Des magasins d’usine accolés aux sites de fabrication apparus au début du XXe siècle jusqu’aux « villages » de marques actuels, le concept commercial a suivi différentes formes et l’évolution de leurs localisations rend compte d’un détachement des sites industriels au profit d’une logique territoriale « hors sol ». Ces facteurs mettent en lumière le passage d’un concept à l’origine industriel, devenu un produit commercialo-touristique. La naissance du concept puis sa « mise en tourisme » trouvent toutes deux leurs origines aux Etats-Unis. Leurs importations en Europe n’ont pas reproduit à l’identique la formule américaine mais ont suivi des modèles s’en inspirant de plus en plus fortement, notamment par le biais de la montée en puissance des opérateurs anglo-saxons qui figurent parmi les leaders incontestés du marché européen. L’annonce de projets de villages de marques suscite quasi-systématiquement de vives tensions entre leurs opposants et leurs défenseurs, révélant que les enjeux territoriaux liés à ces équipements sont nombreux. La multiplication des projets est notamment favorisée par une demande croissante des élus dans un contexte de mise en compétition des territoires. Cette situation, qui constitue une réelle opportunité pour les opérateurs, aboutit depuis peu à la création de partenariats public-privé destinés à tirer profit de la présence des centres de marques en favorisant les synergies avec leur territoire d’implantation, notamment en couplant le tourisme commercial avec d’autres types de tourisme. Cette thèse vise à mettre en lumière le développement et l’évolution du concept commercial en Europe ainsi que leurs implications en matière de nouveaux enjeux territoriaux. / From Factory Outlet shops located on manufacturing sites which appeared at the beginning of the 20th century to the current outlet “villages” today, this distinct retail concept has followed various forms in its evolution. There has been a detachment from locations on industrial sites for a strategic improvement creating, a new territorial logic which is targeted on an agglomeration of brands in modern purpose built buildings with good access and facilities. These factors show the evolution of a concept originally adjacent to a manufacturing base, it has become a distinct retail and tourist product. The birth of the retail concept and its “touristification” finds its origins in the United States. The import of which into Europe drew reference from the American formula but followed new models inspired by Anglo-Saxon developers who created a different style and they now appear among the uncontested leaders of the European market. However, the announcement of new outlet projects, even after 20 years still arouse quasi-systematically deep tensions between the opponents and the defenders of the concept, revealing that the territorial stakes of these centres are multiple. The increase of the number of projects is favoured in particular by an increasing demand of the elected representatives in a context of competition between territories. The current situation constitutes a real opportunity for developers, and it has recently involved the creation of public-private partnerships. Their intended goal is to benefit from the setting-up of outlet centres by favouring the positive elements within their territory, in particular by coupling retail tourism with other forms of leisure tourism. This research aims to study the development and the evolution of the outlet concept in Europe as well as their implications regarding new territorial stakes.

Depuis la fin du système fordiste, de nombreux chercheurs ont étudié pourquoi des territoires français parvenaient à surmonter les crises systémiques auxquels ils étaient soumis et d’autres non. Paradoxalement, alors que tous évoluaient dans des contextes économique, social et institutionnel comparables, ils ont montré que la résilience de certains résultait directement de facteurs endogènes. Le local, loin d’être absorbé par la mondialisation, est au contraire apparu comme un rempart à l’uniformisation et un facteur de compétitivité pour les firmes. Cependant, l’approche méso économique qui sous-tend ces analyses suppose que le territoire soit à même d’initier une dynamique de coordination de ses agents, qu’ils appartiennent aux sphères publiques comme privées, et puisse les inciter à intégrer des démarches collaboratives. Or ces principes vertueux, créateurs de valeurs pour les firmes et porteurs de cohésion pour les territoires, ne peuvent se concrétiser sans que les individus, dirigeants de firmes, responsables institutionnels et leurs collaborateurs ne fassent leurs de ces principes et acceptent d’y affecter du temps et des moyens.Toutefois, notre expérience montre une relative ignorance de la part des agents susceptibles d’être concernés. Les enjeux et contraintes de chacun tendent au contraire à s’y opposer. C’est pourquoi notre recherche, basée sur des témoignages approfondis des principaux acteurs locaux, vise à proposer des clés assurant la déclinaison de ces concepts méso à la réalité microéconomique des territoires, afin de leur permettre d’appliquer et de bénéficier concrètement des grands principes de l’économie territoriale. / Since the end of the Fordist system, numerous researchers have researched the reasons for which some French territories managed to overcome the systemic crises to which they were subject whereas others did not. Paradoxically, whereas all of them developed within similar economic, social and institutional contexts, they have shown that the resilience of some resulted directly from endogenous factors. Local [characteristics], far from being absorbed by globalisation, have on the contrary appeared as a defence against the trend towards uniformity and a factor in competitiveness for firms. However, the meso economic approach underlying these analyses assumes that the territory can itself initiate a dynamic of coordination by its agents, whether they belong to the public or the private sphere, and can encourage them to integrate collaborative policies. However, these virtuous principles, creating value for firms and bringing cohesion to the territories themselves, cannot become effective unless individuals, business leaders, institutional managers and their staff accept these principles and agree to devote time and resources to them.However, our experience demonstrates relative ignorance on the part of actors liable to be concerned. The challenges and constraints relating to each tend, on the contrary, to be a barrier. That is why our research, based on in-depth testimony collected from the principal local actors aims to offer keys for ensuring the application of these meso concepts to the micro economic reality of these territories, with the aim of enabling them to apply and to benefit in concrete terms from the main principles of the territorial economy.

O Programa Territórios da Cidadania foi implementado em 2008, com a proposta de dar continuidade à consolidação da abordagem territorial do desenvolvimento rural iniciada pelo Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Territórios Rurais, lançado em 2003. O Programa Territórios da Cidadania surgiu como uma resposta às críticas em torno do viés setorial e estritamente focado na agricultura familiar promovido pelos Territórios Rurais. Assim, o Programa Territórios da Cidadania teria o importante objetivo de universalizar as políticas sociais em torno de um planejamento territorial voltado a promoção do Desenvolvimento Territorial Rural Sustentável. Os objetivos em questão seriam concretizados através da integração entre as ações ministeriais, e a coordenação da política nas três esferas de governo. Tal processo valorizaria os pressupostos da multidimensionalidade, das múltiplas escalas de poder e seria calcado na ampla participação popular. Assim, temos como objeto de estudo o Território da Cidadania Vale do Ribeira SP. O território em questão possui uma diversidade sociocultural única, marcada pelas diversas investidas de ocupação territorial tanto por migrantes brasileiros como por estrangeiros. Aliado a este fenômeno, as características geográficas, e as condicionantes políticas regionais, foram determinantes na manutenção da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica na região, que hoje forma o principal corredor deste bioma no Brasil. O Território da Cidadania Vale do Ribeira é marcado por diversas tentativas de execução de planos e ações tanto por parte do poder público como por iniciativas das organizações sociais. Entretanto, as propostas foram executadas de forma dispersa e intermitente, não se traduzindo na socialização das externalidades positivas propostas pelos planos e ações e mantendo o quadro regular de indicadores econômicos e sociais. Na virada do milênio, as dinâmicas socioeconômicas do Território do Vale do Ribeira apontam para uma variação das atividades produtivas, decaindo a importância do setor agrícola e o aumento quantitativo em torno setor de serviços, além de uma relativa melhora dos indicadores sociais e econômicos, dinâmicas estas motivadas pelo aumento das inversões públicas na região que foram intensificadas no início dos anos 2000. A partir deste contexto, os objetivos desta dissertação passaram pela compreensão dos desafios e perspectivas que emergiram com a implementação dos programas territoriais no Território da Cidadania Vale do Ribeira, em especial o Programa Territórios da Cidadania. Os resultados desta dissertação mostram que o programa em evidência não efetivou os objetivos propostos na sua formulação. Ao contrário, a implementação do programa foi marcada pela desmobilização generalizada da participação popular e do poder público, refletindo no retrocesso da perspectiva territorial como uma categoria de política pública orientada ao desenvolvimento do meio rural. O reflexo deste processo identifica que as poucas inovações obtidas com a implementação do Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Territórios Rurais foram perdidas, havendo assim um retrocesso no uso do discurso da abordagem territorial. Este resultado tem como fatores determinantes as relações assimétricas de poder, bem como o contexto do poder público local marcado pela resistência a mudanças na forma de planejar o uso dos recursos públicos e pelos conflitos político-partidários reproduzidos por gestores públicos e lideranças locais. / The Citizenship Territories Program was implemented in 2008, with the proposal to extent the consolidation of territorial approach to rural development initiated by Rural Territories for Sustainable Development National Program released in 2003. Furthermore, the The Citizenship Territories Program emerge as a response to criticism about sector bias and strictly focused on Family farming. This, the Citizenship Territories Program would have de importance role of universal social policies around a territorial planning aimed at promoting Territorial Rural Sustainable Development. The objectives would be achievement through the integration between ministerial actions and policy coordination in the three governmental spheres. This process would value the assumptions of multidimensionality, the multiple scales of power and would be underpinned by the broad popular participation. Thus, we have as object of studys object the Ribeira Valley Territory Citizenship, located in southeastern portion of State of São Paulo. The territory has a unique socio-cultural diversity, marked by several territorial occupation invested by both Brazilian migrants as by foreigners. The geographic, regional and political constraints, were instrumental maintaining the biodiversity of the Atlantic Florest in the region, that now forms the main ecological corridor of this biome in Brazil. The Ribeira Valley Territory Citizenship is marked by several attempts to implement plans e actions by both the government as per initiatives of social organizations. However, the proposals have been implemented in a dispersed and intermittent, not translating in the socialization of positive externalities proposed by plans and actions, and keeping the regular framework of economic and social indicators. From the turn of the millennium, socioeconomic dynamics Ribeira Valley Territory show a variation of productive activities, with decreasing the importance of the agricultural and the quantitative increase around service sector, and a relative improvement of social and economic indicators, dynamics driven by increased public investments in the region, intensified in the early 2000. From this context, the objectives of this dissertation passed through the understanding of the challenges and perspectives the emerged with the implementation of regional programs in the Ribeira Valley Territory Citizenship, especially the Citizenship Territories Program. The results show the program not effected the proposed objectives in its formulation. On de contrary, the implementation of the program was marked by widespread demobilization of popular participation and government, reflecting the retreat of the territorial perspective as a public policy category oriented to the development of rural areas. The effects process identifies the few innovations achieved with the implementation of the Territories for Sustainable Development National Program were lost, so there is a regression in the use of the discourse of territorial approach. This result has as determinants the asymmetrical power relation as well as the local government context marked by resistance to changes in the way planning the use of public resources and the party-political conflicts played by public officials and local leaders.

Ayant comme activité l'épargne et/ou le crédit, les initiatives auxquelles notre étude s'intéresse forment le domaine des finances solidaires, ce dernier constituant un sous-ensemble de l'économie solidaire. L' objectif central a été de délimiter ce champ en France et au Brésil, en interrogeant le rôle joué par ces initiatives dans le développement de l’économie solidaire sur un territoire. Dans une approche socioéconomique, la question du rôle des finances solidaires au-delà de leur dimension financière suppose une compréhension élargie de l’économie basée sur la pensée de Karl Polanyi. À partir d'une démarche ethnographique, nous constatons que l'activité de financement solidaire, considérée de manière isolée, produit un impact relativement peu significatif, en termes de financement et de développement de l'économie solidaire. Pour comprendre les finances solidaires, il est nécessaire de rendre compte des dimensions économique, sociale et politique de leur action. / The initiatives to which this study focuses are in the field of solidarity economy. Having as activity savings and / or credit, they form the field of social finance . The main question of this research is the role of social finance in the development of initiatives of the solidarity economy. In a socio-economic approach, this question implies a broader understanding of the economy which is based on K . Polanyi conceptual framework. Using an ethnographic approach in two different countries – France and Brazil -, we are looking for understand the social and political dimensions of solidarity finance. / Tendo como atividade principal a poupança e/ou o crédito, as iniciativas que interessam ao nosso estudo formam o campo das finanças solidárias, o qual se inscreve no campo da economia solidária. O objetivo central do traballho foi delimitar as finanças solidárias no Brasil e na França, questionando o papel dessas iniciativas no desenvolvimento da economia solidária em um dado território. Numa perspectiva socioeconômica, a questão do papel das finanças solidárias para além da dimension financeira supõe uma compreensão ampliada da economia, a qual se baseia no pensamento de Karl Polanyi. A partir de um trabalho de campo etnográfico, constatamos que quando analisamos a atividade de financiamento solidário de maneira isolada, seu impacto, em termos de financiamento e de desenvolvimento da economia solidária, parece relativamente pouco importante. Para compreender seu papel, é preciso considerar as dimensões econômica,social e política dessas iniciativas.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-07T13:25:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRE FERNANDES ALESSIO ALVES.pdf: 11849626 bytes, checksum: ed79bafa3e4a5c20c2526652045b6fdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T13:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRE FERNANDES ALESSIO ALVES.pdf: 11849626 bytes, checksum: ed79bafa3e4a5c20c2526652045b6fdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / From the Banco Nacional da Habita??o (National Bank for Housing) in 1960?s to the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (My House My Life Program), public policy?s strategies for housing development have been designed mainly through what it was referred to as traditional lenses ? aligned with the dominant epistemological paradigm and aimed to the production of housing units, but not to the construction of communities. The study case of Residencial Sirius was found at the intersection between Minha Casa Minha Vida Program and the Estrat?gia para Desenvolvimento Integrado e Sustent?vel de Territ?rios (Integrated and Sustainable Territorial Development Strategy), inaugurated in 2014 for promoting socioterritorial development at preselected residential neighborhoods. Working from a dual role perspective as a technical agent and a researcher, it was possible to practice participant observation at the territory and with local dwellers, approaching Sirius through what it was referred to as dialogical lenses ? based on theories of complex thinking, where subject and object are interdependent and relate in a reciprocal manner. This dialogical approach was characterized by articulating technical knowledge with territorial experiencing, anchored to integrated urban analysis and participant observation. The research expected to stimulate reflections on the role of architects and urbanists in processes for the construction of communities, as well as on the importance of territorial experiencing for architecture and urbanism training programs. Results indicated practical limitations of the Estrat?gia para Desenvolvimento Integrado e Sustent?vel de Territ?rios considering contradictory impacts of Minha Casa Minha Vida Program on priority housing development for low income families. / Estrat?gias da pol?tica p?blica de habita??o foram, do Banco Nacional da Habita??o na d?cada de 1960 ao Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida nos anos 2000, desenhadas predominantemente pelo que se referiu aqui como mirada tradicional ? alinhadas ao paradigma epistemol?gico dominante e orientadas efetivamente para produ??o de unidades habitacionais, mas n?o para forma??o de comunidades. O estudo de caso do Residencial Sirius se encontrou na ?rea de intersec??o do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida com a Estrat?gia para Desenvolvimento Integrado e Sustent?vel de Territ?rios, lan?ada em 2014 pelo Governo Federal com o objetivo de promover o desenvolvimento socioterritorial em empreendimentos pr?-selecionados. A dupla atua??o do autor como agente t?cnico e pesquisador permitiu exercitar a observa??o participante no territ?rio e com os moradores locais, lan?ando ao objeto de estudo a mirada referida como dial?gica ? vinda pelo paradigma do pensamento complexo, onde sujeito e objeto s?o interlocutores e se relacionam de forma rec?proca. A mirada dial?gica foi caracterizada pela articula??o entre saber t?cnico e viv?ncia territorial, ancorada na an?lise urban?stica integrada e na experi?ncia vivencial. A pesquisa prop?s refletir sobre as contribui??es do arquiteto urbanista em processos colaborativos e participativos para forma??o de comunidades, bem como sobre a import?ncia da experi?ncia vivencial para os programas de forma??o em arquitetura e urbanismo. Os resultados obtidos apontaram limita??es pr?ticas da Estrat?gia para Desenvolvimento Integrado e Sustent?vel de Territ?rios frente a impactos contradit?rios do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida na promo??o habitacional para a demanda priorit?ria.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-25T17:56:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CÉSAR OLIVEIRA DINIZ - TESE PPGCS 2007..pdf: 3084941 bytes, checksum: 81fc57ae5c1208e5a5041687b12767ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-25T17:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CÉSAR OLIVEIRA DINIZ - TESE PPGCS 2007..pdf: 3084941 bytes, checksum: 81fc57ae5c1208e5a5041687b12767ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-02 / Este trabalho analisa um processo de “experimentalismo institucional” instituído no Governo Lula com o objetivo de fundar um novo paradigma na relação entre Estado e sociedade civil, seja no sentido de alargar a relação ou seja na intenção de aprofundar as mudanças ocorridas no âmbito relacional. Dois aspectos caracterizam um experimentalismo institucional: a decisão do governo em repensar os mecanismos de elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas e, ao mesmo tempo, a iniciativa governamental de buscar se apropriar e fortalecer as experiências bem sucedidas no campo da sociedade civil, passando a referenciar novas políticas. E Dois casos de experimentalismo institucional serão analisados. No primeiro, o experimentalismo se funda em torno da política de segurança alimentar do governo federal e das experiências de convivência com o sem-árido, estas desenvolvidas pela Articulação do Semi-Árido Paraibano. No segundo caso, o experimentalismo é instituído a partir da implantação da política governamental de desenvolvimento territorial. Nos territórios, atores sociais e governos interagem num processo de aprendizagem no sentido de estabelecer concertações, compartilhar identidades e compromissos mútuos. Finalmente, o texto apresenta algumas considerações sobre os dois casos de experimentalismo institucional e sua capacidade para alargar as relações entre Estado e sociedade civil e para aprofundar as mudanças pretendidas e os compromissos assumidos nessa trama relacional. Além disso, sugere como esses experimentalismos contribuíram para o estabelecimento de um “novo projeto” de agricultura familiar no país. / This thesis analyses a process of “institutional experimentalism” that was implement by Lula’s1 Government, in order to establish a new paradigm in the relationship between the State and Civil Society, both to broaden the scope and deepen the changes that occurred in this relationship. Two aspects characterize this “institutional experimentalism”: firstly, the government’s decision to review the elaboration and implementation mechanisms of public policies and, secondly, the government’s initiative to incorporate, and strengthen, the successful Civil Society initiatives, using them as references for new policies. Two cases of “institutional experimentalism” are discussed. In the first one, the “experimentalism” is established around the Federal Government’s food security policy and the initiatives based on the idea of “living with the semi-arid environment”2 developed by the Paraíba Semi-Arid Region Network. In the second case, the “experimentalism” concerns the implementation the governmental policy of territorial development. In the territories, social actors and government bodies interact in a learning process that tries to establish negotiation, and share identities and bilateral commitments. Finally, the thesis presents some concluding remarks on the two cases of “institutional experimentalism” and their capacity to reinforce the relationship between the State and Civil Society and to consolidate the intended changes and the commitments that were set up in this process. Moreover, it also comments on how this “experimentalism” has contributed towards the establishment of a “new project” for the country’s family farmers. / Le présent travail analyse un processus d' espérimentalisme institutionnel, institué par le Gouvernement Lula dans le but de créer un nouveau paradigme dans la relation entre l'Etat et la societé civile, que ce soit dans le sens d’élargir cette relation ou que ce soit dans le but d’approfondir les changements qui ont eu lieu dans le domaine relationnel. Deux aspects caractérisent cet expérimentalisme institutionnel : la décision du gouvernement de repenser les mécanismes d’élaboration et d’implantation de politiques publiques et, en même temps, l’initiative gouvernementale de chercher à s’approprier des expériences réussies dans le champ de la société civile, et à les renforcer pour qu’elles servent de référence pour de nouvelles politiques. Deux cas d’expérimentalisme institutionnel seront analysés. Dans le premier, l’expérimentalisme s’exerce à propos de la politique de sécurité alimentaire du gouvernement fédéral et sur la base des expériences bien réussies de « convivence » dans la région semi-aride, expériences menées par l’Articulation du Semi-Aride de la Paraíba. Dans le second cas, l’expérimentalisme s’institue à partir de l’implantation de la politique gouvernementale de développement territorial. Dans les territoires, acteurs sociaux et gouvernements dialoguent dans un processus d’apprentissage visant à établir des arrangements, partager des identités et des engagements mutuels. Finalment, le texte présente quelques considérations sur les deux cas d’expérimentalisme institutionnel et leur capacité d’élargir les relations entre Etat et société civile, et d’approfondir les changements recherchés et les engagements assumés dans cette trame relationnelle. En outre, il suggère que ces expérimentalismes ont contribué à établir um « nouveau projet » d’agriculture familiale dans le pays.

Cette thèse de doctorat se veut comme objectif d’analyser les rapports qui lient l’infrastructure aéroportuaire à son environnement. Elle s’appuie sur l’exemple des aéroports de Dakar et de Diass au Sénégal. Le travail se réfère à deux niveaux. D’abord une étude de la zone aéroportuaire de Dakar-Yoff qui montre comment l’infrastructure a contribué à l’émergence de la métropole internationale. Les communes limitrophes de l’aéroport (Yoff, Ouakam et Ngor), situées dans l’arrondissement des Almadies, ont vu leur territoire évoluer physiquement et économiquement depuis son installation dans la banlieue nord-ouest de Dakar. L’analyse des cartes géographiques, depuis les années 1940 jusqu’à nos jours, témoigne d’une réelle dynamique spatiale dans cette partie de la région de Dakar. En partant des caractéristiques de l’aéroport et des dynamiques économiques et urbaines qui ont accompagné son évolution, l’analyse révèlera que la non maitrise de l’urbanisation à ses abords et le mépris des réglementations conduiront à des problèmes multiples et par conséquent à la décision de l’état du Sénégal de transférer l’équipement sur un nouveau site, à une quarantaine de kilomètres de Dakar. La construction de la nouvelle plateforme et les différents projets qui y sont associés placent les nouvelles communes d’accueil, Diass et Keur Moussa, situées en zones rurales, au centre des enjeux politiques et économiques du pays et affectent leur développement futur. L’émergence de l’aéroport comme acteur du développement économique et territorial, en particulier pour les territoires environnants, montre les liens qui peuvent exister entre l’infrastructure aéroportuaire et son environnement. Ces liens se traduisent par plusieurs aspects visibles qui sont discutés dans cette contribution. / This doctoral thesis aims to analyze the relationships that link the airport infrastructure to its environment. It is based on the example of Dakar and Diass airports in Senegal. The work refers to two levels. First, a study of the Dakar-Yoff airport zone, which shows how the infrastructure contributed to the emergence of the international metropolis. The municipalities bordering the airport (Yoff, Ouakam and Ngor), located in the district of Almadies, have seen their territory evolve physically and economically since its installation in the northwestern suburbs of Dakar. The analysis of geographical maps, from the 1940s to the present day, testifies to a real spatial dynamic in this part of the Dakar region. Based on the characteristics of the airport and the economic and urban dynamics that accompanied its evolution, the analysis will reveal that the lack of mastery of urbanization in its surroundings and the disregard of regulations will lead to multiple problems and consequently to the decision of the state of Senegal to transfer the equipment to a new site, about forty kilometers from Dakar. The construction of the new platform and the various projects associated with it place the new host municipalities, Diass and Keur Moussa, located in rural areas, at the center of the country's political and economic challenges and affect their future development. The emergence of the airport as an actor of economic and territorial development, especially for the surrounding territories, shows the links that can exist between the airport infrastructure and its environment. These links translate into several visible aspects that are discussed in this contribution.

Cette thèse propose un cadre d’analyse renouvelé de la gouvernance des territoires ruraux, telle qu’elle est mise en oeuvre dans des dispositifs institutionnels dédiés. Dans un monde globalisé, dans lequel la focalisation sur les processus de croissance des régions entraîne des mutations rapides et parfois peu maitrisées, le développement territorial joue un rôle majeur. Mobiliser les acteurs et valoriser les ressources locales favorise la différenciation des territoires et contribue à la durabilité des actions. Des politiques publiques peuvent soutenir cette démarche en proposant des dispositifs institutionnels de gouvernance, comme les « Collèges de développement territorial » mis en place par le programme du gouvernement brésilien « Territoires de la citoyenneté ». Mais la faible densité démographique de certains territoires, l’existence de projets sociétaux fortement différenciés et les compétences limitées en matière de gouvernance constituent autant d’obstacles. Le travail présenté ici vise à enrichir la réflexion à partir d’investigations réalisées dans deux territoires contrastés de l’État du Pará, situés en Amazonie brésilienne : le Baixo Amazonas et le Nordeste Paraense. Nous avons mené des enquêtes sur les dynamiques territoriales et les dynamiques d’interaction auprès des acteurs impliqués dans les collèges et, à un autre niveau, dans des « Arrangements Productifs Locaux ». Les zonages à dires d’acteurs ont mis en évidence l’influence déterminante des dynamiques entrepreneuriales, des cadres normatifs, de l’urbanisation et des infrastructures sur l’évolution des territoires. Il apparait que les initiatives des acteurs locaux et des institutions publiques sont insuffisamment coordonnées pour favoriser le développement rural. Les analyses des réseaux et des proximités, réalisées à partir d’entretiens ethnographiques et sociométriques, montrent que les dispositifs institutionnels facilitent les collaborations entre les acteurs distants géographiquement ou initialement peu enclins au dialogue, tout en limitant le repli sur des logiques de similitude ou des logiques locales. Il en ressort qu’un accompagnement soutenu doit être apporté tout particulièrement aux membres des dispositifs inscrits dans les réseaux à différents niveaux pour qu’ils adoptent une posture de médiateurs de la gouvernance territoriale et acquièrent les savoir-faire nécessaires. / This thesis proposes a renewed analytic framework of the governance of rural territories, implemented within institutional arrangements. In a globalized world, where focus on growth processes leads to fast and frequently poorly controlled mutations, territorial development plays a fundamental role. Mobilizing actors and developing local resources supports the differentiation of territories and contributes to the sustainability of actions. Public policies can support this approach by proposing institutional arrangements such as the “Territorial Development Collegiate Body” set up by the Brazilian government's “Territories of citizenship” program. Nevertheless, the low demographic density of many rural territories, the existence of societal projects strongly differentiated and the limited competences on governance constitute many other obstacles. This work aims to enrich the reflection, starting from investigations carried out in two contrasted territories in the State of Pará, located in Brazilian Amazon : Baixo Amazonas and Nordeste Paraense. Surveys on territorial dynamics and interaction dynamics were carried out with actors participating within collegiate bodies and with those at the level of “Local Productive Arrangements”. Zoning based on stakeholders' mental representations highlighted the determining influence of entrepreneurial dynamics, normative frameworks, urbanization and infrastructures on the evolution of the territories. It seems that initiatives of local actors and public institutions are insufficiently coordinated to support rural development. Social networks and proximity analysis carried out starting from ethnographic and sociometric interviews show that institutional arrangements facilitate collaborations between actors who are geographically distant or initially not very inclined to communicate, while limiting closure on logics of similarity or local logics. This reveals that a constant assistance must be brought particularly to the members of the arrangements who are embedded in networks at various levels so that they adopt a posture of mediators of the territorial governance and acquire the necessary know-how.

O Programa Territórios da Cidadania foi implementado em 2008, com a proposta de dar continuidade à consolidação da abordagem territorial do desenvolvimento rural iniciada pelo Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Territórios Rurais, lançado em 2003. O Programa Territórios da Cidadania surgiu como uma resposta às críticas em torno do viés setorial e estritamente focado na agricultura familiar promovido pelos Territórios Rurais. Assim, o Programa Territórios da Cidadania teria o importante objetivo de universalizar as políticas sociais em torno de um planejamento territorial voltado a promoção do Desenvolvimento Territorial Rural Sustentável. Os objetivos em questão seriam concretizados através da integração entre as ações ministeriais, e a coordenação da política nas três esferas de governo. Tal processo valorizaria os pressupostos da multidimensionalidade, das múltiplas escalas de poder e seria calcado na ampla participação popular. Assim, temos como objeto de estudo o Território da Cidadania Vale do Ribeira SP. O território em questão possui uma diversidade sociocultural única, marcada pelas diversas investidas de ocupação territorial tanto por migrantes brasileiros como por estrangeiros. Aliado a este fenômeno, as características geográficas, e as condicionantes políticas regionais, foram determinantes na manutenção da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica na região, que hoje forma o principal corredor deste bioma no Brasil. O Território da Cidadania Vale do Ribeira é marcado por diversas tentativas de execução de planos e ações tanto por parte do poder público como por iniciativas das organizações sociais. Entretanto, as propostas foram executadas de forma dispersa e intermitente, não se traduzindo na socialização das externalidades positivas propostas pelos planos e ações e mantendo o quadro regular de indicadores econômicos e sociais. Na virada do milênio, as dinâmicas socioeconômicas do Território do Vale do Ribeira apontam para uma variação das atividades produtivas, decaindo a importância do setor agrícola e o aumento quantitativo em torno setor de serviços, além de uma relativa melhora dos indicadores sociais e econômicos, dinâmicas estas motivadas pelo aumento das inversões públicas na região que foram intensificadas no início dos anos 2000. A partir deste contexto, os objetivos desta dissertação passaram pela compreensão dos desafios e perspectivas que emergiram com a implementação dos programas territoriais no Território da Cidadania Vale do Ribeira, em especial o Programa Territórios da Cidadania. Os resultados desta dissertação mostram que o programa em evidência não efetivou os objetivos propostos na sua formulação. Ao contrário, a implementação do programa foi marcada pela desmobilização generalizada da participação popular e do poder público, refletindo no retrocesso da perspectiva territorial como uma categoria de política pública orientada ao desenvolvimento do meio rural. O reflexo deste processo identifica que as poucas inovações obtidas com a implementação do Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Territórios Rurais foram perdidas, havendo assim um retrocesso no uso do discurso da abordagem territorial. Este resultado tem como fatores determinantes as relações assimétricas de poder, bem como o contexto do poder público local marcado pela resistência a mudanças na forma de planejar o uso dos recursos públicos e pelos conflitos político-partidários reproduzidos por gestores públicos e lideranças locais. / The Citizenship Territories Program was implemented in 2008, with the proposal to extent the consolidation of territorial approach to rural development initiated by Rural Territories for Sustainable Development National Program released in 2003. Furthermore, the The Citizenship Territories Program emerge as a response to criticism about sector bias and strictly focused on Family farming. This, the Citizenship Territories Program would have de importance role of universal social policies around a territorial planning aimed at promoting Territorial Rural Sustainable Development. The objectives would be achievement through the integration between ministerial actions and policy coordination in the three governmental spheres. This process would value the assumptions of multidimensionality, the multiple scales of power and would be underpinned by the broad popular participation. Thus, we have as object of studys object the Ribeira Valley Territory Citizenship, located in southeastern portion of State of São Paulo. The territory has a unique socio-cultural diversity, marked by several territorial occupation invested by both Brazilian migrants as by foreigners. The geographic, regional and political constraints, were instrumental maintaining the biodiversity of the Atlantic Florest in the region, that now forms the main ecological corridor of this biome in Brazil. The Ribeira Valley Territory Citizenship is marked by several attempts to implement plans e actions by both the government as per initiatives of social organizations. However, the proposals have been implemented in a dispersed and intermittent, not translating in the socialization of positive externalities proposed by plans and actions, and keeping the regular framework of economic and social indicators. From the turn of the millennium, socioeconomic dynamics Ribeira Valley Territory show a variation of productive activities, with decreasing the importance of the agricultural and the quantitative increase around service sector, and a relative improvement of social and economic indicators, dynamics driven by increased public investments in the region, intensified in the early 2000. From this context, the objectives of this dissertation passed through the understanding of the challenges and perspectives the emerged with the implementation of regional programs in the Ribeira Valley Territory Citizenship, especially the Citizenship Territories Program. The results show the program not effected the proposed objectives in its formulation. On de contrary, the implementation of the program was marked by widespread demobilization of popular participation and government, reflecting the retreat of the territorial perspective as a public policy category oriented to the development of rural areas. The effects process identifies the few innovations achieved with the implementation of the Territories for Sustainable Development National Program were lost, so there is a regression in the use of the discourse of territorial approach. This result has as determinants the asymmetrical power relation as well as the local government context marked by resistance to changes in the way planning the use of public resources and the party-political conflicts played by public officials and local leaders.