Les manuels d’histoire ont souvent fait l’objet d’analyses concernant leur contenu et leur qualité, mais rarement leurs usages en classe. Cette thèse vise à décrire et analyser comment des enseignants d’histoire du Québec au secondaire utilisent le manuel et toute autre ressource didactique. Le problème consiste à mieux connaître ce qui se passe en classe depuis l’implantation de la réforme curriculaire, en 2001, et comment les conceptions des enseignants influencent leurs pratiques en lien avec l’exercice de la méthode historique. Ce travail décrit des pratiques enseignantes selon leur intervention éducative, les ressources didactiques utilisées et l’activité de l’élève en classe. Pour ce faire, la collecte de données est réalisée au travers d’un sondage en ligne (n= 81), d’observations en classe et d’entrevues (n=8) avec les participants. Les enseignants d’histoire utilisent souvent le manuel, mais leur intervention n’est pas structurée par son contenu ou ses exercices. Les cahiers d’exercices ou le récit de l’enseignant semblent structurer principalement leurs interventions. En fait, leurs conceptions sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage en histoire déterminent le plus souvent l’usage du manuel et des autres ressources didactiques d’une manière traditionnelle ou d’une manière qui exerce authentiquement la méthode historique. Afin de décrire ces différents usages, la thèse propose une typologie qui distingue les différentes modalités mises en place afin d’utiliser les ressources didactiques et exercer la méthode historique. Trois principaux types sont énoncés : intensif, extensif et critique. Un quatrième type a été ajouté afin de mieux nuancer les différentes pratiques enseignantes rencontrées : extensif-méthodique. Ce dernier type s’explique par une pratique enseignante qui concilie les types extensif et critique selon les besoins de l’enseignant. La thèse souligne la persistance de pratiques transmissives et magistrocentrées qui limitent un exercice authentique de la méthode historique, alors que le curriculum vise un enseignement constructiviste et que plus de ressources sont disponibles pour les enseignants. / History textbooks are mainly analyzed for their content and quality but not for their real use in classrooms. This thesis aims to describe and analyze how high school history teachers in Quebec use textbooks and other instructional resources. The issue is to know what is going on into classrooms since the new curriculum is in effect and how teachers’ beliefs influence their practices related to the development of historical method skills. This work describes the teaching practices according to their educational intervention, learning resources used and the student’s activities during class. The data was collected with an online survey (n= 81), classroom observations and interviews (n= 8) with the participants. Teachers often use textbooks, but are not automatically led by its content or exercises. Workbooks or teacher’s narrative seem to mainly structure their interventions. Yet, the belief system about teaching and learning history more specifically leads teachers to use textbooks in a traditional way or in a way that fosters historical method. To describe these various uses, the thesis proposes a typology that distinguishes the different modalities put in place to use learning resources and perform historical method. Three main types are described: intensive, extensive and critical. A fourth type was added in order to better explain the different teaching practices encountered: extensive-methodical. The latter type is explained by a teaching practice that combines extensive and critical types related to the needs of the teacher. The thesis points out the persistence of transmissive and teacher-centered pratices limiting authentic historical method exercise while curriculum aims a constructivist way and that more learning resources are available for teachers.

This dissertation investigates the negotiation of history within the history textbook revision conducted by the Norden Associations between 1919 and 1972. The thesis combines an examination of the discussions surrounding the revision with an understanding of the organization of the revision process to study the negotiations between representatives of different historical cultures and the conditions within these historical cultures.  At the end of World War I, the teaching of history was challenged by internationalists and school­teachers as a chauvinistic and warmongering subject. The war was a catalyst for the emergence of history textbook revisions in general, and in the Nordic countries the war also became a catalyst for efforts to promote Nordic understanding and cooperation. These two outcomes of the war experience merged in the Norden Associations’ history textbook revision. The revision was promoted as both an effort to reach an agreement on a common Nordic history and an effort to present to the international community a peaceful corner of the world.  The theoretical framework of this dissertation draws on the concept of the nation as an imagined community and sees national historical cultures as being reflective of the community at that time and place. The discussions of historical events in the thesis are treated as motifs of a national myth, and they are scrutinized as part of the cognitive, political, and aesthetic dimensions of historical culture. The organizational features of the revision are studied through a network analysis of the organizational field.  Prior to World War II, involvement in the revision was reserved almost exclusively for historians. From the end of the 1950s, however, the initiative shifted towards teachers and teacher trainers. This dissertation shows that the revision was organized with an emphasis on national boundaries even though the revision itself was an effort to transcend these boundaries.  The results of this thesis show that the history within the revision was such an integral part of national identity that it was almost impossible to reach any understanding of a common Nordic history. Most motifs, such as the nation’s founding, liberation, golden age, and decline, within the individual national myths had very little common ground and they often contradicted each other. The debates in regards to historical events were also highly political. The historians involved in the revision process could not see past their own national context and were not able to approach the subject from a purely methodological or scientific stance. Pedagogical issues in the textbooks were almost completely ignored.  In conclusion, the history textbook revision conducted by the Norden Associations should probably be seen as a defense of nationalistic hegemony in the understanding of history and cultural identity instead of as a challenge to that hegemony. In addition, the decline in impact of the textbook revision in the 1960s can be explained as a result of this nationalistic identity giving way to the prosperity of a new hegemony that was more liberal, Eurocentric, and global. / Historia utan gräns: Den internationella historieboksrevisionen 1919-2009

En première partie, cette thèse présente différentes significations des termes nature et environnement, en arabe et en français. Par exemple, en arabe, il existe trois termes pour désigner le mot français "environnement". Elle identifie, dans le cadre du modèle KVP qui analyse les conceptions comme des interactions entre connaissances, valeurs et pratiques sociales, plusieurs valeurs qui sous-tendent ces définitions. Plusieurs d'entre elles sont reprises comme des objectifs de l'éducation à l'environnement : citoyenneté, autonomie, responsabilité, altruisme et solidarité (CARTAS). L'essentiel de cette thèse analyse ensuite les conceptions, et plus particulièrement les systèmes de valeurs, sur la nature et l’environnement chez des enseignants tunisiens (111 enseignants de Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre : SVT et 42 enseignants d'Histoire et Géographie : HG), chez 273 élèves de 2ème année secondaire (16-17 ans) et dans les manuels scolaires tunisiens SVT de ce niveau scolaire, édités en 2003 et 2005. Les différentes analyses effectuées (khi2, analyse des correspondances multiples et analyse en composantes principales) montrent que les élèves sont plus anthropocentrés que les enseignants SVT et HG, qui sont plutôt écolocentrés, sans différence significative entre enseignants SVT et HG. Ces systèmes de valeurs sont corrélés à certaines variables personnelles : les non bacheliers, les jeunes et les individus ayant une enfance campagnarde sont plus anthropocentrés que, respectivement, les titulaires d'un baccalauréat ou plus, les adultes et ceux ayant une enfance citadine, qui sont plus écolocentrés. Les conceptions des élèves sont dans l'ensemble conformes à celles présentes dans les manuels SVT : nature sans homme, rapport utilitaire à la nature, absence de gestion et de prévention des risques liés à l’utilisation des ressources, ce qui ne favorise pas l’acquisition des valeurs CARTAS. Les enjeux et perspectives de ces résultats sont discutés / In the first part, this thesis presents in Arabic and French various significations of nature and environment terms. For example, in Arabic, there are three terms to indicate the French word " environnement ". It identifies, within the framework of the KVP model which analyzes the conceptions as interactions between knowledge, values and social practices, several values which underlie these definitions. Several of them are taken again like environmental education objectives : citizenship, autonomy, responsibility, altruism and solidarity (CARTAS). The main part in this thesis analyzes the conceptions, and mainly the values’ systems on nature and environment for some Tunisian teachers (111 Earth and Life Sciences: ELS teachers and 42 History and Geography : HG teachers ), at 273 secondary 2nd year pupils (16-17 year-olds) and in Tunisian LSE textbooks of this school level, published 2003 and 2005. Different analyses carried out (khi2, MCA and PCA) show that pupils are more anthropocentrics than ELS and HG teachers, who are rather écolocentrics, without a significant difference between ELS and HG teachers. These values’ systems are correlated with certain personal variables: the non graduates, the youths and individuals with a country childhood are more anthropocentrics than, respectively, the graduates (baccalaureate or higher), the adults and those with a town childhood, who are more écolocentrics. Pupils’ conceptions are on the whole in conformity with those present in ELS textbooks: nature without man, utility-relation with nature, absence of management and risks prevention related to the use of the resources, which is not in favour of the acquisition of CARTAS values. Stakes and perspectives of these results are discusse

1 Solving strategies of word problems depending on the context topicality ABSTRACT The thesis deals with word problems solvable by linear equations. The aim of the work is to show if the context, on which the word problem depends, influences how pupils participating in the research solve it and verify if word problem phrasing and modern language usage help pupils solve the word problem. It is accomplished by assigning pupils a set of varied word problems and assessing their solutions. More results were gained by assessing questionnaires related to the context of the word problems being calculated. The second aim of the thesis is to explain various definitions of word problems, putting the term into the context of school mathematics and a brief summary of the historical development of mathematics focusing on word problems. The work consists of three parts. In the first part, problems and word problems are defined and it is shown how word problems are included in the Framework educational programme. Word problems are put into historical context. The second part shows the conception of motion word problems, word problems on joint work and word problems on dividing a whole into parts in the present-day mathematical textbooks in the second stage of elementary schools and in the lower classes of secondary grammar...

Augmented Reality (AR) is a recent technology that allows a seamless composition between virtual objects and the real world. This practice-based research uses the affordances of AR to design an AR textbook for collaborative learning experience. It identifies the key concepts of children s AR textbooks for the designing and evaluation of collaborative learning experiences. These concepts were used to develop a conceptual framework for the AR textbook that considers collaborative experience, learning and usability. Informed by these concepts, the research also has identified the design features which are unique to AR affordances which can be integrated in the school textbooks to develop a collaborative AR textbook for primary school children. The research follows a participatory design approach to involve the users of the AR textbook in the design process. The researcher has conducted three co-design studies involving primary school children and adults using cooperative inquiry techniques. The first study uses low-tech prototyping to find the overall direction of designing the AR textbook. After the development of the first AR textbook prototype, two formative evaluations have been conducted using cooperative inquiry critiquing, and layered elaboration techniques. Throughout these studies, a conceptual framework has been developed namely, Experience, Learn and Use (ELU) for the designing and evaluation of children s AR textbooks for collaborative learning experience. This framework is based on the adaption of Janet Read s Play, Learn, Use (PLU) model that defines children s relationships with the interactive technologies. The research proposes the ELU framework as a useful classification framework in the evaluation process, which informs the design features of the AR textbook which are related to the concepts of collaborative experience, learning and usability. The practical component of the thesis proposes a sample of an AR textbook that is integrated in the regular school curriculum. It demonstrates the design features which can be implemented in other textbooks to support collaborative learning experiences for primary school children. The documentation of the co-design process provides a practical framework for co-designing an AR textbook with children, as well as an evidence of using the ELU framework in practice. 4 This research also contributes in bridging the gap between AR and Child-Computer Interaction (CCI) communities, through the use of common CCI methods in the AR development. This research has resulted in key design principles which contribute original knowledge to the literature of the AR for children s education considering the CCI perspective. These important principles are informed by the collaborative experiences, learning and usability aspects that establish a framework for the design and evaluation of collaborative AR textbook for children. The eight identified principles by this research are, Joint Textbooks, Personalised AR Experience, Interactive AR Book, Communication-Based Learning, Rewarding AR feedback, Audio AR Textbook, Intuitive AR Markers, and Mutual AR Display. The research introduces the definition for each of the concepts and a demonstration of the related design features in the outcome of the AR textbook prototype.

The main concept of this final thesis is the genesis of educational material within the application concept of inquiry based education in geography at primary school or lower level schools. The central theoretical framework was chosen issue urban geography, as one of the most actual discussed geographic sub-disciplines. The newly formed educational material will have a complexial form - except themselves textbooks for pupils will be created methodological guide for teachers. Inquiry based education wants in a school closer to real scientific process , pupils and use to anchor the separate handling of information. Pupils tries to fix minor problems, verify their hypotheses using the process set out by research, analyze everything and then synthesized. The method , together with the knowledge of geography of the city are developed through work with GPS logger. The educational material is within the next stopover implemented in selected schools . Using the questionnaire, pupils and teachers the author provide valuable feedback.

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of civic and political participation in elementary and secondary school. Introductory part of the thesis defines terms of civic and political participation, there are also findings about civic attitudes of young Czechs based on international comparative researches. The focus of the thesis is to analyze the representation of the theme of participation at different levels of the Czech education system and to compare the concept of the theme in curriculum documents of selected states. This is followed by an analysis of the approach to the topic of participation by authors of approved Czech textbooks. The analyzes show that the theme of participation is insufficiently embedded in the Czech national curriculum and these deficiencies are reflected in the approach to the topic in school educational programs and textbooks. In the light of these findings, a didactic analysis of the topic of participation is carried out. The diploma thesis sets down the theoretical minimum for a given topic. The last part presents proposals of didactic procedures in teaching focused on topics of civic and political participation. Additionally, the thesis recommends projects of non-profit institutions and other initiatives that focus on selected aspects of the topic of participation.

The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate why history textbooks are used the way they are and to identify possible reasons for the contradictions and dilemmas regarding the role of the textbook in history education. This thesis describes a case study of the history teaching at an upper secondary school class and investigates the attitudes of the pupils, teachers and textbook authors towards history, the teaching of history, textbooks and the use of textbooks. The study also investigates the textbook used in the history class and the attitudes that the authors expose in the textbook. The analyses are based on interviews with the pupils and teacher, the pupils’ responses in a questionnaire, lesson observations, parts of the textbook, and some other teaching materials used in the lessons. In addition to constituting research on attitudes, this study is also linked to cognitive dissonance theory since it highlights dissonance among the attitudes of the teachers, pupils and textbook authors. The study shows that one main dilemma is the fact that the textbook is frequently being used in the classroom, but many pupils find it dull and uninteresting. Other dilemmas are basically explanations for this and are discussed as such. The study also shows that the pupils prefer history lessons that follow certain strategies and that these strategies are only reflected in the textbook to a limited extent. However, these strategies are used to a large extent in the teaching and when other teaching materials are used instead of the textbook. Sometimes the language used in the textbook seems to prevent the pupils from being able to take in the content but they are not given any help to cope with this difficulty. However, the pupils are exposed to other teaching resources, such as films and lectures, which helps them to understand the subject matter and they appreciate such resources more than the textbook. Moreover, the use of this type of learning resources is combined with methodology that is popular among the pupils and they get help from each other and from the teacher when interpreting and working with these resources. The textbook is used primarily individually and some of the pupils find it difficult to understand. In addition, the textbook is used with teaching methodology that the pupils find dull. This could explain why films and lectures are the main focus of the history lessons while the textbook is used primarily as a supplementary factual resource. This may also be a reason why the pupils have a negative attitude towards the textbook.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-25T13:01:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 9778557 bytes, checksum: ae1fde08194e500b706e5957850b5861 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T13:01:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 9778557 bytes, checksum: ae1fde08194e500b706e5957850b5861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / This thesis frames an analytical discussion on the linguistic education, based on the imagetic standards found in the English textbooks, grounded on concepts such as teaching of English in a pluricentric approach, interculturality, multiculturalism, language/culture, going further into matters that deal with beliefs and teacher education, whose repercussion reaches its summit level in the last chapter. Thus, we aim at analyzing the images of the textbooks pertaining to PNLD in 2012, having as the starting point the concept of English as an international/pluricentric language/lingua franca, which makes possible that learners can look at themselves inserted like protagonists of a language/culture; although it is still regarded as a ‘foreign’ language, those learners can make use of it in contexts where they may also deal with images. In methodological terms, we selected the 7 (seven) textbook sets, including three-level textbooks each set, since it is a unique moment for the history of language teaching in Brazil: it is the first time that English textbooks for secondary school were included by Programa Nacional do Livro Didático into the area Language, Codes and its Technologies (BRAZIL, 2011, p. 07). To continue, we were based on the criteria we created for the definite choice of the 17 (seventeen) pages that constitute our corpus, 16 (sixteen) images in the unit entries and 01 (one) image in the entry of the book as a whole. We analyzed one by one. Qualitatively and quantitatively the results showed that the countries that make imagetic reference to the internal circle by Kachru (1985) are predominant, owing to the spaces they take up and how they do it. Based on the categories that come from the Grammar of Visual Design, by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), more precisely, the compositional metafunction and its interrelated systems, we conclude: readers/observers, in this case, learners, are not involved by a pluricentric concept of the English language, since the supremacy of native English speakers and their linguistic-cultural standards dominate in the pages of the textbooks mentioned, but the imagetic references to England and mainly to the United States of America are deemed prime. / Esta tese tece uma discussão analítica em torno da educação linguística pautada nos padrões imagéticos encontrados nos livros didáticos de língua inglesa, a partir de concepções como o ensino de inglês numa perspectiva pluricêntrica, interculturalidade, multiculturalismo, língua/cultura, adentrando também questões que tratam de crenças e formação docente, cujas reverberações alcançam seu ápice no último capítulo. Dessa forma, objetivamos analisar as imagens dos livros didáticos do PNLD de 2012, tendo como ponto de partida a concepção do inglês como língua internacional/franca/pluricêntrica, que oportuniza aos aprendentes se vejam inseridos como protagonistas de uma língua/cultura, pois, mesmo restando o ultrapassado rótulo de ‘estrangeira’, dessa língua podem fazer uso em contextos em que é possível a lide também com imagens. Em termos metodológicos, selecionamos as 7 (sete) coleções, por se tratar de um momento singular para a história do ensino de línguas no Brasil, sendo esta a primeira vez que os referidos livros de língua inglesa do ensino médio foram incluídos pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático na área Linguagem, Códigos e suas tecnologias (BRASIL, 2011, p. 07). Para prosseguirmos, baseamo-nos em critérios elaborados para a escolha definitiva das 17 (dezessete) páginas, constituintes de nosso corpus, sendo 16 (dezesseis) imagens de entrada de unidades e 1 (uma) imagem do livro como um todo. Procedemos à análise de uma a uma, cujo resultado se expressou da seguinte maneira: qualitativa e quantitativamente, os países que fazem referência imagética ao Círculo Interno de Kachru (1985) são predominantes, em decorrência dos espaços que esses elementos imagéticos ocupam e como ocupam. Com base nas categorias da Gramática do Design Visual, de Kress e van Leeuwen (2006), mais precisamente, a metafunção composicional e seus sistemas inter-relacionados, concluímos: os leitores/observadores, no caso, os alunos, não são envolvidos por uma concepção pluricêntrica do inglês, tendo em vista que a supremacia dos nativos anglófonos e seus padrões linguístico-culturais imperam nas páginas, tendo primazia as referências imagéticas à Inglaterra e principalmente aos Estados Unidos da América.

This work dedicates to education of foreign languages of children afflicted with specific learning disability, with dyslexia. Theoretic part is occupied by specific learning disability, above all by its reasons, tokens, diagnostic and reeducation. The second part can be used as a help in education of Spanish of children afflicted with specific learning disability, with dyslexia. It is audio textbook of Spanish which contains also CD that serves as a audio help for reading texts and for learning and explaining of new grammar.