels usos i activitats que sobre aquell deuen o poden dur-se a terme. Es tracta de reflexionar en com considerar el territori com un recurs ja ordenat en si mateix, constituït pel que denominem les seues invariants, el qual serà utilitzat per la societat -desordenant-ho necessàriament-, per a poder extreure respectuosament d'ell els beneficis que precisa per al propi desenvolupament social, tot això alternativament al model d'explotació econòmica -corregida sobre la base de criteris de «sostenibilitat»- tractat com un simple tauler d'actuació, sobre el qual planificar usos i activitats. Esta esmentada «sostenibilitat» ve instrumentalitzada pel denominat Desenvolupament Sostenible, terme al qual qualifiquem d'oxímoron, doncs que «desenvolupament» -òbviament, en el nostre context, desenvolupament econòmic- és un terme que es contraposa a «límit», indicador que s'ha de considerar inherent al concepte de sostenibilitat. Entendrem, per tant, que l'Ordenació Territorial vinculada a criteris de Desenvolupament Sostenible implica la incapacitat, en l'evolució territorial, de considerar l'equilibri necessari per a poder recuperar i mantenir aquells elements territorials, els seus recursos, per a considerar uns nivells de benestar acceptables. Conseqüentment, qualsevol evolució cap al límit, que no implique recuperació d'allò ja agostat, amb major o menor celeritat -desenvolupament en «sostenibilitat» -, implicarà, indefectiblement, aproximació a la depleció definitiva. Revisar un sistema basat en el créixer pel créixer, implementant un sistema d'Estabilitat Continuada, que, en la situació d'exaltació de polítiques expansives, només serà assolible mitjançant un procés de decreixement, senda de reversió cap a posicions intralímit. És així, per tant, com es proposen noves figures territorials prèvies a la planificació urbanística basades en allò que denominem Capacitats Funcionals d'Acolliment, figura que vinculem a la naturalesa intrínseca del territori i la seua capacitat per a mantenir-se en un cert equilibri. Capacitats que venen vinculades per a la seua activació a la real i verificable Necessitat Social, sense la qual manca de sentit la transformació del patrimoni comú. Això implica, d'altra banda, instruments bàsics limitatius a implementar en la legislació, de manera que el criteri vire cap a posicions no expansionistes: bandejar la classe de sòl urbanitzable; considerar el sòl rural, amb les seues diferents aptituds desenvolupables, com a alternativa; desclassificació, desqualificació i, fins i tot, desurbanización, davant l'expansionisme; determinacions com a ciutat cuidadora, ciutat mediterrània, compacta, mixta, cohesionada, localizabilitat dels recursos; el dret a l'aprofitament, amb recuperació social de plusvàlues reals; renaturalització, revegetació i desmovilidad -mobilitat no motoritzada, proximitat- com a ítem projectual, serien incorporats com a procés cultural de decreixement. / [EN] The object of this thesis is to establish a process of reflection on certain concepts historically naturalized by urban and environmental science, in such a way that a review of them can be carried out -and, consequently, of the legislation that adopts them philosophically- in the sense of, in the face of the situation of climate change and territorial predation, allowing us to proceed to question a system that establishes development as an element of economic progress in terms of unlimited growth, and to propose the real possibility of establishing development in balance with the territorial environment. To get this, the evolutionary context of the formation of the Territorial Planning concept is defined, reaching the conclusion that the traditionally accepted signifier is more typical of a model based on the generation of capital gains, than on the determination of its own planning, derived from this of its intrinsic determinations, in order to subsequently generate the planning of the uses and activities that must or can be carried out on it. It is about reflecting on how to consider the territory as a resource already ordered in itself, made up of what we call its invariants, which will be used by society -necessarily disordering it-, in order to respectfully extract from it the benefits it needs. for social development itself, all of this alternatively to the economic exploitation model -corrected based on "sustainability" criteria- treated as a mere action board, on which to plan uses and activities. This aforementioned "sustainability" is instrumentalized by the so-called Sustainable Development, a term that we describe as oxymoron, since "development" -obviously, in our context, economic development- is a term that is opposed to "limit", an indicator that must be considered inherent to the concept of sustainability. We will understand, therefore, that Territorial Planning linked to Sustainable Development criteria implies the inability, in territorial evolution, to consider the necessary balance to be able to recover and maintain those territorial elements, their resources, to consider acceptable levels of well-being. Consequently, any evolution towards the limit, which does not imply recovery of what has been exhausted, with greater or lesser speed -development in "sustainability"- will inevitably imply an approach to definitive depletion. Review a system based on growth by growth, implementing a system of Permanent Stability, which, in the situation of exaltation of expansive policies, will only be achievable through a process of decrease, a path of reversion towards intra-limit positions. This is, therefore, how new territorial figures are proposed prior to urban planning based on what we call Functional Acceptance Capabilities, a figure that we link to the intrinsic nature of the territory and its capacity to maintain a certain balance. Capacities that are linked for their activation to the real and verifiable Social Need, without which the transformation of the common heritage is meaningless. This implies, on the other hand, basic limiting instruments to be implemented in the legislation, so that the criterion turns towards non-expansionist positions: banishing the type of developable land; consider rural land, with its different developable abilities, as an alternative; disclassification, disqualification and even disurbanization, in front of expansionism; determinations such as caring city, mediterranean city, compact, mixed, cohesive, localizability of resources; the right to get urban benefits, with social recovery of real capital gains; renaturalization, revegetation and demobility -non-motorized mobility, proximity- as a project item would be incorporated as a cultural process of degrowth. / Pérez Lores, LD. (2024). Ordenación del territorio y sostenibilidad. Análisis del concepto en el ámbito cultural occidental interpelación legislativa para un nuevo modelo en el caso valenciano [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203401

This dissertation constitutes a critical examination of Swedish spatial planning for safety. Spatial planning for safety rests on a number of assumptions about the desired order of the world. These assumptions appear as given and unproblematic, making the formulation of alternatives appear unnecessary. This dissertation provides an account of how, and on what basis a spatial planning problem such as ‘fear and insecurity’ is formulated and acted upon. It is an account of how and what conceptions of knowledge operate to legitimise ideological representations of spatial planning problems. And furthermore, what these ideological representations of spatial planning problems substantially entail, so as to allow for a political spatial planning practice that formulates and deliberates alternatives. This is carried out by analysing assumptions of public life and knowledge within Swedish spatial planning for safety.  This dissertation finds that Swedish spatial planning for safety constitutes ‘certainty’ as a hegemonic criterion for participating in public life, which operates to limit the articulation of alternative discourses in spatial planning for safety. The desired for safe public life is organised based on visual certainty, where the urban fabric should be configured in such ways as to allow for stereotypical visual identifications of one another. Such a public life reflects an individualised practice, where perceptions of fear should be governed by individuals themselves, by independently assessing situations and environments in terms of risks. This individualised conduct is coupled with the fostering of active subjects, which encompasses being engaged in the local residential areas as well as in one another. Such substantial content of ‘planning for safety’ brings about tensions in terms of its ideological legitimating basis, by moving from principles of ‘rights’, where the individual constitutes the first ethical planning subject, to unitary principles of ‘collective values’, in which the ‘community’ constitutes the first ethical planning subject. These presuppositions are further enabled through the ways in which knowledge is conceptualised in spatial planning. This dissertation argues that a hegemonic instrumental emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning prevails. Having such a hegemonic emphasis on knowledge has the implication that even though spatial planning adopts different assumptions, or moves between alternative assumptions of knowledge, the knowledge becomes meaningful only in its instrumental implementation. The instrumental emphasis on knowledge should be regarded in light of the rational and goal-oriented nature of project-based planning, which constitutes a logic that constrains the emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning. This dissertation argues further that if spatial planning should be considered a political practice that debates its goals and values, a politicisation of the emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning is imperative.

The thesis shows how different aspects of sustainable development have been handled or not handled in the third generation infrastructure development in Sweden. The difference between the design of the 3G development – emphazising competition, growth and regional access, based on a strong technological optimism - and the implementation, as the roll out struck the landscape, including the non-handled radiation issue and the legal changes in order to facilitate the roll out, is discussed and analyzed. The roll out formally started in late 2000 as the licence allocation process, the so called beauty contest, was finished. Four operators were to build partly competing systems within three years, each covering 8 860 000 persons, more than 99,98 percent of the populated areas. The Post and Telecommunications Agency can sanction operators not fulfilling licence conditions by a considerable fine. The coverage by the end of the period was between 66 and 74 percent of the promised 8 860 000, with only three remaining operators still participating. Not until 1 December 2006 did the first operator report the required coverage, followed by the two remaining operators by 1 June 2007. The municipal permit handling was blamed for the delay, a reason that “could not have been foreseen”, which helped the operators avoid sanctions from the PTA. The thesis shows that a slow municipal permit process can not explain the lack of coverage in some areas of Sweden. Environmental aspects were not handled at national level but assessed locally in the building permit handling, as well as the regional 12:6 consultations at the County Administrations. This is why the municipal permit process holds many of the keys regarding environmental management and planning. Therefore the permit processes regarding 3G masts has been charted as they developed in time and screened for main issues and conflicts. Public participation can be found in the local context tied to the legal concept of being a concerned party in the permit process, or the 12:6 consultation. In spite of this, the much debated radiation issue is lifted from the participative aspects and legally defined as not relevant. The theoretical basis of the analysis combines spatial planning and sociology of law, applying the sociological concept of norms as entities controlling action on the discussion of two different paradigms of governance derived from planning theory. The thesis project has been a part of a study within the MiSt programme, an interdisciplinary research programme on tools for environmental assessment in strategic decision making funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Supervisors: professor Lars Emmelin, School of Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology Karsten Åström, professor in sociology of law, Lund University / MiSt Report 4

Rural areas, globally, are characterized as poor regions, with two-thirds of the world’s poor people residing in rural areas. In South Africa, 70 percent of the poor population or 3.6 million households, live in rural areas. In the last three State of the Nation Addresses (SONA) in South Africa by President Zuma since 2011, rural development has been placed high on government’s developmental agenda. The formulation of a comprehensive rural development policy, with coordinated implementation by all spheres of government is however still lacking. This research project was undertaken to explore solutions for the revival and development of rural areas in South Africa. The northern Free State region was selected as the geographical focus area and “testing ground” for the research. Rural South Africa has been deteriorating over the last few decades mainly due to globalization and urbanization. Two specific tools to achieve accelerated rural development were identified and analysed namely, local economic development (LED) and spatial planning. The research has shown that rural development is a complicated and difficult process. It is not only about agriculture and economic development, but also about other aspects such as spatial planning, social development, the environment, politics and public management aspects. For the purpose of the research, the theoretical statement was stated as “the chronic state of underdevelopment, poverty and unemployment, especially in rural South Africa, with a specific focus on the northern Free State, can be turned around by means of the implementation of revitalization strategies, which include innovative policies and programmes of LED and spatial planning”. Rural development requires strong committed local leaders and “champions”, skills, patience and funding. The research methodology included a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the concepts relating to rural development, as well as global and local case studies. Local rural development policies were also analysed as currently being implemented by government. Primary research included a community socio-economic survey in the study area to determine levels of rural poverty, unemployment, services delivered by local government and skills. In this survey of poor rural areas and the socio-economic analysis of the northern Free State, it was found that: • close to 50% of all households were living in poverty, • 50.7% of all households lack employment, • 40% of households have an income of less than R 1 500 per month, • The average annual household income in the area relates to just less than R20 000, • The ratio between formal and informal jobs is 1: 0.25, which indicates a low level of informal job opportunities, • Most job opportunities are found in agriculture, manufacturing, community services and households. • The tourism sector only provides in 3.1% of the regional GDP. Local business chambers were also visited in order to determine their perceptions of rural development and local government as well as the level of partnerships with the various local authorities in the area. It was found that partnership formation and cooperation between local business chambers and local authorities in the region were limited, although business chambers are willing to cooperate and assist. Rural development needs a coordinated effort and partnerships between government, business and communities. The focus of the research was on the finding of possible solutions for rural development. Solutions such as a rapid rural assessment (RRA) and a strategy for the study area, which has been provided to the specific local government for implementation, have been formulated. Globally and locally no universally accepted definition of rural concepts such as rural development and rural regions exist. Definitions and classifications of rural areas were formulated for South African conditions. A major component of the research is the proposed rural development model known as the “Feza iSimangaliso” model. Pillars for rural development and best practice aspects for rural development were also formulated. Some of the main findings of the research regarding general rural development aspects are listed below: • Rural regions are slowly but surely becoming in “fashion” as popular regions again due to a number of reasons such as quality environments, the need for a sense of community and belonging and food security. • Well formulated strategic rural development strategies, which are implementable in a coordinated way, can make a positive impact. Rural areas could be seen as a viable alternative, but requires strong governance, especially at the local sphere. • The integration of spatial planning and LED could lead to accelerate rural development, especially when national policy exists and are implemented in a coordinated manner. • The creation of jobs will lead to improved quality of life. Labour intensive sectors of the economy such as tourism, agriculture including agro-processing, manufacturing and retail should be the focus of an economic strategy. • Rural development is dependent on hard and soft infrastructure provision and strong local government. • Rural development must be people centred, with the utilization of local indigenous knowledge. • Rural towns are critical for rural regional development and creation of rural-urban linkages. • The “pull factors” to rural areas include quality of life and environment, sense of belonging, unique culture and history, and a positive economic environment. Future research projects could include more detailed research on the study area and provision of assistance to the relevant local municipalities. A possible rural development matrix will be developed for the evaluation of the level of development and gaps in the development of a rural region. In conclusion, successful rural development planning must be based on strategic planning principles for implementation in order to prevent ad hoc implementation of isolated projects with limited impacts. / PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

I denna studie behandlas ämnet offentliga rum, en diffus definition av allmänna platser som denna uppsats syftar till att råda bot på. Studiens ämne baseras på antaganden om en tilltagande privatisering av offentliga rum som pågår runt om i Sverige och världen, som skapar offentliga rum präglade av handel och service. Forskning och teori i denna studie fokuserar på att finna karaktären av ett offentligt rum och undersöka de konsekvenser som kommer av privatisering. För att besvara de frågor som ställts kommer två fallstudier från Malmö stads två torg Stortorget och Lilla torg redovisas, där forskarnas egna antagande och observationer kompletteras med intervjuer från användare som beskriver sin syn och upplevelse av rummen. I uppsatsen kommer det gå att läsa om de olika fallens bakgrund, hur de uppfattas av besökare, hur de kan ses som motpoler till varandra och vilka konsekvenser offentlighet, eller bristen på det, har på olika grupper. Studien är en del av kandidatprogrammet Fysisk planering vid Blekinge tekniska högskola i Karlskrona. Ämnet, privatisering av offentliga rum, har valts då det är ett intressant ämne att diskutera inom fysisk planering, då gränsen mellan vad fysisk planering kan, och inte kan, påverka är tunn och svår att hantera. Vid ytterligare frågor eller funderingar kring innehållet i uppsatsen eller ämnet, vänligen kontakta författarna på respektive mail: Linnéa Håkansson: linnea-hakansson@hotmail.com Jasmine Dogertz: jasminedogertz@gmail.com / This study concerns the subject public spaces, a vague definition of public places that this study will disentangle. The study is based on assumptions about an increasing privatisation of public spaces that is happening all over Sweden and around the world, that creates public spaces characterized by commerce and service. Science and the theory in this study focuses on to find characterizing trades of a public space and to investigate the consequences that privatization create. To answer questions that has been asked shall two case studies, that has been made on two squares in Malmö called Stortorget and Lilla torg be accounted for, where scientists own assumptions and observations supplemented with interviews from users who describes their view and experience on the subject. In this study will you be able to read about the two cases background, how they are perceived by the users, how they can be seen as opposites and which consequences publicness, or the lack of it, has on different groups. The study is a part of the bachelor program at Fysisk planering (Spatial planning) at Blekinge tekniska högskola (Blekinge technical university) in Karlskrona. The subject, privatization of public spaces, has been chosen because it is an interesting subject to discuss, especially within spatial planning because the borders concerning what spatial planning is able to or not able to do is narrow and hard to equipoise. Further questions or thoughts concerning the content of this study or the subject, please contact the authors on their respective email: Linnéa Håkansson: linnea-hakansson@hotmail.com Jasmine Dogertz: jasminedogertz@gmail.com

Dans beaucoup de pays du continent africain l'enclavement physique se pose encore aujourd'hui comme une contrainte majeure au développement. La région de Jijel après avoir longtemps joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'Algérie du Nord, se retrouve à un certain moment de l'histoire dans une situation d'isolement et de déclin par rapport à son environnement relativement dynamique. Est-ce un espace périphérique ? Ce n'est donc pas le cas, et ce n'est surement pas sa situation qui est mise en cause puisqu'elle fait partie de l'espace central de l'Algérie d'aujourd'hui. Mais l'opposition mer/montagne qui confère une singularité à ce territoire semble avoir donné l'avantage aux territoires voisins plus accessibles et propices au développement des communications ainsi que des échanges en tous genre. Les interventions des pouvoirs publics inscrites dans un contexte d'économie planifiée et dans une approche sectorielle, n'ont pas pris en charge l'ensemble de l'espace de la wilaya en se concentrant sur la zone de plaine côtière et en isolant davantage l'espace montagneux, déjà lésé, qui continu aujourd'hui de former une barrière qui bloque ce territoire par le sud. La dynamique animée par les acteurs locaux montre de son côté le chemin d'un développement en cohérence avec les potentialités et les aptitudes locales. Mais l'une comme l'autre initiative se trouvent confrontées à l'isolement de la région et doivent donc s'appuyer inévitablement sur l'ouverture de ce territoire sur le reste du pays. / In many countries of Africa, the geographical enclosing represents a major constraint for development. Although it played a foreground role in North Algeria for a long time, the Jijel area is nowadays found to be isolated and declining compared to its relatively dynamic environment. As it is clearly not a peripheral place, its location can't be blamed since it belongs to the center of Algeria today. However the sea/mountain opposition, which is singular on this territory, seems to have logically promoted more accessible territories with the development of communications as well as exchanges of all kind. In a context of planned economy and a sector-based approach, the authorities did not consider the whole wilaya place, focusing on the coastal plain zone, and isolating the already injured mountainous space that keeps on forming a barrier, blocking this territory by the south. On the other hand, the dynamics powered by the local actors show a way of a development in coherence with the local potentialities and aptitudes. However, each initiative is confronted with the enclosing of the area and will inevitably depend on the opening of this territory to the rest of the country. Its opening towards the South could also guarantee the opening to the North, and reconcile this place with the sea-side, so that it finds back its past role of “transit zone” between North and South Mediterranean.

A partir des années 2000, la participation publique fait en France l’objet d’une attention grandissante, tant dans les sphères sociale et politique que dans le monde de la recherche. La fabrication de la ville en est le terreau privilégié, support de revendications et d'initiatives citoyennes d’un côté, de procédures et d'expériences institutionnelles de l’autre. Vectrice de régulation sociale, de développement durable et de vitalité de la démocratie, l'implication du public aux projets et décisions gagne en ampleur dans un contexte marqué par la complexification du fait urbain et de ses modalités de gouvernance. Promue par les intercommunalités, elle répondrait à un double enjeu de légitimation politique et de modernisation des modes de faire dans une visée métropolitaine. Le cas de la Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux illustre particulièrement bien cela.Par le déploiement d'exercices participatifs novateurs touchant à des politiques et à des stratégies d'agglomération, elle chercherait à s'affirmer comme chef de file de la gouvernance métropolitaine autant qu'à impliquer directement les habitants et usagers du territoire dans le cadre d'une « citadinité » renouvelée. Cette ambition se traduit dans les orientations politiques récentes, qui transforment le positionnement stratégique, l'organisation et les pratiques de la Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux. S'ensuit une montée en compétence des acteurs – techniciens, membres du Conseil de développement durable, élus – témoin de la professionnalisation des activités de participation. Ce double mouvement, institutionnel et professionnel, laisse présager d'une évolution profonde et durable de l'action communautaire dans une logique plus transversale et collaborative. Cette analyse est le fruit d'une recherche menée au sein de l'institution par le biais d'un dispositif CIFRE. Elle repose sur une méthode d'observation participante, couplée à des entretiens thématiques et à l'examen d'un corpus de processus participatifs récents. / From the 2000s , public participation in France is the subject of increasing attention in both the social and political spheres in the world of research. The privileged context is the production process of cities as it supports citizens claims and initiatives on the one hand , procedures and institutional experiences on the other hand. Vector of social regulation, sustainable development and vitality of democracy, public involvement in projects and urban decisions gains momentum in a context marked by the complexity of the urban reality and its governance. Promoted by intermunicipalities it meets a dual challenge of political legitimacy and modernization of metropolitan operating methods. The case of the Urban Community of Bordeaux illustrates this particularly well. Through the deployment of innovative participatory exercises related to agglomeration policies and strategies, it seeks to assert itself as a leading method in metropolitan governance as well as to directly involve residents and users of the territory in a context of renewed "citizenship". This ambition is reflected in recent policy orientations, which transform the strategic positioning of the organization and practices of the Urban Community of Bordeaux. What followed is an increase in the technical skills of the stakeholders - technicians, members of the Sustainable Development Council, elected bodies- witness of the professionalization of participation. This double movement, institutional and professional, suggests a profound and lasting change in community action as a part of a more collaborative and cross logic. This analysis is the result of a research conducted within the institution within the framework of a CIFRE contract. It is based on the method of participant observation together with thematic interviews and the analysis of a body of recent participatory processes.

Malgré la multiplicité des études démontrant le comportement fascinant des animaux dans leur milieu naturel, quelques domaines de recherches demeurent difficiles à aborder. Ainsi, l’étude de certains aspects cognitifs nécessite un certain contrôle sur l’environnement afin de dissocier les influences écologiques et sociales de l’implication cognitive ; par exemple la cognition spatiale incluant la mémoire spatiale, les mécanismes d’orientation spatiale, ainsi que leur implication dans la navigation, tel que par la planification. L’étude de la cognition spatiale des chimpanzés sauvages s’est déroulée dans le Parc national de Taï, une forêt tropicale dense où les ressources potentielles sont abondantes et réparties sur un territoire de 25 km², avec une visibilité d’environ 30 mètres. De plus, les chimpanzés vivent dans une société du type fission-fusion, impliquant de multiples relations sociales. Toutefois, l’enregistrement précis de la position et des activités des chimpanzés, ainsi qu’une carte botanique précise, nous a permis de dissocier les effets écologiques, sociaux et cognitifs afin de mieux comprendre les relations entre ces différents facteurs. Par cette étude, nous montrons que les chimpanzés ont développé un mécanisme permettant une navigation précise grâce à une carte Euclidienne contenant des informations sur la direction et la distances vers des ressources connues. Ce mécanisme est extrêmement adapté et efficace par la connaissance précise de la localisation de milliers de ressources dans leur habitat. Ces capacités permettent d’augmenter leur efficacité en sélectionnant les ressources les plus productives, en les planifiant à l’avance et, de manière plus avancée, en planifiant le parcours le plus court à travers ces différentes ressources durant la journée lorsque la pression sociale requière une meilleure précision dans le choix des ressources. Ces découvertes illustrent d’abord les capacités extraordinaires des chimpanzés, et deuxièmement que les aspects cognitifs peuvent être expliqués dans le milieu naturel des animaux. / Whereas numerous studies demonstrated fascinating behaviour of animals in their natural habitat, some important areas of research were difficult to tackle in the field. This is the case of many studies on cognitive aspects that required controlled environment to dissociate ecological and social influence from cognition. One of these important areas of research is the spatial cognition including spatial memory, spatial orientation mechanisms and the practical use of these abilities to travel efficiently, such as planning skills. This study on spatial cognition in wild chimpanzees took place in Taï National Park, a tropical dense forest where potential food resources are highly abundant in their 25 km² territory, and the visibility is approximately 30 meters. Adding to this complexity, chimpanzees live in a fission-fusion society, maintaining relationships with each other. Nevertheless, with a precise recording of chimpanzee’s location and activities and a precise botanic map of the territory, we were able to dissociate the ecological, social and cognitive effects and understand some relationships between these factors. Here, we showed that wild chimpanzees developed a precise mechanism to navigate efficiently in their large area using a Euclidean map containing accurate information about direction and distance to the known resources. This mechanism is highly adapted and efficient as the chimpanzees have a precise knowledge of the resources location in their area, remembering the location of thousand trees location. These highly developed abilities allowed them to increase their efficiency by selecting the most productive resources, planning them in advanced and on a higher level to plan the shortest path through these major resources during the day when the social pressure induce a higher precision in resource selection. These findings highlight first the outstanding spatial abilities of wild chimpanzees and second that cognition can be better explained in animals’ natural complex environment. / Trotz zahlreicher Studien, die das faszinierende Verhalten von Wildtieren in ihrer natürlichen Umwelt dokumentieren, bleiben einige Studienfelder schwer erfassbar. So ist zum Beispiel bei der Erforschung von bestimmten kognitiven Aspekten die Rücksichtnahme auf den Umweltfaktor erforderlich, damit Umwelt- und Sozialeinfluss von den kognitiven Faktoren unterschieden werden können. Zu diesen Untersuchungsfeldern gehört die Raumkognition, welche das Raumgedächtnis, die Mechanismen der Raumorientierung sowie deren effizientes Nutzen durch die Schimpansen, z.B. durch ihre Fähigkeit zum Planen, einschließt. Die vorgestellte Studie über Raumkognition bei wild lebenden Schimpansen wurde im Nationalpark von Tai durchgeführt, das heißt, in einem dichten tropischen Wald, wo potentielle Ressourcen bei einer Sichtweite von ungefähr 30 Metern auf einem 25 qm großen Areal reichlich verteilt sind. Hinzu kommt, dass Schimpansen in einer Fission-Fusion Gesellschaftsstruktur leben, die vielfache soziale Beziehungen fördern. Jedoch, mit einer genauen Registrierung der räumlichen Lage und der Aktivitäten der Schimpansen und anhand einer präzisen botanischen Karte des Gebiets, konnten wir die Umwelt-, Sozial- und kognitiven Effekte gegeneinander abgrenzen und somit die zwischen diesen unterschiedlichen Faktoren bestehenden Beziehungen erfassen. In dieser Studie zeigen wir, dass Schimpansen einen besonderen Mechanismus zur Raumorientierung auf ihrem Gebiet entwickelt haben. Dabei verfügen sie über eine euklidische Mind-Karte mit präzisen Informationen über Richtungen und Entfernungen zu den bekannten Ressourcen. Durch ein genaues Wissen über die Verteilung der Nahrungsressourcen auf ihrem Gebiet ist dieser Mechanismus hoch effizient. Dank dieser Fähigkeiten werden Schimpansen immer effizienter, indem sie die ergiebigsten Ressourcen auswählen, dabei planende Fähigkeiten einsetzen und weiterhin indem sie an einem Tag die kürzeste Strecke zu den verschiedenen Ressourcen ausmachen, wenn der soziale Druck höchste Präzision in der Wahl der Nahrungsressourcen erfordert. Diese Erkenntnisse erhellen zuallererst die außergewöhnlichen Fähigkeiten der wild lebenden Schimpansen und beweisen, dass sich kognitive Mechanismen bei wild lebenden Tieren in ihrer natürlichen Umwelt besser erklären lassen.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important conservation tools that can support the resilience of marine ecosystems. Many countries, including Canada, have committed to protecting at least 10% of their marine areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Target 11, which includes connectivity as a key aspect. Connectivity, the movement of individuals among habitats, can enhance population stability and resilience within and among MPAs. This thesis aimed to understand regional spatial patterns of marine ecological connectivity, specifically through the mechanism of adult movement, and how these patterns may be affected by climate change. I used the Northern Shelf Bioregion in British Columbia, Canada, as a case study for four objectives: (1) evaluate potential connectivity via adult movement for the entire bioregion, using habitat proxies for distinct ecological communities; (2) assess potential connectivity via adult movement among existing and potential MPAs, using the same habitat proxies; (3) model potential connectivity via adult movement among marine protected areas for two focal species (Metacarcinus magister and Sebastolobus alascanus) and predict how this interconnectedness may shift based on projected ocean temperature changes; and (4) contribute the results of these analyses to the MPA technical team’s ongoing planning process so that connectivity may be considered in the implementation of a new MPA network in the bioregion. This thesis developed an approach to assess and design MPA networks that maximize inferred connectivity within habitat types for adult movement when ecological data are limited. It applied least-cost theory and circuit theory to model MPA suitability and interconnectedness, finding that these are projected to decrease for Sebastolobus alascanus but increase for Metacarcinus magister. I showcased some methods that may be used in MPA design and evaluation, with lessons for other contexts. Importantly, this thesis informed an ongoing MPA planning process, enabling ecological connectivity to be considered in the establishment of a new MPA network in the bioregion. Overall, this work provided examples for incorporating connectivity and climate change into MPA design, highlighting what is possible even when data are limited. / Graduate