Embasada na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, entra em vigor em 20/12/96 a Lei Federal 9394/96 que define as Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. A seguir, em 1998, são estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Educação e do Desporto (MEC), Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN), e propostos Temas Transversais a serem trabalhados em todas as séries e por todos os docentes do Ensino Fundamental. Os temas transversais são: Saúde, Meio Ambiente, Trabalho e Consumo, Orientação Sexual, Ética e Pluralidade Cultural. A Educação Alimentar e Nutricional, de acordo com os PCN, se envolve nos temas Saúde e Consumo e apresenta um vasto espaço de ações educativas para o Ensino Fundamental. Partiu-se da hipótese de que os interesses dos alunos não vêm sendo contemplados na escola, quanto a Educação Alimentar e Nutricional. Pretendeu-se, na presente pesquisa, verificar quais alimentos têm sido preferidos por 1.414 alunos concluintes do ensino fundamental, no dia-a-dia e se a escola os vem atendendo em suas dúvidas, oferecendo-lhes orientações sobre o assunto em todas as séries do ensino fundamental, como prevê a legislação; verificou-se, pelas informações dos alunos, em que série(s) escolar(es) recebem orientações sobre os alimentos; quais professores de quais matérias os têm orientado; se têm noção de um cardápio que seja adequado às suas necessidades; se as cantinas escolares vendem produtos alimentares recomendados pelos professores em sala de aula ou trabalham em dissonância com as recomendações nutricionais. Conclui-se, confirmando nossa hipótese, que, na opinião dos alunos, a contribuição da escola tem sido pequena quanto a Educação Alimentar e Nutricional; alunos de zona urbana e rural, do sexo masculino e feminino, da rede regular e da educação supletiva, do período diurno e noturno, de escolas públicas e particulares apontam a família como a principal formadora de seus hábitos alimentares; os alunos do período noturno, tanto da rede regular quanto da educação supletiva são os que mais demonstram terem sentido a influência da escola, neste particular. Os alunos apresentam sugestões para que a escola atenda melhor os seus interesses quanto à educação alimentar. / Founded on Brazilian Constitution, go into effect in december, 21st, the federal norm 9394/96 with the directrix and support of the National Education. After, in 1998, are established by the Education and Sport Ministry, a National Curriculum Parameters (PCN) and proposed Transversal Themes to be worked at all levels of Fundamental Course for every teachers. The themes are: Health, Environment, Work and Consumption, Sexual Orientation, Ethic and Cultural Plurality. The Food and Nutritional envelop the Work and Consumption themes, and present a vast space of educatives action for the Fundamental Course, in accord with the PCN. We supose the school don’t attent the interest of the students about food ad nutritional education; we check in this research what 1.414 students of terminal fundamental course think about this theme : which foods they eat, which levels at school they receive orientation about foods, which teachers give them the orientations, if they know what is important to eat to attent their necessities, if the school canteen sells the recommended food by the teachers at classes or work in dissonance with the nutritional recommendation. The hypothesis is confirmed. We conclude the pupils think the school haven’t very influence at their food habits; pupils of urban and rural zone, male and female, of regular and suplementary schools, of public and particular institution, of diurnal and nocturnal period say the family is the more important adviser in this theme. The pupils of noturnal period see some influence of school. The pupils suggest some ideas to elevate their level of knowledge in this área at school.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur skolkuratorer beskriver skolrelaterad stress hos barn samt hur de i sin yrkesroll arbetar med frågor som rör skolrelaterad stress hos barn. Metoden i studien var kvalitativ och semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med skolkuratorer arbetandes inom grundskolan. Studiens teoretiska tolkningsram var känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) och socialt stöd för att få en vidgad förståelse för barns skolrelaterade stress och skolkuratorns roll i det psykosociala arbetet med frågor som rör barns skolrelaterade stress. Studiens resultat visade att skolkuratorerna såg en hög förekomst av skolrelaterad stress hos barn och då främst relaterat till det sociala samspelet, prestationskrav och förväntningar i skolarbetet samt skolans organisatoriska struktur. Av studien framkom att skolkuratorerna ansåg att frågor gällande skolrelaterad stress är viktiga att arbeta med, på individ-, grupp- och organisationsnivå. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how school counsellors describe school-related stress in children and how they work in their profession with questions related to school-related stress in children. The method in the study was qualitative and semi-structured interviews were conducted with school counsellors working in elementary school. The theoretical frame of the study was a sense of context (KASAM) and social support in order to gain a broader understanding of children's school-related stress and the role of the school-counsellor in the psychosocial work on children's school-related stress. The results of the study showed that school counsellors saw a high incidence of school-related stress in children, mainly related to social interaction, achievements and expectations in school work and the organizational structure of the school. The study found that school counsellors felt that school-related stress issues are important to work with at individual group and organizational levels.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att utifrån skolkuratorers perspektiv öka förståelsen om skolkuratorers arbete för att hjälpa unga mellan 12-19 år som lider av någon form av psykisk ohälsa. För att analysera vårt material har vi använt oss av tre teorier: KASAM - känsla av sammanhang av Aaron Anthonovsky, Utvecklingsekologi av Urie Bronfenbrenner och Krav- Kontroll - Stöd av Robert Karaseks och Töres Theorells. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod med hjälp av sex semi- strukturerade intervjuer med sex skolkuratorer. Resultatet som vi kom fram till i vår studie är att skolan medför stress och oro för unga. Hemförhållanden och sociala medier är även två faktorer som bidrar till psykisk ohälsa bland unga. Skolkuratorers huvudfokus är individuella stödsamtal till elever, dock visade vårt resultat att på grund av tidbrist kan de inte jobba lika förebyggande som de vill. Skolkuratorernas svårigheter med arbetet är att upptäcka psykisk ohälsa bland unga. / The purpose of the study is to, from the perspective of the school curators, increase understanding of the work of school workers to help young people between 12- 19 years suffering from some of mental illness. To analyze our material, we have used three theories: Aaron Anthonovsky about KASAM, Urie Bronfenbrenner theory about Developmental Ecology, and Robert Karaseks and Töres Theorells theory about Requirements- Control - Support. The study has been conducted with a qualitative method using six semi- structured interviews with six school counsellors. The serults we found in our study are that the school brings stress and concern to the young people/students. Home relationships and social media are also two factors that contribute to mental ill health among young people. Schools main focus is individual support talks for students, however, our results showed that due to lack of time they can not work as preventively as they like. The school counsellors diffculties with the work are to detect mental ill health among young people.

The thesis is focused on integration of Health and Physical education in the junior high school curriculum.The main objective is to find out the teachers' experiences and their opinions on the Health and PT education . And on the basis of the obtain information design, in line with the expected outcomes of the Framework of Educational Program, propose a training program for improving the Health and PT class education. In the theoretical part was analysed the common outputs and goals from the Educational Program for Basic Education updated in 2016 for these groups. Was also describes the psychomotor development of student at junior high schools based on science studiies. It identifies the way in which teachers in the field of didactics cooperate, and whether this cooperation is supported by the current curriculum. The practical part documents the course and results of qualitative research in schools with a low number of pupils and teachers in Vlašim school district. Thesis reveals the most common problems associated with teaching of Health education class, methods how teachers cooperationand, and shows the importance of teaching Health and PT education from the perspective of the teachers. The output of this thesis is make proposal of the Educational program which will link Health and PT.

Mentoring as a process to develop and enhance the functioning of new members in organisations has become prominent in the last two decades. In various disciplines such as law, education and business, the implementation of mentoring processes and concepts have been embraced. With an estimated two-thirds of the population in sub-Saharan Africa living with HIV/AIDS, health care professionals seem to have also embraced the mentoring process and concepts. In this study the experiences of lay counsellors, referred to as Befrienders, in a mentoring programme were explored. In addition, the researcher sought to identify potential challenges that Befrienders experienced in the mentoring programme, how they understood the challenges and how these challenges were addressed. The researcher then explored the potential skills that may have been learned within the mentoring programme. The exploration also produced some ideas on how the mentoring programme could be improved. Furthermore, the study seems to have made a contribution to mentoring theory. In the study, a convenient sample of five formal interviews and two pilot interviews were conducted. The participants consisted of four students, and one staff member from the University of Pretoria. Participants were interviewed for 1½ hours using semi-structured, individual and face-to-face interviews. A thematic analysis was used to interpret the data and social constructionism was used as the theoretical framework to make sense of the findings. In the findings, five prominent themes were identified, namely: (i) Being mentored (Experiencing the programme), (ii) Interpersonal relationships (Experiencing others), (iii) A developing inner world (Experiencing the Self), (iv) Negotiating boundaries (Managing relationships), and (v) Other issues related to HIV/AIDS (Experiencing the context). It was found, among other things, that the Befrienders constructed their own understanding of the mentoring process, that they used the mentoring relationship with their supervisor to understand the clients, and that they developed new perspectives as they learned about themselves. Finally, as a result of being mentored and of the process of development, the Befrienders seemed to have developed a deeper desire to do more work in the HIV/AIDS context. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Psychology / unrestricted

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Forskning visar att ätstörningar hos skolelever blir alltmer vanligt både nationellt och internationellt. Det förekommer mest hos flickor men ökar även hos pojkar. Uppskattningsvis har 10 % ätstörningssymtom. Ca 4-5% av alla flickor har någon gång insjuknat i en allvarlig ätstörning i Sverige. Det är av vikt att upptäcka dessa skolelever då konsekvenserna kan medföra allvarliga hälsoproblem med långdraget, ibland kroniskt förlopp och i värsta fall död. Syfte: Beskriva skolsköterskors erfarenheter av att upptäcka ätstörning hos skolelever. Metod: Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med skolsköterskor. Intervjuerna analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Skolsköterskan upptäcker ätstörningar genom sitt hälsofrämjande arbete i både de planerade och spontana hälsobesöken, men också genom att vara uppmärksam på risksignaler hos skolelever som avvikande beteende samt ha ett könssperspektiv. Skolsköterskan är beroende av andras information, såsom pedagoger, kompisar, extern personal, föräldrar och skoleleven själv för att upptäcka ätstörning. Skolsköterskorna har goda kunskaper om ätstörning men ingen stor erfarenhet av att upptäcka detta. Utbildning och tydliga riktlinjer eftersöks då osäkerhet upplevs. Slutsats: Elevhälsovården saknade riktlinjer och arbetsrutiner för att upptäcka ätstörning. Därför är det viktigt att utveckla och modernisera tydliga riktlinjer, vilket skulle kunna bidra till tidig upptäckt av ätstörningar hos skolelever.   Nyckelord: Elevhälsa, hälsobesök, hälsofrämjande, hälsosamtal, information, kroppsuppfattning. / abstract Background: Research shows that eating disorders among school students are becoming increasingly common both nationally and internationally. It occurs most in girls but is also increasing among boys. Estimately 10% suffers from eating disorder symptoms. About 4-5% of girls have ever suffered from a serious eating disorder in Sweden. It is important to discover these schoolchildren as the consequences can lead to serious health problems with the longevity, sometimes chronic progression and in worst case death. Purpose: Describe the school nurse's experience of detecting eating disorders among school students. Method: Ten semistructured interviews were conducted with school nurses. The interviews were analyzed based on a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Result: The school nurse detects eating disorders through his health promotion work in both planned and spontaneous health visits, but also by paying attention to the risk signals of school students as deviating behavior meanwhile having a gender perspective. The nurse was dependent on other people's information, such as educators, friends, external staff, parents and the actual school student to detect eating disorders. School nurses have good knowledge but no experience detecting it. Education and clear guidelines were sought sines uncertainty was experienced in detecting eating disorders. Conclusion: Student health care lacked guidelines and work routines to detect eating disorders. Therefore, it is important to develop and modernize clear guidelines, which would mean that school nurses would discover more schoolchildren and thereby reduce suffering. Keyword: Body perception, health consultation, health promotion, health visit, information, student health.

The initial development of a social services program in a college health setting is presented, with discussion regarding causes, methods, and outcomes. Both empirical and anecdotal data which were influential in the initial formation of the program are reviewed, in the context of an examination of the research literature relating to this area. The actual development and implementation of the program is followed through its first year of existence. Outcomes are presented in the form of qualitative data analysis and case studies. Discussion of the results and recommendations for both future research and improvements to the program are presented.

There are various health promotion and preventive measures that can be done in schools. Creating accessible learning environments is such a way. In this qualitative study interviews are made with professionals in School Health Teams on what they think is important in the process of creating accessible learning environments for pupils with neuropsychiatric disorders. The results show that the different perspectives as well as the way in which the different professionals work in Student Health Teams affect the orientation of the work in Student Health Teams. It affects whether the efforts become general or individual and whether they become promotion, prevention or remedial action. The Lundin model - the pyramid of change (2017) that describes a possible way of running an accessibility work has proved to be partly in line with the informants' percep-tions. I have revised the model to include the National Agency for Education's definition of ac-cessible learning environments that also include socially and educationally accessible learning environment. The results show the need to raise the level of knowledge of the staff and the need to work with their core values because they affect the way the teachers treat pupils, and the op-portunities to make the school more accessible physically, pedagogically and socially. The study also shows practical examples of ways of making the learning environment accessible and that efforts that are good for students with neuropsychiatric disorders are good for all students. Suc-cessful perspectives for the work with accessible learning environments have proven to be a re-lational perspective and a salutogenic perspective. What all occupational groups emphasized was the importance of relationships and creating structure and comprehensibility for students with neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as for all other pupils. The empirical material is grouped under three themes: Awareness and approach, Accessible learning environments - in practice and Di-lemmas and governance. These themes also show that the revised model also needs to include dynamic aspects of change work as well as dilemmas and governance. The result also shows the need to obtain views from more types of informants such as pupils, teachers, principals and other staff.

Syftet med vår uppsats är att uppmärksamma skolkuratorers upplevelser och erfarenheter av att arbeta med psykisk ohälsa bland elever i grundskolan, samt vilka resurser de anser är nödvändiga för att elever i den svenska grundskolan ska ges rätt förutsättningar till en god psykisk hälsa. De arbetsvillkor skolkuratorerna arbetar utifrån belyses, och likaså vilka utmaningar och dilemman kuratorerna kan ställas inför i det dagliga arbetet. I vår studie uppmärksammas även vilka resurser kuratorerna har att tillgå för att kunna utföra sitt arbete, samt hur genomförandet av arbetsuppgifter kan skilja sig åt mellan olika skolor. Det resultat och den analys som presenteras i uppsatsens senare del grundar sig i sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med skolkuratorer inom den svenska kommunala grundskolan. Det som väckte vårt intresse och föranledde vårt val av ämne var den ökade psykiska ohälsan bland barn och unga i det svenska samhället. Den bild av skolkuratorernas ansvarsområden och arbetsbelastning som framträder i studien anser vi är något som inte kan förbises, utan bör tas på allvar för att främja såväl kuratorernas möjligheter till ett gott arbete som elevers möjlighet till en god psykisk hälsa. / The purpose of our paper is to pay attention to the experiences of school counselors´ work with mental illness among pupils in elementary school, and what resources they consider necessary for pupils in the Swedish elementary school to be given the right prerequisites for a good mental health. The working conditions of the school counselor on the basis of the illumination, as well as the challenges and dilemmas the school counselor can face in their daily work. In our study, we also note the resources available to the school counselor in order to carry out their work, and how the implementation of tasks can differ between schools. The result and analysis presented in the later part of the essay is based on six semistructured interviews with school counselors in the Swedish municipal elementary school.

Bakgrund: Den psykiska ohälsan bland barn och unga i skolan ses enligt forskningen öka. Skolsköterskan har i sin hälsofrämjande roll ansvar för att följa upp elevernas hälsa och genom aktiva insatser förebygga och stödja eleven utifrån en samlad helhetsbild. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa variationen i skolsköterskornas upplevelse om möjligheten att använda social tjänstehund inom hälsofrämjande arbete med elever. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Analysmetoden baserades på en fenomenografisk design. Resultat: Resultat i föreliggande studie visar att flertalet skolsköterskor saknar verktyg som ger möjlighet att nå ut till de elever som inte själva aktivt söker kontakt. Resultatet pekade även på att fler områden inom elevhälsans stödjande insatser saknar resurser nog trots att problemområdena är väl identifierade. Slutsats: Den sociala tjänstehunden ses som ett starkt alternativ till hälsofrämjande redskap inom skolsköterskans roll. Fynden i studien förmedlar att hunden kan bidra till en ökad mottaglighet hos eleverna som direkt relaterar till skolsköterskans inflytande i det hälsofrämjande arbetet. / Background: According to research, the mental illness among children and adolescents in school is seen to increase. The school nurse has in her healthpromoting role the responsibility to follow up the students' health and through active efforts, prevent and support the pupil based on a combined overall picture. Aim: The purpose was to highlight the variation in the school nurses' experience about the possibility of using a social service dog in the preventive health work with students. Method: A qualitative descriptive study with a semi-structured interview guide. The method of analysis was based on a phenomenographic design. Result: Results in the present study, show that most school nurses have a lack of tools that give the opportunity to reach out to those pupils who don´t ask for help when they need it. The result also pointed out that more areas within the school health support, have a lack of resources even though areas with the problem are well identified. Conclusion: The social service dog is seen as a strong alternative to healthpromoting tools combined with the role of the school nurse. The findings in the study convey that the dog can contribute to an increased susceptibility among the students who directly relate to the school nurse's influence in the health promotion work.