In this thesis I argue that Cormac McCarthy's 1985 novel Blood Meridian serves as a critique of the American Western mythos by collapsing aspects of myth, ideology, and the sublime into the question of violence's relationship to language. In explicating the novel, I demonstrate how the ironies staged between the character of the kid and the novel's narrator and the ironies represented in the language and characterization of Judge Holden reveal McCarthy's critique by pointing toward the violence inherent in the language of myth. Along with this discussion of myth and ideology, I also analyze how the figuring of violence as sublime in the novel gets coupled with moments where characters exhibit either an unconscious desire for language or a marked absence of language. The significance of these moments, I contend, extends McCarthy's critique of the American mythos by undermining the Western genre's trope of the stoic hero while also exposing the ways in which the novel draws together the nature of language and the nature of violence. Blood Meridian thus serves not as a libratory revisionist critique that seeks to re-write the American mythos but as a much darker meditation on the ubiquity of violence—a violence that manifests itself all too often in textual form. / Graduation date: 2012

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1991. / Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 277-291).

<p>The aim of this Master thesis was to examine news journalism covering expressions of mourning related to violent or unexpected deaths. What rituals for mourning are brought out in media and do media present guidance to how mourners should behave?</p><p> </p><p>The questions examined were: What characterised news events that leaded to texts on expressions of mourning? How was grief framed? Which narrative patterns were there in the texts? How was the deceased represented? How were the mourners represented?</p><p> </p><p>165 texts, from Swedish daily newspapers, covering 93 different news events were analysed. The methods were mainly discourse analysis with focus on identities and relations, but also semiotic analysis with focus on staging and symbols and narrative analysis with focus on patterns for storytelling.</p><p> </p><p>The result showed that a news story about ordinary people expressing their feelings of grief has elements of melodrama. The news story is based on the myth of the victim, and formed as a typical story where equilibrium is disturbed when the inconceivable happens and the mourners can by their actions restore equilibrium. The paradigms behind are the opposites</p><p>life – death and good – evil. </p><p> </p><p>The deceased is represented as a victim in a mythic sense. The most important qualities of a victim are youth, innocence and goodness. The victim is framed as a person we could sympathise and identify with. The mourners in the texts praise the victim and sanctify the place where the victim died with candles, roses and notes. The mourners are essential to the story; they create identification and an identity that include us as readers in a community and a discourse of mourning and mourners. The ordinary people who appear as mourners in the texts are relatives and close friends of the victim, but also mourning tourists, media chosen friends and anonymous women who are represented, in a stereotypical way, as the professional female mourner who weep over the deceased. In some texts celebrities appear as mourners of ordinary people, and they personalize how the distinction between public and private is erased in popular journalism. They also might give a kind of legitimacy to the way media frame the story about ordinary people mourning the innocent victim.</p><p> </p><p>Some texts had a partly diverging story. If the victim, in some aspect, could not be framed as innocent the paradigm good – evil became problematic. When victims or mourners had foreign origin the contrast us – them was added.  In some texts the ethical code for Swedish journalists was disregarded, mainly by publishing information on ethnicity or by interviewing children and people in shock</p>

Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συλλογιστικής πορείας του Πρόκλου, έτσι όπως διαμορφώνεται στο έργο του Εις τας Πλάτωνος Πολιτείας υπόμνημα, όσον αφορά στις έννοιες της παιδείας και της πολιτικής. Η έννοια της παιδείας εξετάζεται από τον νεοπλατωνικό φιλόσοφο μέσα από το πρίσμα των προτροπών και των απαγορεύσεων που έχει προτείνει ο Πλάτωνας στο έργο του Πολιτεία για την ορθή διαμόρφωση της προσωπικότητας των νέων, όπως για παράδειγμα ο «εξορισμός» της ποίησης του Ομήρου από την παιδεία των νέων, εξαιτίας της χρήσης της έννοιας της μίμησης και των μύθων. Η μουσική αναδεικνύεται ως βασικό και ιδιαιτέρως σημαντικό μάθημα στην παιδεία των νέων μέσα από την επιλογή των κατάλληλων αρμονιών και ρυθμών. Ο Πρόκλος σχολιάζει εκτενώς την καινοτόμα άποψη του Πλάτωνα για την κοινή παιδεία που θα πρέπει να λάβουν τόσο οι άνδρες όσο και οι γυναίκες μέσα στην πόλη, ώστε να επιτευχθεί η δυναμική συμμετοχή και ανάληψη των πολιτικών καθηκόντων από όλους τους πολίτες ανεξαιρέτως. Η έννοια της πολιτικής εξετάζεται από τον νεοπλατωνικό φιλόσοφο μέσα από την έννοια της δικαιοσύνης, η οποία κατέχει κεντρικό ρόλο στην Πολιτείαν του Πλάτωνα, καθώς και μέσα από την αναλογία της τριμερής διάκρισης των μερών της ψυχής και των μερών της πόλης με σκοπό να καταστεί σαφές ότι κάθε άνθρωπος και κατ’ αναλογίαν κάθε πόλη διακατέχονται από την αρετή της δικαιοσύνης μόνο όταν τα μέρη τους συμβιώνουν αρμονικά. Σε αντίθετη περίπτωση επέρχονται παθογενείς καταστάσεις τόσο στην ψυχή όσο και στην πόλη. Τέλος, ο Πρόκλος αναφέρεται διεξοδικά και στην μεταβολή των πολιτευμάτων στην Πολιτείαν του Πλάτωνα, επιχειρώντας να τονίσει ότι η ελλιπής και η μη ορθή παιδεία των νέων θα οδηγήσει σε διχοστασία τους άρχοντες με αποτέλεσμα την κατάλυση της άριστης πολιτείας. Η παιδεία λοιπόν, αποτελεί εκείνον τον θεσμικό και γνωσιολογικό παράγοντα που κατά την γνώμη του Πρόκλου, στηριζόμενος στις απόψεις του Πλάτωνα, θα επιτύχει να αναδείξει εκείνους τους ηγέτες οι οποίοι θα είναι ικανοί για την πολιτική και πολιτιστική ανασυγκρότηση της κοινωνίας. / The purpose of the present M.A. dissertation is to study the reasoning process of Proclus about the concepts of education and politics, as they discussed in Plato’s Republic. The concept of education is examined by the Neo-Platonic philosopher through the prism of prompts and prohibitions that have proposed by Plato for the proper conformation of the personality of young people, such as the “exile” of Homer’s poetry because of the use of the concepts of imitation and myths. The music is emerging as an essential and very important lesson in the education of young people through the selection of the appropriate harmonies and rhythms. Proclus has also commented extensively on the innovative aspect of Plato on the common education which should take both men and women in the city, so as to achieve active involvement and commitment of the political duties of all citizens. The concept of policy considered by the Neo-Platonic philosopher through the concept of justice, which has central role in Plato’s Republic, and through the tripartite separation of the soul and the city in order to make clear that every person and every city, in the basis of their analogy, possess the virtue of justice only when their parts coexist harmoniously. Otherwise, occurre pathogenic conditions both in the soul and in the city. Finally, Proclus refers thoroughly to the change of political regimes in Plato’s Republic, attempting to emphasize that the incomplete and incorrect education of young people will lead to controversies between rulers, resulting in the destruction of the excellent state. Education, therefore is that institutional and epistemic agent that will succeed to highlight those leaders who will be able in the political and cultural reconstruction of the society.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nelson Mandela stands as one of the most powerful symbolic figures of the past century, embodying notions of freedom, peace, racial reconciliation and the struggle against tyranny. As largely uncontested as this image is today, its constitution has by no means been uncomplicated. Before he was incarcerated on Robben Island, Mandela was viewed as a young, militant firebrand within the ANC-led liberation movement, an image which was counterpointed by his patrician lineage, education and professional success as a lawyer. His highly visible embodiment of this complex identity served to elevate him not only to the top of the black Johannesburg social hierarchy, but to the forefront of the liberation struggle. The state-sanctioned view of him was, by contrast, as a terrorist, agitating for the destruction of the state. During his imprisonment on Robben Island, the government sought to entirely expunge his words and likeness from active circulation, which ironically facilitated the process of myth-making around him. After his release from prison, Mandela largely succeeded in claiming agency over his image – the one which still persists in the international public imagination – facilitated in large part by the publication of his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, and the numerous acts of reconciliation and diplomacy which he undertook. In writing this thesis, I have sought to trace the process of mythmaking around Mandela, questioning how the disparate, and often contradictory, ideas around him have been narrativised and incorporated into the mythical figure we are familiar with today, both by him and others. I have divided the narrative construction of Mandela into two broad epochs: the ―dominant‖ narrative, which developed from his entry into politics until his release from prison in 1990, and the ―official‖ narrative, which developed from his release from prison. I seek to illustrate the processes by which the dominant narrative was constituted, and how this narrative construct gained increasing ideological currency during his imprisonment on Robben Island. I then seek to illustrate how the numerous, often-conflicting elements of the dominant narrative were ultimately consolidated and largely supplanted by the official narrative, as represented by Long Walk to Freedom, focusing specifically on its theme of progress and maturation. In my conclusion, I argue that many of the ideological elements which fed the mythical construction of Mandela in the dominant narrative, as a youthful, masculinised liberation fighter, persist today. The promise which the Mandela of the official narrative embodied, of South Africa as a ‗miracle‘ nation destined to move beyond the vestiges of Apartheid – including racism, unemployment and poverty – has largely failed to materialise, allowing these elements to gain an ideological currency once more. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nelson Mandela word beskou as een van die belangrikste simboliese figure van die afgelope eeu, en hy verteenwoordig begrippe soos vryheid, vrede, rasse-versoening en die stryd teen tirannie. Alhoewel hierdie beeld grootliks onbetwis is, was die vestiging hiervan geensins ongekompliseer nie.Voordat hy op Robbeneiland aangehou was, was die jong Mandela as a ‗n militante vuurvreter in die ANC-bevrydingsbeweging gesien; hierdie beeld is teengestaan deur sy aristokratiese afkoms, opvoeding en professionele sukses as ‗n prokureur. Sy hoogs sigbare vergestalting van ‘n komplekse identitiet het nie net gehelp om hom te verhoog tot die bo-punt van die swart Johannesburgse sosiale hiёrargie nie, maar ook tot die voorpunt van die bevrydingstryd. In teenstelling het die staat hom beskou as ‘n terroris wat die staat will vernietig. Terwyl hy sy tronkstraf op Robbeneiland uitgevoer het, het die regering aktief probeer om sy woorde en foto‘s uit sirkulasie te verkry; dit het egter, ironies genoeg, die proses van Mandela se mitifisering vergemaklik. Na sy vrylating uit die tronk, het Mandela grootliks daarin geslaag om sy publieke beeld terug te neem en te herskep, grootliks deur middel van sy outobiografie Long Walk to Freedom en deur talle versoenings- en diplomatieke dade te onderneem. Dit is hierdie beeld wat steeds in die internasional publiek se geheue voortduur. In hierdie tesis, beoog ek om Mandela se mitifiseringsproses na te spoor, om te bevraagteken hoe die uiteenlopende en dikwels teenstrydige idees, beide deur hom en ander, rondom hom genarrativiseer is en opgeneem is in die mitiese figuur met wie ons vandag vertroud is. Ek het die narratiewe konstruksie van Mandela verdeel in twee breё periodes: Die ―dominante― verhaal, wat ontwikkel het vanaf sy toetrede tot die politiek tot met sy vrylating uit die tronk in 1990, en die „amptelike― verhaal, wat ontwikkel het vanaf en na sy vrylating uit die tronk. Ek beoog om te prosesse waardeur die dominante narratief/verhaal geskep is, te illustreer, en om te wys hoe hierdie narratiewe samestelling toenemend ideologiese waarde gekry het tydens sy tronkstraf op Robbeneiland. Daarna beoog ek om te illustreer hoe die dikwels teenstrydige elemente van die dominante verhaal/narratief uiteindelik gekonsolideer en vervang is deur die amptelike verhaal, soos verteenwoordig deur Long Walk to Freedom, deur spesifiek te fokus op diè werk se tema van vooruitgang en volwassewording. In my gevolgtrekking, argumenteer ek dat baie van die ideologiese elemente wat die mitiese konstruksie van Mandela in die dominante verhaal ondersteun het, as jeugdige, manlike vryheidsvegter, vandag voortduur. Die belofte wat die Mandela van die amptelike verhaal gesimboliseer het, dat Suid-Afrika, as ‘n ―wonderwerk―-nasie, bestem is om die oorblyfsels van Apartheid – insluitend rassisme, werkloosheid en armoede – te oorkom, het grootendeels misluk om te verwewenlik, wat hierdie elemete weereens ‘n ideologiese waarde laat verkry het.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-04-11T11:48:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2955959 bytes, checksum: f83f60a20a1147c6fa7de02876db6435 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:48:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2955959 bytes, checksum: f83f60a20a1147c6fa7de02876db6435 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The New Age phenomenon, due to its development in Brazilian scenario since the 1970s, is highlighted in media outlets, especially in print journalism. This research aims to determine the construction of journalistic narrative around the everyday life of the New Age, analyzing how these two narratives concerned unite. The corpus of this study consists of the supplement Milenium, from Jornal Correio da Paraíba, and Jornal Ordem do Universo, publication of Brasilia in the 1970s. Such an empirical object will be analyzed according to the theoretical and methodological assumptions of the Sociology of Everyday Life, more precisely the formist method, by the French sociologist Michel Meffesoli. In order to comprehend the shades of New Age and to hypothetically test its presence in the journalistic discourse, five thematic were created and are distributed in each of every section of this research. This research also uses the theoretical contributions that discuss about the news as myth and narrative (storytelling), studies on the myth and the New Age phenomenon under the prism of Sociology and Anthropology, as its insertion in the discussions about post-modernity. / O fenômeno da Nova Era, pelo seu desenrolar no cenário brasileiro desde meados da década de 1960, ganha destaque nos veículos midiáticos, em especial no jornalismo impresso. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar a construção do discurso jornalístico em torno do cotidiano da Nova Era, analisando como esses dois campos do conhecimento se unem. O corpus desta pesquisa é composto por matérias do Caderno Milenium, suplemento dominical do Jornal Correio da Paraíba, e do Jornal Ordem do Universo, publicação de Brasília de 1975. Tal objeto empírico foi analisado conforme os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociologia do Cotidiano, mais precisamente o método formista, do sociólogo Michel Maffesoli. Com vistas a entender as nuances da Nova Era e testar hipoteticamente sua presença no discurso noticioso, foram criadas cinco temáticas distribuídas em cada uma das seções desta dissertação. Esta pesquisa também utiliza os aportes teóricos que discorrem acerca da notícia jornalística enquanto mito, destinando, para isso, uma seção sobre o conceito de mito e suas funções; o fenômeno da Nova Era sob os prismas da Sociologia e da Antropologia, bem como sua inserção nas discussões sobre pós-modernidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:46:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA CRISTINA DE FREITAS BONETTI - PARTE 1.pdf: 4528097 bytes, checksum: b102021c0421e0f11965fe8fadf10afb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / This thesis investigates the survival and the camouflage of the Myth of the Serpent and the Cult to the Great Mother in mythic and ritualistic performances of the Sacred Circle Dances nowadays. For this, it remakes the myth trajectory since ancient times, exploring the imagery of creation and its various expressions in archaic cultures in the Western World. The main objective of the research is to demonstrate the survival the symbolism of the Mother Goddess and the Serpent Myth in different cultural expressions in dialogue with the Sacred Circle Dances. It also takes into to identify the hidden message that externalizes through body movements that generate archetypical expressions codified in the ritualistic dances and performances, and explores in the same way, the domains of the Great Mother and the Serpent; its symbolic polysemy and the way they are organized in artistic and spacial terms. The main issue of this thesis is that whether the symbolism of the serpent can be considered as a mythical theme survival in the contemporary Sacred Circle Dance. Taking as methodological inspiration the hermeneutic conception of analysis, in this thesis the purpose is to connect the Myth of the Serpent with the most relevant works regarding the Sacred Feminine, history, anthropology and the ritualistic performances. The literature will be reviewed in its thematic axles and in particular the authors and the known experts in the Sciences of Religion. Amid the conceptual interpretations this research produces surveys of recent works on the subject of study to discuss the meanings and the ramifications inspired by ancient traditions and with deep power refresher mythical; and in this discussion, focuses on the aspect of the dances that revive the serpent symbolism and ritually reframe the archaic myths. Traditional and Folk Dances, realized as artistic performances, or even spontaneously, come upon the space created by the traditional parties, replace and vivify myths and prehistoric rituals nowadays. It is considered, therefore, that the Serpent symbology is a mythical theme of the Mother Goddess who survived the performed and ritualistic acts in the contemporary Sacred Circle Dances. / Esta tese investiga as sobrevivências e a camuflagem do Mito da Serpente e do culto à Grande Mãe nas performances mítica e ritualística das Danças Circulares Sagradas na contemporaneidade. Para isso, refaz a trajetória do mito desde a antiguidade, explorando o imaginário da criação e suas diversas expressões em culturas arcaicas no mundo ocidental. O principal objetivo da pesquisa é demonstrar a sobrevivência da simbologia da Deusa Mãe e do Mito da Serpente nas diferentes expressões culturais em diálogo com as Danças Circulares Sagradas. Busca, ainda, identificar a mensagem oculta que se externaliza mediante os movimentos corporais que geram expressões arquetípicas codificadas nas danças e performances ritualísticas; e explora, do mesmo modo, os domínios da Grande Mãe e da Serpente, sua polissemia simbólica e a maneira como se organizam em termos artísticos e espaciais. A principal questão da tese é se a simbologia da serpente pode ser considerada como temática mítica sobrevivente na Dança Circular Sagrada na contemporaneidade. Tendo como inspiração metodológica a concepção hermenêutica de análise, nesta tese busca-se conectar o Mito da Serpente às obras mais relevantes no que tange ao Sagrado Feminino, à história, à antropologia e às performances ritualísticas. A literatura será revista em seus eixos temáticos e, em especial, nos autores e estudiosos reconhecidos nas Ciências da Religião. Em meio às interpretações conceituais, a pesquisa realiza levantamentos das produções recentes sobre a temática de estudo para discutir as acepções e os desdobramentos inspirados em tradições ancestrais e com intenso poder de reatualização mítica; e, nesta discussão, aborda-se o aspecto das danças que revivem o simbolismo da serpente e ressignificam ritualisticamente os mitos arcaicos. As Danças Tradicionais e Folclóricas, realizadas como performances artísticas, ou mesmo espontaneamente, sobrevêm ao espaço criado pelas festas tradicionais, reatualizam e vivificam mitos e rituais pré-históricos na contemporaneidade. Considera-se, portanto, que a simbologia da Serpente é uma temática mítica da Deusa Mãe que sobreviveu nos atos performatizados e ritualísticos das Danças Circulares Sagradas contemporâneas.

Title: “We are everywhere” – an analysis of the discourse surrounding AIK football club on social media   The purpose of this study is to discern what the discourse surrounding Swedish football club Allmänna Idrottsklubben (AIK) and its fans look like on the social media platforms Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. This is done by examining every post by AIK on these platforms and the fan response to each post. The opportunities for clubs such as AIK to communicate directly with its fans has increased greatly with the invention of social media, and this breakthrough in communication has also had the added effect of allowing fans to much easier voice their own opinions. Thus, we are presented with an area of communication that represents an interesting object of study.   The method used is based partly on Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffes theory on discourse analysis and partly on Roland Barthes theory on myths. Both theories offers some tools for analysis and when combined provides the opportunity for in-depth study. The results show that the discourse is largely centred around nodal points such as “Love”, and “the Club Emblem”. Through these AIK communicate the importance of itself to its fans and gives them a reason to “be a part of something greater”. Some of the myths found such as the “Family myth” or the “Hero myth” adds to this notion. However, the supporters don’t always agree with AIK which is why another major theme in the discourse was their “Criticism”. The supporters could also be found arguing among themselves about what being an AIK-fan meant which exposed the “True-fan myth”. Through all of this the study found sign of an underlying importance of active participation within the fandom, which enhanced the experience of being a supporter.   Key words: AIK, discourse analysis, fandom, supporter, myth, nodal point, communication, football

La politique vietnamienne de promotion de l’héritage culturel, mise en œuvre depuis le « Renouveau » (1986) conformément aux objectifs de valorisation et de sauvegarde des sites du Patrimoine mondial classés par l’UNESCO, a occasionné ces dernières décennies une floraison inouïe de fêtes rituelles, festivals folkloriques et cérémonies cultuelles témoignant d’un phénomène qui, sans être nouveau, demeure significatif dans le Vietnam contemporain : le retour aux sources et aux valeurs traditionnelles. Cette « retraditionalisation idéologique » (C. Geertz) vise à exalter le nationalisme culturel à l’aune du modèle de l’État-nation moderne dans l’optique de renouveler et renforcer la légitimité du Parti communiste vietnamien (PCV). Le projet nationaliste s’impose dès les premiers jours de la libération nationale et de la construction du nouvel État : la République démocratique du Vietnam (en 1945). Il puise sa force motrice dans les « mytho-moteurs » (J. Armstrong) de la tradition pérenne de la nation et révèle ainsi une continuité, et non une rupture, de la politique du PCV avec l’Histoire de longue durée. Or, loin d’être une continuité naturelle, ce retour aux sources relève bel et bien d’une stratégie symbolique du régime actuel, consistant à revaloriser l’héritage du passé ainsi qu’à retravailler et inventer la tradition (E. Hobsbawm). La présente étude s’efforce d’éprouver l’hypothèse selon laquelle, les informations du JT de 19 heures de la Télévision nationale sont le révélateur de la construction de mythes essentialistes qui, au-delà des images mentales et typifiées, constituent une force conductrice, une forme sensible et un processus d’appartenance communautaire. Le recours à une anthropologie des médias comme cadre explicatif et conceptuel est incontournable dans la mesure où les médias ˗ un faiseur de mythe de l’ère moderne ˗ sont inséparables de la culture et de l’histoire nationale. À l’instar de L. Quéré, nous considérons l’espace médiatique comme un « tiers symbolisant » ou un espace référentiel plutôt qu’un espace de représentations. Cette approche permet d’examiner, dans une perspective phénoménologique et pragmatique, l’apparition, la publicisation et la transformation des mythes en problèmes publics et actions collectives. Nous avons construit trois modèles heuristiques afin d’examiner les aspects performatifs et générateurs de sens de la production télévisuelle des mythes : l’espace public de communion (analyse discursive) ; le mode mythificalisant (analyse sémio-pragmatique du dispositif télévisé) et le récit identificatoire (analyse narratologique de la temporalisation du récit mythique). La narrativité de la propagande communiste qui reste prégnante dans le journal, opère quant à elle un glissement progressif du discours propagandiste vers l’univers du mythe national : elle se situe au niveau du métalangage barthésien, sans être pour autant dénuée de pragmatisme. Loin de l’approche instrumentale de la manipulation, nous adhérons à l’approche culturaliste de l’ethno-nationalisme, en avançant que le recours aux idées ethno-nationalistes relèverait de facto d’une croyance effective du manipulateur en tant que membre de la communauté ethnique : le ressort culturel mobilisé pour manipuler autrui s’incorpore à son propre système de croyance. Cependant, puisque son « programme de vérité » correspond à des « régimes de croyance » (P. Veyne) différents, le mythe possède autant de force de structuration que de déstructuration et, par conséquent, rend fragile et incertain l’avenir de toute idéologie nationaliste. / Since the ʺRenovationʺ era (1986), Vietnam has been promoting its cultural heritage in full compliance with UNESCO’s objective of cultural renewal and protection through its World Heritage programme. Over the past decades, this policy has brought about an unheard-of blossoming of ritual celebrations, folk festivals and cult ceremonies. Such a nationwide phenomenon of revisiting its origins and traditional values, though not new, is quite significant in contemporary Vietnam, where this type of ʺideological re-traditionalizationʺ (C. Geertz) aims at exalting cultural nationalism in the light of the modern Nation-State with a view to renewing and strengthening the legitimacy of its Communist Party (VCP). This nationalist undertaking, which has proved vital from the early days of the National Liberation and the establishment of the new State ‒ the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945) ‒ draws its driving force from the ʺmythomoteursʺ (J. Armstrong) of the perennial national tradition, thus revealing a continuity, not a breach, of the VCP policy within the long-term history. However, far from being inherent, this continuity is indeed a symbolic strategy developed by the regime in order to renew the country’s heritage, redraft and contrive its folklore (E. Hobsbawm). In this study, we attempt to test the hypothesis whereby the Vietnamese Television’s 7 pm TV newscast is a pointer of an essentialist myth-building which, beyond the formation of mental and typified images, organizes a driving force, a sensitive form and a community-belonging process. Utilizing media anthropology as an explanatory and conceptual framework is crucial insofar as the media –makers of myth in the modern era – cannot be separated from the national history and culture. Following L. Quéré, we consider the media sphere as a ʺsymbolising third-partyʺ or a referential sphere rather than one of representations. By virtue of this approach, we can examine from a phenomenological and pragmatic perspective the appearance, publicization and transformation of myths into public problems and collective actions. We have developed three heuristic models in order to examine the performative and meaning-generating aspects of televisual myth-making: the public sphere of communion (discursive analysis); the myth-making mode (semio-pragmatic analysis of the televisual apparatus); and the identificatory story (narratological analysis of the temporalization of the mythical narrative). The tale of the Communist propaganda, still prevalent in the TV newscast, is assuming a gradual shift, from the discourse of propaganda towards the realm of national myths: its level is that of the Barthesian meta-language, yet not without pragmatism. Rather than to the instrumental approach of manipulation, we adhere to the culturalistic approach of ethno-nationalism, and argue that resorting to ethno-nationalist ideas may fall de facto within the true belief of the manipulator as a member of the ethnic community: the cultural resource summoned to manipulate others is integrated into his own belief system. However, since its ʺprogramme of truthʺ matches different ʺsystems of beliefʺ (P. Veyne), myth holds a destructuring as much as a structuring force, conveying any kind of nationalist ideology frailty and unpredictability.

Le titre de cette thèse renvoie, de manière explicite, au célèbre recueil de Pier Paolo Pasolini Les cendres de Gramsci. L’influence de Pascoli sur Pasolini n’explique qu’une partie du titre. Les cendres de Pascoli se réfèrent plus précisément à la réception du poète de San Mauro, avec une attention spéciale portée à ce qui reste de son travail. À cet égard, de la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu’aux années soixante du XXe, la continuité de la critique pascolienne a joué un rôle central. C’est à la fin de ce parcours qu’il nous est apparu que les différentes voix de la critique ont fini par dialoguer entre elles, en composant comme un réseau et en renvoyant au lecteur une image vivante de Pascoli et de son œuvre. Gianfranco Contini et Pier Paolo Pasolini n’auraient pas pu marquer un tournant dans la réception de l’œuvre de Pascoli s’il n’y avait pas eu au début du XXe siècle les critiques de Emilio Cecchi, Arturo Onofri ou de Renato Serra. De leurs études émerge l’image de Pascoli poète de la modernité, un aspect que Jean-Charles Vegliante réaffirme encore aujourd’hui, en soulignant jusqu’à quel point la poésie de Pascoli a continué à agir sur la littérature nationale, le Montale des Ossi par exemple, et au delà. Et cela en dépit du discrédit que les critiques de Benedetto Croce ont jeté sur l’œuvre de Pascoli, au point de le considérer le « poeta delle maestrine ».La continuité de la critique nous a permis aussi de saisir l’importance du contexte historique dans la réception littéraire. À côté de l’étude diachronique, nous avons développé un travail sur deux poèmes parmi les plus emblématiques de Pascoli – Italy (cinquième chapitre) et Gog et Magog (huitième chapitre) –, afin de comprendre les idéologies sous-jacentes aux différentes approches que nous avons essayé de reconstituer. Ce choix n’a pas été anodin, ces deux poèmes, au cœur du travail mythopoïétique de Pascoli, ayant divisé les critiques. Aujourd’hui Pascoli, dont les qualités poétiques permettent de remonter jusqu’à Dante et Pétrarque, représente un des Italiens majeurs qu’il serait important de faire mieux connaître en France. / The title of this thesis refers, explicitly, to the famous Pier Paolo Pasolini’s collection, The ashes of Gramsci. Pascoli’s influence on Pasolini explains only in part the title of the thesis. The ashes of Pascoli refers more specifically to the reception of the poet of San Mauro, together with a special attention to the effects on his work. According to this point of view, the continuity of Pascolian criticism has played a central role: from the end of the nineteenth century until the sixties of the twentieth century. It was at the end of this journey that it became clear to us that the different voices of criticism ended up interacting with each other, composing a network and giving a living image of Pascoli and his work to the reader. Gianfranco Contini and Pier Paolo Pasolini could not have marked a turning point in the reception of Pascoli’s work if he had not received the criticisms from Emilio Cecchi, Arturo Onofri or Renato Serra at the beginning of the 20th century. In their studies the image of Pascoli clearly emerges as poet of modernity, an aspect that Jean-Charles Vegliante still reaffirms today, highlighting as the poetry of Pascoli has continued to act on the national literature, for example on Montale of the Ossi, and beyond. And this in spite of the discredit that the Benedetto Croce's criticisms have cast on the work of the Pascoli to the point of considering him as the “ poeta delle maestrine”.The continuity of the criticism has also allowed us to grasp the importance of the historical context in the literary reception. Alongside the diachronic study, we have developed a work on two of the most emblematic poems of Pascoli – Italy (fifth chapter) and Gog and Magog (eighth chapter) – in order to understand the ideologies underlying the different approaches we have tried to reconstitute. This choice was not insignificant. These two poems, at the heart of the mythopoetic work of Pascoli, have divided critics. Nowadays Pascoli, whose poetic qualities make it possible to go back to Dante and Petrarch, represents one of the major Italian poets that it would be really significant to make him known in France.