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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
701

Avaliação da carga viral plasmática do HTLV-1 em indivíduos assintomáticos e desenvolvendo a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). / Evaluation of HTLV-1 plasmatic viral load in asymptomatic and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/Tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) individuals.

Fábio Aparecido Barbosa Cabral 05 July 2010 (has links)
O vírus linfotrópico das células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1), é responsável por patologias como a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 ou paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) e a leucemia/linfoma das células T do adulto (ATL) dentre outras. As vias de replicação até hoje demonstradas, não suportam a hipótese de um estado virêmico. Neste estudo, a detecção de partículas virais plasmáticas foi executada, por PCR em Tempo Real e Nested PCR em 190 amostras de pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1(assintomáticos ou com HAM/TSP), em acompanhamento, no Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas. 12 indivíduos (8%) testados por PCR em tempo real (n=150) e 6 indivíduos (18%) testados por Nested PCR (n=33, dado que sete amostras foram excluídas da análise) apresentaram RNA do HTLV-1 detectável no plasma. Em conclusão, foi possível identificar RNA plasmático do HTLV-1, tanto em pessoas assintomáticas quanto com HAM/TSP. Esta detecção abre novas possibilidades de discussão sobre a replicação do HTLV-1 e das vias de transmissão, sugerindo maiores investigações para elucidar o assunto. / The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type1 (HTLV-1) is responsible for some pathologies such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T-cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma (ATL) among others. Its ways of replication so far presented do not support the hypothesis of a viremic stage. In this study, the detection of the plasmatic viral load was performed by real time PCR and Nested PCR in 190 samples from HTLV-1 infected individuals (Either Asymptomatic or HAM/TSP cases) following up at Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas. 12 individuals (8%) tested by Real time PCR (n= 150) and 6 individuals (18%) tested by Nested PCR (n= 33, given that 7 samples were excluded from the analysis) presented detectable HTLV-1 RNA in the plasma. In conclusion, it was possible to indentify HTLV-1 plasmatic RNA in asymptomatic carriers as well as in HAM/TSP cases. This detection opens new possibilities of discussion about HTLV-1 replication and transmission pathways, suggesting further investigation for clarifying this matter.
702

Avaliação da população de linfócitos CD4+ com potencial regulador em pacientes com Imunodeficiência Comum Variável e Deficiência Seletiva de Imunoglobulina A. / Evaluation of the population of CD4+ lymphocytes in patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency.

Julieta Genre 31 May 2010 (has links)
A Imunodeficiência Comum Variável (ICV) e a Deficiência Seletiva de Imunoglobulina A (DIgA) são as imunodeficiências primárias humorais de maior freqüência na população mundial. Ambas as doenças são caracterizadas pela ausência ou redução significativa de imunoglobulinas no soro. Embora diversas anormalidades imunológicas tenham sido associadas a estas doenças, nenhuma hipótese unificadora a respeito das bases moleculares das mesmas foi proposta até o presente momento, sendo que o único defeito comum a todos os pacientes é a falha na diferenciação de células B em plasmócitos e conseqüente secreção de anticorpos. Devido à alta incidência de auto-imunidade e alergia em pacientes com ICV e DIgA, no presente trabalho, visamos analisar por citometria de fluxo a população de linfócitos CD4+ com potencial regulador nesses pacientes, para avaliar se possíveis defeitos quantitativos ou funcionais nesta população reguladora poderiam explicar a alta incidência de doenças auto-imunes ou alérgicas associadas a estas imunodeficiências. / Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) and Selective Immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) are the humoral primary immunodeficiencies with the highest incidence in the population. Both diseases are characterized by the absence or significant reduction of serum immunoglobulins. Although several immunological abnormalities have been associated with these diseases, no unifying hypothesis regarding the molecular basis of CVID and IgAD have been proposed to date, and the only defect common to all patients is the failure in differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and consequent secretion of antibodies. Due to the high incidence of autoimmunity and allergy in patients with CVID and IgAD, in the present work we analyzed by flow cytometry the population of CD4+ lymphocytes with regulatory potential in these patients to assess whether possible quantitative or functional defects in this regulatory population could explain the high incidence of autoimmune diseases or allergic reactions associated with these immunodeficiencies.
703

Análise da imunogenicidade de uma vacina de DNA codificando epitopos CD4 promíscuos e conservados do HIV-1 em camundongos BALB/c e transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II / Immunogenicity analysis of a DNA vaccine encoding promiscuous and conserved HIV-1 CD4 epitopes in BALB/c and HLA class II transgenic mice

Susan Pereira Ribeiro 26 August 2010 (has links)
Abordagens atuais no desenho de vacinas contra o HIV-1 estão focadas em imunógenos que codificam proteínas inteiras do HIV-1 e visam induzir respostas citotóxicas específicas. É concebível que vacinas bem-sucedidas devem induzir respostas contra múltiplos epitopos do HIV-1, coincidindo com seqüências das cepas circulantes do vírus, conhecido por sua grande variabilidade genética. Sabe-se que células T CD4+ são necessárias para indução de respostas efetivas de linfócitos T CD8+ citotóxicos. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a imunogenicidade de uma vacina de DNA codificando 18 epitopos para linfócitos T CD4+, conservados e ligadores de múltiplas moléculas HLA-DR em camundongos BALB/c e em quatro linhagens de camundongos transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II. Os camundongos imunizados apresentaram respostas de amplitude e magnitude significativas com proliferação e secreção de citocinas por linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+. Onze dos 18 epitopos para linfócitos T CD4+ presentes na vacina foram reconhecidos pelas linhagens de camundongos transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II. Em suma, 17 dos 18 epitopos codificados pela vacina foram reconhecidos. As células induzidas pela vacina apresentaram um perfil polifuncional com tipo 1 de citocinas, incluindo produção de IFN- , TNF- e IL-2. A vacina também induziu células T CD4+ de memória central de longa duração, capazes de fornecer auxílio contínuo para células T CD8 +. Pela capacidade da vacina HIVBr18 de induzir respostas contra múltiplos epitopos de linfócitos T CD4+ conservados que podem ser reconhecidos no contexto de múltiplas moléculas de HLA classe II, esse conceito vacinal pode solucionar o problema da variabilidade genética viral assim como aumentar a cobertura populacional. Portanto, essa vacina, pode ser útil se utilizada isoladamente ou como fonte de auxílio cognato para células T CD8+ HIV-específicas induzidas por outros imunógenos gerando resposta em uma grande proporção dos vacinados / Current HIV vaccine approaches are focused on immunogens encoding whole HIV antigenic proteins that elicit cytotoxic CD8+ responses. It is conceivable that successful vaccines have to elicit responses to multiple epitopes, to match circulating strains of HIV, a virus known for its high genetic variability. It is known that CD4+ T cell responses are necessary for effective CD8+ antiviral responses. Here we assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved, multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV CD4 epitopes in BALB/c and four strains of HLA class II-transgenic mice. Immunized mice displayed CD4+ and CD8+ proliferative and cytokine T cell responses of significant breadth and magnitude. Eleven out of the 18 encoded epitopes were recognized by CD4+ T cells from HLA class IItransgenic strain. Overall, 17 out of the 18 encoded peptides were recognized. The induced T cell response had a polyfunctional type 1 cytokine profile, including IFN- , TNF- and IL-2. The vaccine also induced long-lived central memory CD4+ T cells, which might provide sustained help for CD8+ T cells. By virtue of inducing broad responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be recognized in the context of widely diverse, common HLA class II alleles, this vaccine concept may cope both with HIV genetic variability and increased population coverage. The vaccine may thus be usefull either as a standalone approach or as a source of cognate help for HIV-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by conventional immunogens, eliciting responses in a wide proportion of vaccinees
704

Régulation de la réponse immunitaire T par l’apoptose et hyperactivation de la voie RAS / Influence of RAS hyperactivity on T cells apoptosis during the immune response

Lanzarotti, Nina 21 October 2014 (has links)
L'apoptose lymphocytaire joue un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle de la réponse immunitaire et de la prolifération cellulaire. De nombreuses voies interviennent dans sa régulation, dont certaines dépendantes de l’oncogène RAS. Un défaut d'apoptose lymphocytaire induit l'apparition de maladies auto-immunes et lympho-prolifératives comme l'Autoimmune LymphoProliferative Syndrome (ALPS). L'ALPS fait suite à des anomalies du principal récepteur membranaire de mort FAS, pivot de l'apoptose lymphocytaire. Le RAS-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disease (RALD) est une entité décrite récemment, se rapprochant de l'ALPS par la symptomatologie et la physiopathologie sous-jacente. Cependant, dans le RALD, le défaut d'apoptose lymphocytaire n’est pas lié à des mutations de FAS mais à une hyperactivation de la voie RAS, mettant ainsi en lumière le rôle essentiel de cette voie dans la régulation du processus en question. Dans les Leucémies Myélo-Monocytaires Juvéniles Chroniques (JMML), les mêmes mutations que celles observées dans les RALD sont trouvées, sur les mêmes populations cellulaires. Il existe une hétérogénéité clinique et biologique au sein des JMML, certaines étant indolentes (LS-JMML) et d'autres sévères (S-JMML). A cette hétérogénéité au sein même des JMML s'ajoute celle observée entre JMML et RALD. L'objectif de ce travail a été de comprendre les tenants des différences phénotypiques observées, au travers du scope de l'apoptose des lymphocytes T activés, en comparant les trois entités résultant de mutations activatrices de RAS dans des cellules pluripotentes hématopoïétiques : RALD, LS-JMML et S-JMML. Nous rapportons des conséquences distinctes pour des mutations identiques ou équivalentes, avec différentes voies de l'apoptose touchées, différenciant les phénotypes induits. Ce travail a permis de démontrer que l’hyperactivation de la voie RAS seule n’entraîne pas nécessairement une dérégulation de la réponse immunitaire T. Des événements additionnels aux mutations présentes sont nécessaires au développement des symptômes. Ces événements ont bien des conséquences sur l'apoptose lymphocytaire, au niveau post-traductionnel, qu’ils concernent la voie RAS ou non. Les différences observées entre les trois phénotypes sur le plan expérimental pourraient être une aide au pronostic. De plus, ce travail ouvre la voie à l'identification en détails des facteurs additionnels et voies défaillantes et permettrait ainsi d'obtenir des thérapeutiques spécifiques actuellement inexistantes. / Lymphocytes apoptosis is essential in maintaining homeostasis and avoiding abnormal proliferation. When defective, autoimmune diseases as the Autoimmune LymphoProliferative Syndrome (ALPS), due to mutations of the death receptor FAS, can occur. Several pathways are important actors influencing the apoptosis cascade, including the RAS proto-oncogene signaling. The RAS Associated Lymphoproliferative Disease (RALD) is a newly described entity, similar to ALPS but with RAS mutations instead of FAS mutations, enlightening the primary role of RAS in apoptosis regulation. Interestingly, the same RAS mutations as observed in RALD are also the cause of a malignant proliferation, the Juvenile Myelo Monocytic Leukemia (JMML). In the case of JMML, RAS mutations can lead either to a mild (LS-JMML) or a severe (S-JMML) phenotype. Thus, three different phenotypes can be caused by the same oncogenic RAS mutations. In order to better understand and characterize the influence of oncogenic RAS mutations in lymphocytes’ apoptosis we studied it in patients presenting with RALD, LS-JMML and JMML. We showed that isolated RAS hyperactivity is not sufficient to induce an immune deregulation. Additional factors are required to do so. These factors influence both mitochondrial and extrinsic apoptosis pathways at a post-transcriptional level. They are due to probable genetic events, and their identification can lead to new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, activated lymphocytes’ in vitro apoptosis assessment can help differentiating the three phenotypes and thus facilitate prognosis prediction.
705

"Avaliação imunohistoquímica das células inflamatórias presentes na parede de artérias pulmonares periféricas de pacientes com doença vaso-oclusiva pulmonar secundária a defeitos cardíacos congênitos" / Immunohystochemical evaluation of inflammatory cells in the walls of peripheral pulmonary arteries from patients with pulmonary vasoclusive disease secondary to cardiac congenital defects

Rubens Fraga Alves Pinto 11 August 2004 (has links)
Para avaliar a hipótese da presença de inflamação em artérias pulmonares periféricas de pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar (HP) decorrente de cardiopatias congênitas, foram quantificadas células inflamatórias através de marcação imunohistoquímica em biópsias de 26 pacientes e comparadas com 11 controles sem cardiopatia. Detectou-se quantidades semelhantes de células inflamatórias nos dois grupos, mas com predomínio de linfócitos T no grupo controle e de macrófagos jovens no grupo HP. Esses achados podem estar relacionados com a redução do estímulo dependente de macrófagos para diferenciação e maturação de linfócitos T nos cardiopatas e/ou a deficiência imunológica primária nesses pacientes / To evaluate the hypothesis of increased inflammation in peripheral pulmonary arteries from patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital cardiac shunts, we quantified the inflammatory cells with the aid of immunohystochemistry in 26 biopsies (HP group), comparing them to 11 patients with no cardiac disease. Similar quantities of inflammatory cells were observed in the two groups, with a predominance of T-lymphocytes in the controls and of young macrophages in the HP group. These findings could be related to a reduction of macrophagic stimulus to the differentiation and maturation of T-lymphocytes and/or to a primary immunological deficiency in patients with congenital cardiac shunts
706

Einfluss von klarzelligen Nierenkarzinomzellen auf die immunmodulatorischen Fähigkeiten von humanen 6-sulfo LacNAc+ dendritischen Zellen

Kloß, Anja 02 September 2015 (has links)
Nierenzellkarzinome (NZKs) gelten als stark immunogene Tumore. Dies ist insbesondere auf die Infiltration durch verschiedene Immunzellpopulationen, wie T-Lymphozyten und Natürliche Killer (NK)-Zellen, sowie das klinische Ansprechen auf immuntherapeutische Strategien zurückzuführen. Bisher existieren jedoch nur sehr wenige Studien zur Rolle von humanen nativen dendritischen Zellen (DCs) in NZK-Geweben und über die Tumor-vermittelte Modulation dieser DCs. DCs nehmen als professionelle Antigen-präsentierende Zellen eine zentrale Schlüsselrolle bei der Induktion und Aufrechterhaltung der angeborenen sowie adaptiven Immunantwort ein. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals der Effekt von klarzelligen NZKs auf den Phänotyp sowie die immunmodulatorischen Fähigkeiten von 6-sulfo LacNAc+ (slan)DCs evaluiert. SlanDCs, welche eine große Subpopulation humaner Blut-DCs darstellen, sind neben der Sekretion großer Mengen proinflammatorischer Zytokine dazu befähigt, Tumorzellen direkt zu lysieren. Des Weiteren sind slanDCs in der Lage, die antitumoralen Effekte von NK-Zellen zu fördern und CD4+ T-Helfer-Zellen sowie Tumor-reaktive CD8+ T-Lymphozyten effizient zu stimulieren. Angesichts dieser proinflammatorischen Eigenschaften können slanDCs wesentlich an einer Tumor-gerichteten Immunantwort beteiligt sein. Auf dieser Grundlage erfolgte im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit der immunhistochemische Nachweis von slanDCs in klarzelligen NZK-Geweben. Im Vergleich zu Tumor-freiem Nierengewebe trat in den primären Tumorgeweben eine erhöhte Zahl infiltrierender slanDCs auf. Zudem wurde die Präsenz von slanDCs in Lymphknoten- sowie Fernmetastasen von NZK-Patienten beobachtet. Weiterführende Untersuchungen an frischen klarzelligen NZK-Geweben demonstrierten, dass NZK-infiltrierende slanDCs einen unreifen Phänotyp ausprägen und Interleukin-10 produzieren. Ausgehend von diesen Erkenntnissen erfolgten funktionelle Analysen, bei denen der Einfluss der kommerziell erhältlichen klarzelligen NZK-Linien ACHN und Caki-1 sowie der primären klarzelligen NZK-Linien MZ1257RC und MZ2877RC auf bedeutende immunmodulatorische Fähigkeiten von slanDCs untersucht wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigte sich, dass NZK-Zellen effektiv in der Lage sind, sowohl die slanDC-vermittelte Proliferation von CD4+ und CD8+ T-Lymphozyten, als auch die slanDC-induzierte Differenzierung naïver CD4+ T-Lymphozyten in proinflammatorische T-Helfer 1-Zellen zu inhibieren. Darüber hinaus wurde demonstriert, dass NZK-Zellen das Potenzial von slanDCs zur Aktivierung von NK-Zellen hemmen. Untersuchungen der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen zeigten, dass die funktionelle Inhibition von slanDCs durch klarzellige NZK-Zellen über membranständige Moleküle vermittelt wird. Die im Rahmen dieser Dissertation gewonnenen Erkenntnisse weisen darauf hin, dass NZKs die Ausreifung sowie wesentliche funktionelle Eigenschaften von DCs inhibieren. Dies deutet auf einen neuen Immunescape-Mechanismus klarzelliger NZKs hin, welcher auf einer Tumorzell-vermittelten Generierung von tolerogenen slanDCs basiert und eine unzureichende Aktivierung der angeborenen sowie adaptiven Tumor-gerichteten Immunantwort zur Folge hat. Diese neuen Erkenntnisse können einen Beitrag zu einem besseren Verständnis der Interaktion von NZKs mit nativen humanen DCs leisten und die Konzeption neuer therapeutischer Strategien ermöglichen, welche auf einer Verstärkung der antitumoralen Eigenschaften von DCs beruhen.
707

Oxidative Stress Induces Mitochondrial Compromise in CD4 T Cells From Chronically HCV-Infected Individuals

Schank, Madison B., Zhao, Juan, Wang, Ling, Nguyen, Lam N., Cao, Dechao, Dang, Xindi, Khanal, Sushant, Zhang, Jinyu, Zhang, Yi, Wu, Xiao Y., Ning, Shunbin, Elgazzar, Mohamed A., Moorman, Jonathan P., Yao, Zhi Q. 01 January 2021 (has links)
We have previously shown that chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can induce DNA damage and immune dysfunctions with excessive oxidative stress in T cells. Furthermore, evidence suggests that HCV contributes to increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms by which HCV infection impairs cellular metabolism in CD4 T cells remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated mitochondrial mass and intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by flow cytometry, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content by real-time qPCR, cellular respiration by seahorse analyzer, and dysregulated mitochondrial-localized proteins by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in CD4 T cells from chronic HCV-infected individuals and health subjects. Mitochondrial mass was decreased while intracellular and mitochondrial ROS were increased, expressions of master mitochondrial regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 1 alpha (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) were down-regulated, and oxidative stress was increased while mitochondrial DNA copy numbers were reduced. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of mtTFA impaired cellular respiration and reduced mtDNA copy number. Furthermore, proteins responsible for mediating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mtDNA maintenance were significantly altered in HCV-CD4 T cells. These results indicate that mitochondrial functions are compromised in HCV-CD4 T cells, likely the deregulation of several mitochondrial regulatory proteins.
708

Étude préclinique des lymphocytes T doubles-négatifs humains

Olazabal, Ainhoa 08 1900 (has links)
Les lymphocytes T CD4-CD8- (DN T, double négatif) sont une population de cellules T immunorégulatrices ayant la particularité d’inhiber les réponses immunitaires de façon spécifique à l’antigène, présentant donc un grand potentiel d’utilisation en immunothérapie. Des résultats précédents du laboratoire ont démontré sur des modèles murins qu’un transfert de cellules T DN contribuait à diminuer l’incidence du diabète de type 1 (T1D). De plus, d’autres groupes ont montré que ces cellules contribueraient également à la suppression de certaines lignées tumorales ainsi qu’à la médiation de la suppression de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (GVHD). L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire avait donc pour but d’évaluer le potentiel clinique des cellules DN T humaines en tant que thérapie cellulaire pour des pathologies telles que le diabète de type 1, le myélome multiple et la GVHD. Les cellules DN T circulent en très petite proportion dans le sang périphérique (1-5 %). Nous nous sommes donc penchés sur le potentiel de prolifération en culture cellulaire des cellules DN T, en développant un protocole adapté à leurs caractéristiques, qui permettrait de générer un nombre de cellules suffisant pour étudier leur phénotype et leur fonction in vitro et in vivo. Des études de cytométrie en flux ont révélé que les cellules DN T ayant subi le protocole d’activation et de culture cellulaire optimisé avaient un phénotype activé et non épuisé. De plus, des études fonctionnelles in vitro ont montré que les cellules DN T possédaient un pouvoir cytotoxique similaire aux cellules T CD8+ envers les lignées cellulaires tumorales Jurkat, NALM et RAJI. Enfin, nous avons tiré profit du modèle de souris NRG (NOD-Rag1nullIL2rgnull) pour étudier la survie en périphérie des cellules DN T humaines greffées, et leur pouvoir de prévention de la xéno-GVHD et d’un modèle de myélome multiple. L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis d’élargir les connaissances sur le phénotype et la fonction des cellules DN T chez l’humain, montrant qu’elles possèdent un potentiel thérapeutique intéressant pour certaines pathologies auto-immunes et néoplasiques en tant que thérapie cellulaire. / CD4-CD8- T lymphocytes (DN T, double negative) are a population of immunoregulatory T cells which seem to inhibit immune responses in an antigen-specific manner, and thus represent a great potential for use in immunotherapy. Previous studies in mice have shown that adoptive transfer of DN T cells decreases type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in otherwise autoimmune diabetes-prone mice. In addition, DN T cells also suppress the growth of certain tumor lines as well as reduce the severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The work presented in this thesis aimed to assess the clinical potential of human DN T cells as cell therapy for pathologies such as type 1 diabetes, multiple myeloma and GVHD. DN T cells compose 1 to 5% of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. To circumvent the challenge of working with low cell numbers, we examined the proliferation potential of DN T cells in culture. Specifically, we adapted a cellular expansion protocol to their characteristics, in order to generate a sufficient number of cells to study their phenotype and their function in vitro and in vivo. Phenotypic characterization by flow cytometry revealed that DN T cells subjected to the optimized cell culture and activation protocol had an activated and not exhausted phenotype. In addition, in functional in vitro studies, DN T cells were shown to exhibit similar cytotoxic activity to CD8+ T cells, when the Jurkat, NALM and RAJI tumor cell lines were used as targets. Finally, we took advantage of the NRG mouse model (NOD-Rag1nullIL2rgnull) to study the peripheral survival of transplanted human DN T cells, and their potential to prevent xeno-GVHD and a model of multiple myeloma. All of this work has enabled us to broaden our knowledge of the phenotype and function of DN T cells in humans, showing that they have an interesting therapeutic potential for certain autoimmune and neoplastic pathologies as cell therapy.
709

Étude de l’infiltration leucocytaire et de l’hétérogénéité du carcinome intracanalaire de la prostate

Diop, Mame Kany 04 1900 (has links)
Le carcinome intracanalaire de la prostate (intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, IDC-P) est un variant histologique agressif du cancer de la prostate retrouvé dans environ 20% des spécimens de prostatectomie radicale. L’incidence de l’IDC-P augmente avec l’évolution de la maladie, elle passe de 2% chez les patients avec des cancers localisés à faible risque à plus de 50% chez les patients avec des cancers métastatiques ou récurrents. Malgré l'association de l'IDC-P à la récidive biochimique, au développement de métastases, au décès lié au cancer et à une mauvaise réponse aux traitements standards, environ 40% des hommes avec des IDC-P n’ont pas encore récidivé après cinq ans de suivi. Une portion des hommes avec des IDC-P auraient donc une forme moins agressive de la maladie qui ne nécessite pas de traitement immédiat. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’IDC-P possède des caractéristiques qui permettent de stratifier les patients en catégories pertinentes pour la prise en charge. Nos objectifs étaient de (1) comparer l’infiltration leucocytaire de l’IDC-P à celui du cancer invasif habituel et le tissu bénin et (2) identifier des critères morphologiques dans l’IDC-P qui sont associés à la récidive. La première étude a été réalisée sur les spécimens de prostatectomie radicale provenant d’une cohorte de 96 patients avec des cancers de la prostate localement avancés. Nous avons marqué par immunohistochimie les cellules exprimant CD3 (lymphocytes T), CD8 (lymphocytes T cytotoxiques), CD45RO (lymphocytes T mémoires), FoxP3 (lymphocytes T régulateurs), CD68 (macrophages), CD163 (macrophages M2), CD209 (cellules dendritiques immatures) et CD83 (cellules dendritiques matures). Le nombre de cellules positives par mm2 a ensuite été calculé dans le tissu bénin, au niveau des marges tumorales, dans le cancer et dans l’IDC-P. L’IDC-P a été retrouvé chez 33 patients (34%). Dans l'ensemble, l'infiltrat immunitaire était similaire chez les patients IDC-P-positifs et IDC-P-négatifs. Cependant, les lymphocytes T FoxP3+ (p < 0,001), les macrophages CD68+ et CD163+ (p < 0,001 pour les deux) et les cellules dendritiques CD209+ et CD83+ (p = 0,002 et p = 0,013, respectivement) étaient moins abondants dans l'IDC-P que dans le cancer invasif adjacent. De plus, les patients ont été stratifiés selon la densité de cellules immunitaires dans l’ensemble de l’IDC-P ou dans les points chauds immunitaires, en patients avec des IDC-P immunologiquement « froids » ou « chauds », avec une tendance vers un meilleur pronostic pour les patients avec des IDC-P « froids ». Un point chaud immunitaire a été défini comme la densité de cellules immunitaires la plus élevée dans les plus grandes lésions d’IDC-P. Par ailleurs, les points chauds immunitaires CD68/CD163/CD209 sont associés au développement de métastases (p = 0,014) et aux décès liés au cancer de la prostate (p = 0,009). Dans la deuxième étude, la morphologie de l’IDC-P a été examinée sur des tissus, colorés à l’hématoxyline et l’éosine, provenant de spécimens de prostatectomies radicales de 108 hommes avec des IDC-P. Dans la cohorte test (n = 39), nous avons trouvé cinq critères morphologiques associés à une récidive biochimique précoce (avant 18 mois) : les canaux plus larges (> 573 µm de diamètre), la présence de cellules avec des noyaux à contours irréguliers, un score mitotique élevé (> 1,81 mitoses/mm2), la présence de petits vaisseaux sanguins et la présence de comédonécrose. Dans la cohorte de validation (n = 69), deux de ces critères, la présence de cellules avec des noyaux à contours irréguliers et de vaisseaux sanguins, étaient indépendamment associés à un risque accru de récidive biochimique (rapport de risque = 2,32, intervalle de confiance à 95% = 1,09–4,96, p = 0,029). De plus, lorsque nous combinons les critères, la présence de cellules avec des noyaux à contours irréguliers, de vaisseaux sanguins, de scores mitotiques élevés ou de comédonécrose est plus fortement associée à la récidive biochimique (rapport de risque = 2,74, intervalle de confiance à 95% = 1,21–6,19, p = 0,015). Notre étude sur l’infiltration leucocytaire de l’IDC-P est la première étude décrivant l’environnement immunitaire de l'IDC-P. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’infiltration immunitaire des IDC-P est distinct de celui du cancer invasif habituel. Nous avons montré que l’IDC-P peut être classé comme immunologiquement « froid » ou « chaud », selon les densités de cellules immunitaires. Dans notre étude, les points chauds immunitaires CD68/CD163/CD209 ont prédit la progression vers une maladie métastatique et la survie spécifique au cancer. D'autres études dans de plus grandes cohortes sont nécessaires pour évaluer l'utilité clinique d'analyser l’infiltration immunitaire de l'IDC-P pour mieux prédire le pronostic des patients et améliorer l'immunothérapie chez les patients avec des cancers de la prostate mortels. Par ailleurs, nos résultats sur les critères morphologiques de l’IDC-P suggèrent que l'IDC-P peut être classé comme à faible ou à haut risque de récidive. Nous proposons de combiner deux à quatre critères, dont la présence sont des prédicteurs indépendants de récidive biochimique, pour stratifier les hommes avec des IDC-P en fonction de leur statut de risque. Les critères morphologiques délétères identifiés peuvent être facilement évalués et devront être intégrés pour une application clinique après validation dans de plus grandes cohortes. / Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is an aggressive histological variant of prostate cancer detected in approximately 20% of radical prostatectomy specimens. The incidence of IDC-P increases with disease progression, from 2% in patients with low-risk localized cancers to more than 50% in patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. Despite the association of IDC-P with biochemical recurrence, the development of metastases, cancer-related death, and poor response to standard treatments, roughly 40% of men with IDC-P remain biochemical recurrence-free after 5 years of follow-up, therefore not necessarily needing the “aggressive” label. We hypothesized that IDC-P possesses features that allow patients to be stratified into relevant categories for cancer management. Our objectives were to (1) compare the leukocyte infiltration in the IDC-P to the one found in invasive cancer and in benign tissues and (2) identify morphological features in IDC-P that are associated with recurrence. The first study included radical prostatectomy specimens from a cohort of 96 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical staining of CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD45RO (memory T lymphocytes), FoxP3 (regulatory T lymphocytes), CD68 (macrophages), CD163 (M2 macrophages), CD209 (immature dendritic cells) and CD83 (mature dendritic cells) was performed. For each slide, the number of positive cells per mm2 in the benign tissues, tumor margins, cancer and IDC-P was calculated. IDC-P was found in a total of 33 patients (34%). Overall, the immune infiltrate was similar in the IDC-P-positive and the IDC-P-negative patients. However, FoxP3+ T cells (p < 0.001), CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages (p < 0.001 for both), and CD209+ and CD83+ dendritic cells (p = 0.002 and p = 0.013, respectively) were less abundant in the IDC-P than in the adjacent invasive cancer. Moreover, the patients were classified as having immunologically “cold” or “hot” IDC-P, according to the immune-cell densities averaged in the total IDC-P or in the immune hotspots. An immune hotspot was defined as the highest immune-cell density in the largest IDC-P lesions. Interestingly, the CD68/CD163/CD209-immune hotspots predicted metastatic dissemination (p = 0.014) and PCa-related death (p = 0.009) in a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. In the second study, IDC-P morphology was analyzed on tissues, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, from radical prostatectomy specimens of 108 men with IDC-P. In the test cohort (n = 39), we found five morphological criteria associated with early biochemical recurrence (before 18 months): larger duct size (> 573 µm in diameter), the presence of cells with irregular nuclear contours, a high mitotic score (> 1.81 mitoses/mm2), the presence of small blood vessels and the presence of comedonecrosis. In the validation cohort (n = 69), two of these criteria, the presence of cells with irregular nuclear contours and blood vessels, were independently associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.32, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–4.96, p = 0.029). Additionally, when combining the criteria, the presence of any cells with irregular nuclear contours, blood vessels, high mitotic score, or comedonecrosis showed a stronger association with biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.74, confidence interval = 1.21–6.19, p = 0.015). Our study on the leukocyte infiltration of IDC-P is the first report describing the immune cell landscape of IDC-P. Our results suggest that the immune infiltrate of IDC-P is distinct from the one in the associated invasive prostate cancer. We showed that IDC-P can be classified as immunologically “cold” or “hot”, depending on the immune-cell densities. In our study, CD68/CD163/CD209-immune hotspots predicted progression to metastatic disease and cancer-specific survival. Further studies in larger cohorts are necessary to evaluate the clinical utility of assessing specific immune infiltrates in IDC-P with regards to patient prognosis and outcomes, and eventually, the use of immunotherapy for patients with lethal prostate cancers. Furthermore, our study on the morphology of IDC-P suggests that IDC-P can be classified as low versus high-risk of recurrence. We propose combining two to four criteria, whose presence are independent predictors of biochemical recurrence, to stratify men with IDC-P according to their risk status. The defined morphologic criteria can be easily assessed and should be integrated for clinical application following validation in larger cohorts.
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Generierung und Analyse EMA/E2F-6-defizienter Mäuse

Pohlers, Michael 12 December 2005 (has links)
The present study focuses on the biological functions of the transcription factor EMA/E2F-6, a member of the E2F-family of transcription factors that play an import role in cell cycle progression, differentiation and apoptosis. EMA/E2F-6 functions as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting a large protein complex, that includes polycomb group proteins, to specific target genes in order to silence their expression. To identify the biological functions of EMA/E2F-6 mice lacking this factor were developed and subsequently analysed. EMA/E2F6-/- mice are born with the expected frequency, are fertile and develop normally up to 18 months of age. Then about 25 % of these mice develop a paralysis of the hind limbs and present with a severe primary myelination defect of the spinal cord (and in part of peripheral nerves, too) that is accompanied by a massive infiltration of macrophages. Importantly, the histological findings were also detected in EMA/E2F-6-/- mice lacking clinical symptoms albeit to a lesser extend. With respect to EMA/E2F-6 association with polycomb group (Pc-G) proteins there were no significant findings such as skeletal transformations. In addition, only a mild proliferation defect of T-lymphocytes was observed that, in a more severe form, is typical for Pc-G mutations in the mice. Surprisingly, embryonic fibroblasts from EMA/E2F-6-/- mice have no obvious cell cycle defects. Accordingly, gene expression profiles showed that classical E2F target genes were normally regulated in these cells. However, EMA/E2F-6-/- fibroblasts ubiquitously express genes like alpha-tubulin-3 and -7 that are normally expressed in a strictly testis-specific manner. All EMA/E2F-6-dependent target genes identified contain a conserved E2F-binding site in their promoters that is required both for EMA/E2F-6 binding and regulation.

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