Cette thèse porte sur La question du financement de la transition énergétique bas-carbone et le rôle du secteur financier et bancaire dans la réussite des objectifs climatiques internationaux. Les enjeux de la transition énergétique pour le secteur financier sont triples. Il faut d’abord comprendre la nécessité d’adopter une analyse différenciée de la consommation énergétique des ménages, en particulier celle liée à leur logement, dans la recherche d’adéquation des objectifs macroéconomiques avec ceux des arbitrages financiers et économiques individuels. Le premier chapitre conduit une analyse par typologie des dépenses énergétiques des ménages et propose une segmentation des comportements microéconomiques des acteurs et du marché de la transition énergétique dans le logement. Il faut ensuite trouver une manière de valoriser les investissements privés dans la transition énergétique, encore aujourd’hui difficiles à massifier notamment lorsqu’il est question de la performance énergétique du logement. Le chapitre 2 s’emploie à déployer un modèle issu d’une technique d’optimisation par les fonctions frontières, pour rendre compte de la présence d’une valeur verte sur un marché local du logement privé en France. Enfin il s’agit d’intégrer les multiples risques liés au changement climatique au sein de la cartographie des risques finaux (spécifiques, systématiques et systémiques) qui pèsent sur les institutions financières, dans l’évaluation de leur activité (la gestion des flux financiers) mais aussi dans l’évaluation du profil de risque de leur bilan. Les intermédiaires financiers mais également les institutions qui les régulent ont un rôle clé à jouer dans l’établissement d’une valeur sociale du carbone endogène aux marchés financiers (chapitre 3). / This thesis deals with the main challenges that we need to address to foster the private financing of a low-carbon energy transition. A massive amount of investment in low carbon assets is needed and most of the effort must come from final energy consumers such as households. Their ability as well as the ability of the financial intermediation institutions (that is banks in Europe) to valorise low-carbon investments and risk profile is the key for a successful low-carbon energy transition in France and in every industrialized country. These researches focus more particularly on the housing sector which represents 44% of the final energy consumption and 21% of the total greenhouses gases emissions in France. The first chapter of this thesis takes the viewpoint that only a disaggregated approach can actually permit macroeconomic and nationwide objectives to reduce final energy consumption match microeconomic arbitrages regarding energy spending in the private residential housing sector. Using segmentation and decision tree growing econometric techniques, the chapter proposes a typology of energy spending and a segmentation analysis and of the energy transition “market” in the housing sector. The second chapter uses frontier functions estimation technique on a local French private housing market to determine if selling prices contain a “Green Property Value”. An empirical analysis is then conducted to determine if this value can offset the upfront cost of energy retrofit. The last chapter takes the prism of the financial institutions. It attempts a first evaluation of the impact and exposition to climate related risks, those are physical, transition, liability and systemic risks, on the banking system and its prudential regulation framework.

Este estudo contempla dois ensaios em finanças quantitativas, relacionados, respectivamente, a modelos de apreçamento e risco sistêmico. No Capitulo 1, e apresentado uma alternativa para modelar opções multidimensionais, cujas estruturas de ganhos e perdas dependam das trajetórias dos processos dos preços dos ativos objetos. A modelagem sugerida considera os processos de Levy, uma classe de processos estocásticos bastante ampla, que permite a existência de saltos (descontinuidades) no processo dos preços dos ativos financeiros, e tem como caso particular o movimento Browniano. Para escrever a dependência entre os processos, os conceitos estáticos de copulas ordinárias são estendidos para o contexto dos processos de Levy, levando em consideração a medida de Levy, que caracteriza o comportamento dos saltos. São realizados estudos comparativos entre as copulas dinâmicas de Clayton e de Frank, no apreçamento dos contratos derivativos do tipo asiático, utilizando-se processos gama e técnicas de simulação de Monte Carlo. No Capitulo 2, a estrutura e dinâmica interbancária das exposições mutuas entre as instituições financeiras no Brasil e explorada bem como o capital destas reservas, utilizando um conjunto de dados únicos que considera vários períodos entre 2007 e 2008. Para isto e mostrado que a rede de exposições pode ser modelada adequadamente como um gráfico estocástico dirigido de escala - livre (ponderada) seguindo distribuições que apresentam caudas grossas. A relação entre as conexões das instituições financeiras e seu colchão-de-capital também são investigados neste estudo. Finalmente, a estrutura da rede e usada para explorar a extensão de risco sistêmico gerada no sistema individualmente pelas instituições financeiras. / This study comprises two essays in quantitative finance, related, respectively, to models in asset pricing and systemic risk. In Chapter 1, it is presented an alternative to modeling multidimensional options, where the pay-offs depend on the paths of the trajectories of the underlying-asset prices. The proposed technique considers Levy processes, a very ample class of stochastic processes that allows the existence of jumps (discontinuities) in the price process of financial assets, and as a particular case, comprises the Brownian motion. To describe the dependence among Levy processes, extending the static concepts of the ordinary copulas to the Levy processes context, considering the Levy measure, which characterizes the jumps behavior of these processes. A comparison between the Clayton and the Frank dynamic copulas and their impact in asset pricing of Asian type derivatives contracts is studied, considering gamma processes and Monte Carlo simulation procedures. In Chapter 2, the structure and dynamics of interbank exposures in Brazil using a unique data set of all mutual exposures of financial institutions in Brazil is explored, as well as their capital reserves, at various periods in 2007 and 2008. It is shown that the network of exposures can be adequately modeled as a directed scale-free (weighted) graph with heavy-tailed degree and weight distributions. The relation between connectivity of a financial institution and its capital buffer are also investigated in this study. Finally, the network structure is used to explore the extent of systemic risk generated in the system by the individual institutions.

L'évaluation des coûts et des avantages du système de banque centrale dépend fondamentalement de l'approche analytique adoptée. Les approches instrumentalistes et positivistes, discutées dans la première partie de cette thèse, se concentrent principalement sur l'importance des prédictions empiriques quantitatives. Ces approches tendent à mettre l'accent sur les conséquences immédiates et facilement mesurables. Les effets bénéfiques de court-terme des politiques monétaires expansionnistes sont ainsi étudiés en détail par les partisans de ces approches. Les critiques internes de ces dernières sont basées sur la reconnue ignorance des potentiels effets secondaires déstabilisateurs. Les coûts engendrés par les banques centrales sont vus principalement comme une perte de bien être due à une activité économique diminuée où une inflation des prix trop élevée résultant d'une déviation vis-à-vis de la politique monétaire optimale. L'approche causale-réaliste, étudiée dans la deuxième partie, donne un rôle plus restreint à la méthode empirique quantitative. Cette ligne de recherche permet une extension fructueuse de l'analyse coûts bénéfices à des notions plus abstraites qui peuvent être étudiées qualitativement tels le risque systémique et l'aléa moral. Cette étude défend que le régime moderne de banque centrale a alimenté le développement de ces deux phénomènes. Nous analysons comment la récurrence du cycle économique et la redistribution de la richesse au profit des plus aisés sont des effets importants de l'expansion du crédit. Une explication alternative de la stagflation basée sur le processus de l'intervention politique en réponse à ces conséquences inattendues est proposée. / The evaluation of the costs and benefits of central banking is to a considerable degree dependent on the analytical approach pursued.Instrumentalist-positivist approaches, as discussed in the first part of the thesis, emphasize the importance of empirical-quantitativepredictions for the development of economic models. Within this line of research, there exists a strong emphasis on those consequences of central banking that have an immediate and readily measurable empirical counterpart in the observed economic environment.Hence, the beneficial short-term effects of expansionary monetary policy in terms of increased economic activity are studied in detail and are well understood by proponents of these approaches. Internal counterarguments are based on acknowledged ignorance about potentially destabilizing side-effects. The costs of central banking are essentially seen as welfare losses from decreasedeconomic activity or excessive price inflation as results of deviations from an optimal monetary policy path. The causal- realist approach, as studied in the second part, assigns a narrower role to quantitative-empirical tools of analysis. This line of research allows for a fruitful extension of the cost-benefit analysis to more abstract notions such as systemic risk and moral hazard that can be analyzed qualitatively. It is argued that modern central banking is a contributing factor to both. Moreover, business cycles and wealth redistribution from bottom to top as important effects of credit expansion are analyzed. An alternative explanation of stagflation based on the process of political interventionism in response to unintended consequences of monetary policy is proposed.

L'ultima crisi nanziaria ha evidenziato il ruolo decisivo delle connessioni nel mercato interban- cario come canale e strumento ampli catore dei shock nanziari, e di conseguenza del rischio sistemico. In questa tesi presentiamo delle metodologie teoriche ed empiriche per analizzare il potenziale rischio sistemico in una rete bancaria interconnessa. La tesi comprende due saggi sulle reti nanziarie e il rischio sistemico ed e organizzata in due capitoli. Nel capitolo I analizziamo e modelliamo alcune delle complesse interazioni all'interno di una rete nanziaria, con l'obiettivo di approfondire nella interrelazione fra la fragilit a dell'eco- nomia reale e quella del sistema bancario. A questo scopo, forniamo una descrizione qualitativa e quantitativa delle dinamiche della leva nanziaria. Nel capitolo II, sfruttiamo un set originale di dati su 15 banche europee classi cate come G-SIB per valutare se l'espansione nei mercati esteri aumenta la loro rischiosit a, e attraverso quali canali si materializa. / The last global nancial crisis clearly illustrated the crucial role of interbank linkages in channel- ing and amplifying shocks hitting the system and, therefore, in the emergence of systemic risk. In this thesis, we present theoretical and empirical methodologies for analysing the potential for systemic risk in a interconnected banking network. The dissertation comprehends two essays on nancial networks and systemic risk and is organ- ised in two chapters. In chapter I, we analyse and model some complex interactions and feedback relationships within a nancial network, with the objective of delving into the linkages between fragility in the real economy and in the banking system. For this purpose, we provide a qualita- tive and quantitative description of leverage dynamics. In chapter II, we exploit an original dataset on 15 European banks classi ed as G-SIBs by the BIS to assess whether expansion in foreign markets increases their riskiness, and through which channels that eventually happens.

This diploma thesis is focused on shadow banking and its impact on the financial markets. The first section defines shadow banking and offers an overview of its instruments and activities with focus on the advantages and risks related to securitization, repurchase agreements and money market funds. The second section begins with an overview of systemic risk emerging from shadow banking activities. Substantial part of the thesis is dedicated to measurement of the shadow banking sector size based on methods of Financial Stability Board. The thesis concludes with an overview of current regulatory progress in transforming shadow banking into resilient market-based finance.

This dissertation explores aspects of financial stability from three different perspectives. In the first essay, we empirically analyze to which extent popular global systemic risk measures (SRMs) yield comparable results with respect to the systemic importance of a financial institution and, in particular, from which determinants the degree of consistency of the classification by the various SRMs depends. It turns out that rank correlations, in general, are more sensitive towards macroeconomic factors such as the unemployment rate, and to a minor degree towards factors that can be interpreted in a broader sense as proxies for the stability of a bank such as the market-to-book ratio and the loans-to-deposits ratio. Further analyses reveal the inconsistency of systemic risk ranks and the difficulty to detect specific explanatory factors across several different settings. In the second essay, we assess the potential of activity on Twitter for improving forecasts of daily and intra-daily stock and index return volatilities. For this purpose, a unique high-frequency dataset of a comprehensive sample of more than 150 stocks of large international companies, systemically important banks, as well as several leading international stock indices is constructed. Our results show that there is no clear advantage of adding Twitter information by assessing the forecast performance of a plethora of different model specifications. We also reveal the necessity to consider different set-ups since they partly deliver opposing results. However, even though Twitter information is sometimes valuable, we find that forecast improvements in general remain marginal. In the third essay, we characterizes the formation of self-enforcing international financial regulation agreements. Our analysis allows evaluating the desirability and feasibility of cooperative solutions and explains the challenges associated with the process of cooperation. We model the cooperation of national financial regulators in a game-theoretical framework that considers financial stability to be an impure public good. Joint national supervisory effort is supposed to increase aggregate welfare in terms of a more stable financial system both on a global and on a local level by simultaneously generating incentives to free-ride. In our basic version of the model, we show that partial cooperation of two or three countries is stable and improves the welfare of all countries relative to the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. Further analyses highlight the role of additional club benefits. When signatory countries of a coalition gain benefits over and above the joint welfare maximization, stable coalitions of any size become feasible.

In den letzten Jahren gab es ein drastisches Wachstum in verfügbaren Finanzdaten. Finanzmärkte haben starke und oft nicht ganz vorhersagbare Änderungen ihrer Dynamik erlebt. Diese Tendenz hat dazu geführt, dass die Methoden der Risikomodellierung sowohl das Problem der hohen Dimensionalität als auch dynamische nicht Gaußsche Strukturen behandeln müssen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, Methoden der Risikomodellierung vorzuschlagen, die gleichzeitig Reduzierung der Dimensionalität und dynamische Struktur in drei Anwendungen erlauben: 1) Asset Allocation und Hedging, 2) stochastische Modellierung von multivariaten Prozessen, 2) Messung der systemischen Risiken. Die vorgeschlagenen Methoden demonstrieren gute Ergebnisse im Vergleich mit den existierenden Methoden der Risikomodellierung und führen neue Verfahren zur Erkennung der extremen Risiken und Anomalien auf Finanzmärkten sowie zur deren Management. / Over the recent years, there have been a significant increase in financial data availability. On the other hand, financial markets have experienced sharp and often unforeseen changes in their dynamics. This tendency has caused the need for risk modeling approaches addressing both high dimensionality problem and accustoming for dynamic non Gaussian structure. The primary aim of this dissertation is to propose several risk modeling approaches which allow for simultaneous dimension reduction and dynamic structures in three setups: 1) asset allocation and hedging, 2) stochastic surface modeling and 3) systemic risk determination. Proposed models demonstrate good performance when compared to existing approaches for risk modeling and introduce new flexible ways to detect extreme risks and anomalies on financial markets as well as methods for their modeling and management.

An optimal dividend problem with investment opportunities, taking into consideration a source of strategic risk is being considered, as well as the effect of market frictions on the decision process of the financial entities. It concerns the problem of determining an optimal control of the dividend under debt constraints and investment opportunities in an economy with business cycles. It is assumed that the company is to be allowed to accept or reject investment opportunities arriving at random times with random sizes, by changing its outstanding indebtedness, which would impact its capital structure and risk profile. This work mainly focuses on the strategic risk faced by the companies; and, in particular, it focuses on the manager's problem of setting appropriate priorities to deploy the limited resources available. This component is taken into account by introducing frictions in the capital structure modification process. The problem is formulated as a bi-dimensional singular control problem under regime switching in presence of jumps. An explicit condition is obtained in order to ensure that the value function is finite. A viscosity solution approach is used to get qualitative descriptions of the solution. Moreover, a lending scheme for a system of interconnected banks with probabilistic constraints of failure is being considered. The problem arises from the fact that financial institutions cannot possibly carry enough capital to withstand counterparty failures or systemic risk. In such situations, the central bank or the government becomes effectively the risk manager of last resort or, in extreme cases, the lender of last resort. If, on the one hand, the health of the whole financial system depends on government intervention, on the other hand, guaranteeing a high probability of salvage may result in increasing the moral hazard of the banks in the financial network. A closed form solution for an optimal control problem related to interbank lending schemes has been derived, subject to terminal probability constraints on the failure of banks which are interconnected through a financial network. The derived solution applies to real bank networks by obtaining a general solution when the aforementioned probability constraints are assumed for all the banks. We also present a direct method to compute the systemic relevance parameter for each bank within the network. Finally, a possible computation technique for the Default Risk Charge under to regulatory risk measurement processes is being considered. We focus on the Default Risk Charge measure as an effective alternative to the Incremental Risk Charge one, proposing its implementation by a quasi exhaustive-heuristic algorithm to determine the minimum capital requested to a bank facing the market risk associated to portfolios based on assets emitted by several financial agents. While most of the banks use the Monte Carlo simulation approach and the empirical quantile to estimate this risk measure, we provide new computational approaches, exhaustive or heuristic, currently becoming feasible, because of both new regulation and the high speed - low cost technology available nowadays.

In dieser Dissertation werden neue Methoden zur Erfassung zweier Risikoarten entwickelt. Markrisiko ist definiert als das Risiko, auf Grund von Wertrückgängen in Wertpapierportfolios Geld zu verlieren. Systemisches Risiko bezieht sich auf das Risiko des Zusammenbruchs eines Finanzsystems, das durch die Notlage eines einzelnen Finanzinstituts entsteht. Im Zuge der Finanzkrise 2007–2009 realisierten sich beide Risiken, was weltweit zu hohen Verlusten für Investoren, Unternehmen und Steuerzahler führte. Vor diesem Hintergrund besteht sowohl bei Finanzinstituten als auch bei Regulierungsbehörden Interesse an neuen Ansätzen für das Risikomanagement. Die Gemeinsamkeit der in dieser Dissertation entwickelten Methoden besteht darin, dass unterschiedliche Quantilsregressionsansätze in neuartiger Weise für das Finanzrisikomanagement verwendet werden. Zum einen wird nichtparametrische Quantilsregression mit Extremwertmethoden kombiniert, um extreme Markpreisänderungsrisiken zu prognostizieren. Das resultierende Value at Risk (VaR) Prognose- Modell für extremeWahrscheinlichkeiten wird auf internationale Aktienindizes angewandt. In vielen Fällen schneidet es besser ab als parametrische Vergleichsmodelle. Zum anderen wird ein Maß für systemisches Risiko, das realized systemic risk beta, eingeführt. Anders als bereits existierende Messgrößen erfasst es explizit sowohl Risikoabhängigkeiten zwischen Finanzinstituten als auch deren individuelle Bilanzmerkmale und Finanzsektor-Indikatoren. Um die relevanten Risikotreiber jedes einzelnen Unternehmens zu bestimmen, werden Modellselektionsverfahren für hochdimensionale Quantilsregressionen benutzt. Das realized systemic risk beta entspricht dem totalen Effekt eines Anstiegs des VaR eines Unternehmens auf den VaR des Finanzsystems. Anhand von us-amerikanischen und europäischen Daten wird gezeigt, dass die neue Messzahl sich gut zur Erfassung und Vorhersage systemischen Risikos eignet. / This thesis develops new methods to assess two types of financial risk. Market risk is defined as the risk of losing money due to drops in the values of asset portfolios. Systemic risk refers to the breakdown risk for the financial system induced by the distress of individual companies. During the financial crisis 2007–2009, both types of risk materialized, resulting in huge losses for investors, companies, and tax payers all over the world. Therefore, considering new risk management alternatives is of interest for both financial institutions and regulatory authorities. A common feature of the models used throughout the thesis is that they adapt quantile regression techniques to the context of financial risk management in a novel way. Firstly, to predict extreme market risk, nonparametric quantile regression is combined with extreme value theory. The resulting extreme Value at Risk (VaR) forecast framework is applied to different international stock indices. In many situations, its performance is superior to parametric benchmark models. Secondly, a systemic risk measure, the realized systemic risk beta, is proposed. In contrast to exististing measures it is tailored to account for tail risk interconnections within the financial sector, individual firm characteristics, and financial indicators. To determine each company’s relevant risk drivers, model selection techniques for high-dimensional quantile regression are employed. The realized systemic risk beta corresponds to the total effect of each firm’s VaR on the system’s VaR. Using data on major financial institutions in the U.S. and in Europe, it is shown that the new measure is a valuable tool to both estimate and forecast systemic risk.

在金融市場國際化之趨勢下，各國金融交易參與者極可能受到跨國破產事件的影響。同時，受到金融創新潮流的驅使，非傳統金融工具的商業活動亦構成金融市場重要環節之一，從而探討破產法制對於非傳統金融交易契約之處理方式，實有其重要性。本文以店頭衍生性金融交易市場以及所選取案例為中心，探討跨國破產事件相關議題，包括破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易所給予的特殊規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力，以下均統稱為「破產法特殊規定」），以及相關跨國破產事件之可能處理模式或合作途徑。 本文以國內外學術文獻、法院見解之整理為基礎，進行法學分析，並輔以金融實務觀點進行研究，於各相關部分同時探討我國法制。本文分為七章，內容簡介如後。 首先，於第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構，同時也限定研究範圍。又因跨國破產事件具多樣性與複雜性，為使本文討論範圍明確與聚焦，故於第二章先行提出具體跨國破產事件之美國與英國案例及其爭議問題，並以其做為本文探討中心與範圍，探討內容即包含破產法制涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之規範實體面議題，以及跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。後續章節將陸續探討上開問題。 第三章簡介店頭衍生性金融交易，以及說明其常見契約結構、相關法律問題。本章同時介紹「單一主契約模式」與「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之概念，學者及實務工作者有謂上開契約條款之功能，包含避免於破產程序中破產管理人選擇性履行或拒絕契約、降低交易對手信用風險、提升未違約方之再避險可能性、減少銀行業之資本計提成本、降低系統性風險等，而其中最具爭議性的降低系統性風險功能，也是目前全球多國破產法制承認提前終止與淨額結算條款具有效性的重要理由之一。本章著重於顯示店頭衍生性金融交易之當事人約定事項與破產法制間之關聯性，此屬於破產法制之規範實體面議題，以便於次一章接續介紹外國破產法制之相關具體內容。本章內容與後續各章均有密切關聯，故有說明之必要。 第四章先說明破產法制之一般原則，再分別於美國、英國、歐盟、日本、以及我國法制下，觀察破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易之例外規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力），著重於說明破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之現況，並參考外國文獻探討其立法理由是否具有充足正當性，以及其規定是否有修訂或調整之必要。相對於第三章彙整學說及實務觀點以說明「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之功能，本章則援引外國文獻對破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之批評，並做出該條款效力於破產法制中至少應調整為受有一定限制之結論，也就是訂有交易提前終止權之暫時凍結期間、於具系統重要性金融機構清理程序中適用股東與債權人共同承擔損失機制、交易雙方善意無偏頗等，以及在我國法制下亦宜採取同等看法。本章最後分析本文第二章案例在破產法制下之實體面問題，同時也藉此試行探討「提前終止與淨額結算條款」在破產法制下的效力範圍以及第二章案例合成型債務抵押債券交易中有關「序位轉換條款」之效力爭議。本文認為美國破產法院、英國法院係分別各自依其破產法制與公共政策對「序位轉換條款」做出效力判斷，各具實體理由；以及「序位轉換條款」在我國法制下應屬有效。 第五章在本論文題旨範圍內，先說明2007年-2009年金融危機後，二十國集團（G20）所提出的國際性指導建議，之後擇要介紹美國與歐盟依循上開建議，對於店頭衍生性金融交易市場所採行的金融改革法規，包含（但不限於）交易執行平台、集中清算、交易資料之申報、對未集中清算交易加強徵提擔保品等管理措施；此外，在跨國交易監理層面上，簡要介紹替代遵循之概念。本章並說明以上規範與跨國破產事件之關係。本章在整體研究架構上的功能有二，一方面是做為第四章破產法規範實體面議題與第六章跨國破產法制程序面議題之連結，也就是觀察美國及歐盟金融改革法令對第四章所述破產法特殊規定之影響，以及金融改革法案所對應第六章目前國際金融市場之實務發展趨勢以及特殊清理架構下之相關規定。另一方面，相對於第六章係探討發生跨國破產事件時之程序處理模式，第五章則是從破產事件發生前之前階段觀察，藉由事前建構市場監理措施及規劃，以期促進跨國破產事件發生時之處理效能。 第六章探討跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。先敘明跨國破產立法所採行的基礎原則理論，包含普及原則、屬地原則、修正式普及原則、現代化屬地原則；同時簡要介紹相關跨國破產法制。繼而說明金融穩定理事會 （FSB）相關建議，以及觀察近期國際金融實務發展。之後，綜結第四章至第六章之內容，按跨國破產事件之實體面議題與程序面議題，對於涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之跨國破產事件，說明本文在相關立法論或處理合作模式層面上所採取之立場。最末，分析本文第二章案例之程序處理問題。 最後，第七章就本論文探討範圍以及第二章所提出之問題，進行總結論，並試行對我國金融市場參與者提出相關建議。 / Abstract Due to globalization of financial markets, it is hard for market participants to avoid the impact arises from cross-border insolvency events. With the trend of financial innovation, non-traditional financial instruments become an important role in financial markets, and it’s necessary to understand the treatment of these instruments under insolvency law systems. This thesis discusses specific legal issues with regard to cross-border insolvency events in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives financial markets with focus on the relevant cases selected, including the special treatment of OTC derivatives under insolvency law systems and the potential procedures or coordinate ways to deal with the cases. Based on and reference to research of academic papers and court decisions, this thesis discusses issues through legal analysis supplemented with views of financial practice. The relevant parts are also discussed under Taiwan’s law system. This thesis proceeds in 7 chapters briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 explains the objective, purpose, and fundamental structure together with the method used of this thesis. Assumptions and Confines of this thesis are also described in this chapter. Given diversity and complexity of cross-border insolvency events, Chapter 2 attempts to present actual cases for discussion in order to providing the scope and focuses of this thesis. Key finding of the presented cases includes substantive legal issues of insolvency laws applied to OTC derivatives transactions and procedural legal issues of dealing with cross-border insolvency events. Matters aforementioned will be addressed in further chapters. Chapter 3 describes the basic understanding of OTC derivatives and the legal elements of participants’ transaction contracts in market practice. This chapter also describes the concepts of “the single agreement approach” and “close-out netting provisions”. As academic opinions and practical views mentioned, close-out netting provisions encompass the functions of eliminating the risk of “cherry-picking” by a liquidator in the insolvency proceeding, minimizing counterparty credit risk by calculating exposures on a net basis, promoting the possibility of re-hedging transactions, applying lower capital requirements by regulators to refer to netted transactions for bank industry, and reducing systemic risk in the financial system. Insolvency law systems which allow the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions heavily rationalize the legislation as being founded on preventing the threat of systemic risk. While some academic papers argue that the rationalization on the basis of reducing systemic risk is unconvincing or unnecessary for reasons. Chapter 3 primarily concerns the connections between OTC derivatives contracts and insolvency law systems, in the dimension of substantive legal issues. What addressed in this chapter is highly connected with the subsequent chapters. Chapter 4 describes the general principles of insolvency laws at first, and then observes the exclusions of OTC derivatives transactions under insolvency law systems of U.S., UK, EU, Japan and Taiwan respectively, focusing on issues respecting of validity and enforceability of close-out netting provisions. Compared with Chapter 3 which describes the functions of close-out netting stated by advocators, this chapter illustrates challenges or arguments posed by academic papers with different views. Reference to the relevant academic opinions, this thesis considers that the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions shall, at least, be subject to restrictions to a reasonable extent, such as temporary stays on early termination rights as well as on enforcement rights of security interests, application of the bail-in tool in SIFIs’ resolution procedures, and each party’s good faith. The aforesaid views are also proposed to be referenced by Taiwan’s law regime in the future. In the end of this chapter, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of substantive issues of insolvency laws, and concludes that both U.S. bankruptcy court’s ruling and UK courts’ decisions on the flip clause embedded in CDO instruments are correct respectively pursuant to their own insolvency laws and public policies. In addition, this thesis is in the opinion that the flip clause shall be effective under Taiwan’s current insolvency law system. Chapter 5 will first describe the international guidelines suggested by G20 after 2007-2009 financial crisis. It will then go on to introduce the financial regulatory reforms adopted by U.S. and EU following G20’s guidelines, including the mandatory requirements for trading on the regulated platforms, clearing through a central counterparty (CCP), reporting to a trade repository (TR), and exchanging margins for non-centrally cleared OTC derivative transactions. Besides, the concept of substituted compliance is briefly explained herein for implementing the regulatory regimes to cross-border activities. Chapter 5 also observes the connections between the aforesaid regulatory reforms and cross-border insolvency events. Under the structure of this thesis, substantive legal issues in Chapter 4 and procedural legal issues in Chapter 6 are bridged by Chapter 5. While Chapter 6 emphasizes on ex post measures to handle cross-border insolvency events, this Chapter 5 considers ex ante measures that monitor and supervise OTC derivatives markets and that also have been expected to promote ex post measures in case. Chapter 6 addresses the procedural aspects while dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. First, the theoretical principles for cross-border insolvency law are explained, including universality, territoriality, modified universality and modern territoriality. It herein also introduces legislative regimes in relation to UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and some jurisdictions’ international insolvency laws. Second, it turns to suggestions made by FSB. Third, the recent international trend in market practice is observed. Then, section 4 of this Chapter proposes framework of regulatory aspects and cooperation arrangements to process cross-border insolvency events, comprehensively in the substantive and the procedural dimensions. Lastly, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of procedural issues of insolvency laws. Chapter 7 summaries conclusions on this thesis and on issues raised in Chapter 2. This final Chapter also tries to provide suggestions to our financial market participants in Taiwan.