The purpose of this study was to examine how two teaching materials in Swedish and Swedish as a second language, from the same publishing company, presented and referred to male and female authorship based on anaphoric expressions. The method used in this study was grounded on an article by Per Ledin which analyzes how social actors is being portrayed in two Swedish papers based on anaphoric expression. Besides this method, the study also chooses to include social actors as well as whether the authors were portraited based on background or accomplishment. By choosing these criteria, the aim was to be able to investigate how Hirdmans two logics: men as a norm and the distinction between the sexes, are implemented in the teaching material that are examined. The research questions used in this study were: How is female and male authorship referred to in the materials based on anaphoric expressions? In which way is male and female authorship being presented in the various textbooks? Is there a difference between how female and male authorship is presented and referenced to, based on if the textbook is in Swedish or Swedish as a second language? The results of this study show that there is a difference between the teaching materials even though they are published by the same company. The different textbooks show how the teaching materials maintain the man as the norm, as in previous research, but in varying degrees. The textbook in Swedish shows a clear masculine norm through the anaphoric pattern that female writing becomes more individualized. The female writers are also presented mainly by background, while male authors are presented based on achievements. When comparing Swedish course literature for second language one can see how the male norm is prevalent, notably female authorship are represented through their accomplishments and the textbook problematizes male authorship.

Textbooks within Swedish for Immigrants aims to teach immigrants the Swedish language and help them understand Swedish society. But one can ask: is there a representative picture of all people in Swedish society in these textbooks? This study aims to analyze which discourses are made visible regarding what kind of people are represented in textbooks for Swedish for Immigrants. Two textbooks from different times are chosen to make a comparison, and to see what and if there has been development in the way one talks about people with non-Swedish and non-white names. The questions asked are: Who is given space in two textbooks for Swedish for Immigrants? And what kind of development has been made within this area between the years 2002 and 2021? The method used is discourse analysis based on a social constructive perspective, which means that people adopt the discourses they read and learn about, which affects the way they see society and how they interact with others. The result shows that similar discourses are found in both textbooks, where three main discourses appear: us and them, Swedish/white is the norm, and immigrants only have lower-paid jobs in society. People with non-Swedish and non-white names are not given as much space in the textbooks as people with Swedish and white names. The older textbook contains of a majority Swedish names whereas the newer textbook contains more international names, but that are considered white names. This shows that there is an us and them-discourse occurring. The us and them-discourse appear in different ways throughout the textbooks and is more implicit in the newer textbook compared to the older. Another example of this discourse is that people with non-Swedish and non-white names are often presented with where they come from, which is not the case for people with Swedish names. This shows that there is a certain way of speaking of people with non-Swedish and non-white names in society. In conclusion, there are more Swedish and white people who are given space in these textbooks for Swedish for immigrants. Considering that immigrants are the target group for these textbooks, there should be a representation of all different people in Swedish society. Seen from a social constructive perspective, immigrants who read these textbooks will adopt these discourses, which will affect how they see Swedish society and how they interact with others. The development discovered between the two textbooks and their almost 20-year difference of release is shown in the discourse of immigrants only having lower-paid jobs. The newer textbook shows no evidence of this discourse whereas it appears in the older textbook. This shows that development has been made in how society thinks of immigrants and their ability to work within any profession.

The thesis studies power and gender in textbooks used to teach Social Science in upper secondary school. The purpose of the study was to investigate how men, women and sexual orientations are portrayed in textbooks. In this investigation, seven Social Science books have been studied. Four of them were published before 2011 and three were published after 2011. The theory used is the gender system formulated by Yvonne Hirdman, Judith Butler's discussion of social and biological gender, and Virginia Sapiro's thoughts on representation. The research method used is discourse analysis, in which an expanded text concept is used; the expanded concept covers images and illustrations in addition to texts.   Among other things, the results show that women are described as taking more responsibility for the home and the children, even though men are said to take more responsibility than before. The textbooks mainly use gender-neutral language, but that is not always the case. The use of gender terms risks creating incorrect perceptions and norms. The study has shown that each book has both strengths and weaknesses regarding gender. However, the study does not recommend any book in particular. Thus, the teachers are urged to critically study the textbooks they use in order to problematize parts of the content.

Elevers inflytande på matematikundervisningen är önskvärd men föga undersökt. Syftet med examensarbetet var således att undersöka elevers upplevelse av att ha digitala läroböcker i matematikundervisningen. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av fokusgruppsintervjuer med elever på gymnasiet. Tre klasser på teknikprogrammet intervjuades. Intervjuerna bearbetades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultatet analyserades utifrån den didaktiska tetraedern med den digitala läroboken som artefakt. Resultatet visade att elever anser att läroböcker ska hjälpa dem lösa och förstå matematikuppgifter. Digitala läroböcker upplevdes ha goda förutsättningar att förklara matematik genom exempelvis anpassade förklaringar, ledtrådar och återkoppling. Däremot upplevdes digitala läroböcker ha sämre förutsättningar att lösa uppgifter eftersom risken att distraheras av annat på datorn var stor, svarsinmatningen var bristfällig, läroboken kunde vara oåtkomlig eller att förklaringar och uppgifter inte nödvändigtvis matchade varandra. För att ge elever inflytande på matematikundervisningen bör dessa aspekter beaktas vid val av läromedel genom övervägande av den digitala lärobokens utformning, implementering samt när en tryckt lärobok är att föredra. / Students’ influence on mathematics teaching is desirable but not extensively researched. The purpose of the thesis was therefore to investigate students' experience of using digital textbooks in mathematics education. The study was carried out using focus group interviews with Swedish upper secondary school students. Three classes from the technology program were interviewed. The interviews were processed using content analysis. The results were analysed using the didactic tetrahedron with the digital textbook as the artifact. The results showed that students believe that textbooks should help them solve and understand mathematics exercises. Digital textbooks were perceived to be well suited to explain mathematics by, for example, customized explanation, clues, and feedback. On the other hand, digital textbooks were felt to provide a worse environment for solving exercises. Reasons given include the risk of being distracted by other things on the computer was high, the ability to input answers was inadequate, the textbook could be inaccessible or that explanations and tasks did not necessarily match each other. To give students an influence on mathematics teaching, these aspects should be factors to consider when choosing teaching materials in terms of the digital textbook's design, implementation and when a printed textbook is preferable.

Teknik är nära sammanflätad med människan och internet med sin kraftfulla infrastruktur påverkar oss dagligen. Trots detta reflekterar vi sällan över det och beskriver systemet vagt och med grova förenklingar. Dagens elever ser delar av sin omvärld och kommunicerar med omgivningen via internet och behöver idag kunna hantera det som ett verktyg i undervisningen. Gymnasiekursen Teknik 1 ska enligt Skolverkets styrdokument lära ut hur internet utvecklats i samspel med samhället både ur ett tekniskt och etiskt perspektiv. Eleverna ska utifrån undervisningen kunna använda internet för informationsinhämtning och till exempel förstå vad som styr uppfattningar om kvinnligt och manligt inom systemet internet. Utbildningsvetenskaplig forskning konstaterar att både lärare och elever har svårigheter i undervisningen av komplicerade tekniska system såsom internet. Många elever visar på svårigheter att förstå de abstrakta delarna kring internet vilka är viktiga att förhålla sig till eftersom dessa påverkar oss omedvetet. De har till exempel svårt att se vilka aktörer och tjänster som finns bakom det gränssnitt som de möter i sin mobil. Tekniklärare uttrycker en osäkerhet och behöver fördjupa sina kunskaper om internet. De har en tendens att undvika det abstrakta till fördel för förenklade beskrivningar. Läromedel behöver hjälpa till att förklara dessa delar och skapa ett professionellt begreppsspråk. I detta examensarbete analyseras läromedel för gymnasiekursen Teknik 1 för att undersöka hur det tekniska systemet internet gestaltas, samt hur väl detta stämmer överens med Skolverkets styrdokument. Med hjälp av Claes Klasanders modell för tekniska system kan läromedlen kategoriseras och graderas för att få en uppfattning om hur kunskaper kring internet lärs ut. I analysen har även tydligt förekommande sätt att undervisa formats till det som valts att kallas följemeningstema. Dessa teman som grundar sig på Claes Klasanders modell (2010) beskrivervad undervisningen fokuserar på, vad målet med undervisningen är samt på vilket sätt man talar om ämnet i undervisningen. Tre olika läromedel jämförs sinsemellan, samt även med kursplanenför Teknik 1. Analysen visar att läromedlen på olika sätt svarar mot de utmaningar som nämns i teknikdidaktisk forskning och krav från Skolverket. Libers läromedel Teknik 1 från 2021 har tyngdpunkten av sin beskrivning av internet i det tema som i analysen benämns som medborgaren, tekniken och miljön (se kap. 6.3.2). Temats idé om att utbilda medvetna medborgare med god kunskap om tekniken och dess roll i samhället, stämmer till stor del med kursplanen för Teknik 1 och tillfredsställer behovet från skolan att förklara de osynliga delarna av det tekniska systemet internet. Libers äldre läromedel Teknik från 2011 och Gleerups Teknik 1 från 2022 är relativt lika och beskriver båda internet genom det tema som här kallas de tekniska systemens historia. Här saknas delar av kraven från kursplanen för Teknik 1, framförallt kring internets samverkan med samhället och naturen och systemets mer abstrakta delar. Istället ligger tyngdpunkten på den konkreta tekniska utvecklingen och vidareutveckling av systemen genom historien. / Technology and mankind are closely intertwined and the internet, with its powerful infrastructure, affects us on a daily basis. Still most of us fail to give a clear description on how it works or does it in a simplified manner. Today students view their world and communicate with their surroundings much through the internet and they need to master it as a tool for their learning. The course Teknik 1, given to Swedish tenth grade students, has a responsibility in educating about the development of the internet and its influence on our society, both from a technological standpoint as well as from an ethical point of view. Students should be taught to gather information in an educated way using the internet and for example learn to understand why there exist ideas on the internet about gender and technology. Technology didactics researchers have shown that teachers as well as students are having difficulties within the education of such complex technological systems as the internet. Students are struggling to understand the more abstract parts of the internet, which is vital, since the influence from such parts is acting subconsciously. Technology teachers feel somewhat uncertain about these complex technology systems and tend to avoid the abstract parts of the system infavor of simpler parts more easily explained. Textbooks need to help explain this complexity, so that the ”invisible” parts, such as flow of information, anonymous actors and power control, become visible. Within this master thesis a textbook analysis is carried out on course literature for Teknik 1. It investigates in which way the internet is portrayed and to what extent it aligns to the curriculum from Skolverket. With help of a theoretical model developed by Dr. Claes Klasander (2010) the textbook material has been categorized and graded to be able to measure how they educate on the subject of the internet. The analysis has also identified various themes within the education on the subject. They are based on Klasander’s companion meaning and called companion meaning theme as they describe what the education is focused on, what its goals are and with what language the subject internet is described. Three textbooks were compared with each other and against the course curriculum given by the Swedish School authority. The analysis shows that the textbooks take on the challenge of describing the internet in various ways. Liber’s textbook Teknik 1 from 2021 draws its portrait of the internet using the theme that has been named the citizen, technology and the environment (see chapter 6.3.2). Its idea is to educate conscious citizens with good knowledge in technology and its part in society corresponds a lot to the course curriculum for Teknik 1 and answers well to the schools need of explaining the invisible parts of the internet. Liber’s older textbook version Teknik from 2011 and Gleerups’ Teknik 1 from 2022 are quite similar as they both use the theme named the history of technology systems to describe and educate on the subject. This theme misses out on parts of the course curriculum, mostly regarding the internet's interaction with our society and the surrounding nature, as well as its more abstract parts. Instead focus is on the technical aspects of the development of the internet today and throughout history.

Klimatförändringar och miljöproblem har alltmer blivit synliga på kontinenter och hav, men även i samhällsdebatter och media. Därav har media haft en påtaglig roll för rådande miljöskildring och miljösyn. Samtidigt har dagens ungdomar en dyster syn på framtiden med avseende på miljöförändringarna och betraktar sig själva som ansvariga för miljöproblemens vidareutveckling. Trots att skolans roll i att vara utgångspunkt för en hållbar utveckling är tydlig och att miljöperspektivet ska genomsyra all undervisning är det få skolor som avsätter resurser till det. Eleverna erbjuds då inte undervisning som ska utbilda aktiva och kompetenta individer och medborgare som ska besitta de kunskaper som utgör den gemensamma referens som samtliga samhällsmedborgare behöver. Teknikämnet inkluderar till sin omfattning och innehåll väsentliga delar som ska utveckla elevernas kunskaper och förmågor för att kunna delta i samhället, där en av dessa delar är miljöfrågan. Med bakgrund i detta är syftet med denna undersökning att analysera tekniklärobokens förhållningssätt och skildring av beskrivningar relaterade till miljö. Detta för att uppmärksamma vilket bidrag en lärobok i teknik kan ha vid förmedling av miljösyn i dagens undervisning. Undersökningen baseras utifrån ett ramverk som kategoriserar miljöaspekter utifrån existerande miljötraditioner där följande frågeställning besvaras: Vilken eller vilka miljöundervisningstraditioner får en mer framträdande roll i teknikboken med avseende på de fyra aspekterna; perspektiv på miljöproblematiken, miljöproblemens grund, syn på viktiga agenter samt miljöåtgärdersmål? För att möjliggöra undersökningen och besvara frågeställningen utfördes en innehållsanalys av en tekniklärobok för högstadiet utifrån Sandells, Öhmans och Östmans beskrivningar av fyra miljöaspekter med avseende på tre miljötraditioner: den faktabaserade, den normerande och undervisning om hållbar utveckling. Resultatet visar att boken har huvudsakligen ett faktabaserat miljöperspektiv men att samtliga tre miljötraditioner förekommer i boken parallellt. Inom miljöaspekterna syn på viktiga agenter samt miljöåtgärdersmål är det undervisning om hållbar utveckling som är dominerande, även om det antalet är förhållandevis litet i jämförelse med de två andra miljöaspekterna. Dessutom visar resultatet på en hög närvaro av teknikoptimism i boken samt en koherens mellan kursplan i teknik och den analyserade teknikläroboken med avseende på miljö- och hållbarhetsperspektiv. / Climate changes and environmental problems have become more visible on the continents and across the oceans as well as in the social debates and media. Hence, the media have had an evident part for creating the current environment depiction and approach. Concurrently the young people of today have a dismal view about the future considering the environmental changes and regard themselves as accountable for the continuance of environmental problems. Despite the school's clear role of being the outset for sustainable development and that the environmental perspective should permeate all school education, still few schools allocates resources for that. The students are therefore not being offered an education that should educate active and competent people and citizens who should have the competence that constitutes the common reference that all citizens need. The subject technology includes due to its extent and content essential parts that will develop the students' knowledge and abilities for enabling participation in the society and one of those parts is the environmental issue. Based on the aforementioned, the aim of this study is to examine the technology textbook's approach and depiction of descriptions related to the environment issues. Hence, the purpose is also to observe the contribution a textbook in technology may have in generating views of environmental issues in today's teaching. The study is based on a framework that categorizes environmental aspects based on existing traditions within environmental education from which following question is answered: Which teaching tradition(s) within environmental education has or have a more prominent role in the technology textbook regarding the four aspects: perspective on environmental problems, the cause of environmental problems, assessment of specialists and the goal of environmental measures? To enable the study and answer the question, a content analysis was performed of a technology textbook for the upper secondary school. The content analysis was based on Sandell's, Öhman's and Östman's descriptions of four environmental aspects regarding three traditions in environmental education: the fact-based, the normative and education for sustainable development. Although the result shows that all three environmental education traditions can be found in the textbook, there exist a predominant fact-based environmental perspective in the textbook. Education for sustainable development as a tradition in environmental education is mainly found within the aspects assessment of specialists and the goal of environmental measures, although that number is relatively small compared to the other two environmental aspects. In addition, the result shows a high presence of technology optimism in the book as well as a coherence between the syllabus in technology and the analyzed textbook regarding environmental and sustainable development perspectives.

Au niveau postsecondaire, les concepts mathématiques avancés seraient des concepts difficiles à appréhender pour beaucoup d’étudiants. Le concept de série fait partie de ces concepts avancés que les étudiants rencontrent pour la première fois de façon formelle dans leurs études postsecondaires (au niveau collégial, Cégep, dans le contexte québécois). Ce concept a un très grand nombre d’applications et ce, aussi bien en mathématiques que dans le domaine scientifique. Cependant, sa complexité propre et sa nature contre-intuitive font qu’il est très difficile à appréhender par certains étudiants. Parmi les difficultés d’appréhension, dans un grand nombre de cas, on peut trouver la conception que la somme d’une infinitude de termes donnera une quantité qui ne peut être qu’infiniment grande. Étant donné l’importance et la complexité de ce concept, on pourrait s’attendre à ce qu’il soit pris en compte avec une grande attention par la recherche. Cependant, notre recension d’écrits montre qu’il y a très peu d’études centrées sur le concept de somme infinie. Dans ce mémoire, nous allons présenter des résultats d’une analyse effectuée sur dix-sept manuels utilisés dans les Cégeps du Québec. Les résultats de cette analyse nous ont permis de prendre conscience que les manuels utilisés par l’enseignement actuel font rarement usage du registre graphique et que le registre algébrique est souvent privilégié. Ainsi, la plupart des manuels utilisés dans les Cégeps utilisent rarement les représentations visuelles qui pourraient être un outil important pouvant contribuer dans une appréhension complète du concept de série et les graphiques sont pratiquement absents dans tous les exercices et problèmes que ces manuels proposent. Par ailleurs, les résultats de notre recherche montre que les applications mathématiques et extramathématiques sont rares, et ce, bien que les sommes infinies soient un concept essentiel dans l’introduction d’autres concepts mathématiques et qu’elles permettent de modéliser plusieurs phénomènes. De plus, parmi le peu d’applications extramathématiques qui apparaissent dans les dix-sept manuels, beaucoup sont peu utiles à l’appréhension du concept en question étant donné que celles-ci sont artificielles (applications difficiles à réaliser dans la vie quotidienne). Enfin, nos résultats de recherche nous révèlent que le contenu des manuels en lien avec le concept de série mériterait d’être réajusté afin de permettre aux étudiants une meilleure appréhension de ce concept. / At the post high school level, advanced mathematical concepts are difficult to grasp for many students. The series concept is one such advanced concept that students meet for the first time formally in their postsecondary studies (Cégep in the Québec context). This concept has a very large number of applications both in mathematics and in science. However, its own complexity and nature against-intuitive make it very difficult to understand by some students. Among the difficulties to apprehend it, in many cases, we can find the idea that the sum of an infinite number of terms will give a quantity which will necessarily be infinitely large. Given the importance and complexity of this concept, one might expect it to be considered with great attention by the research. However, our literature review shows that there are very few studies focusing on the concept of infinite sum. In this Masters thesis, we will present the results of an analysis carried out on seventeen textbooks used in Cégeps in Quebec. The results of this analysis have allowed us to realize that the textbooks used by the current education rarely make use of the graphic register and that the algebraic register is often favored. Thus, most of the textbooks used in Cégeps rarely use visual representations that could be an important tool that can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the concept of series and graphics are virtually absent in all the exercises and problems that these books offer. Furthermore, the results of our research show that mathematical and extramathematical applications are scarce, although infinite sums are a key concept in the introduction of other mathematical concepts and they allow modeling several phenomena. Moreover, among the few extramathematical applications that appear in the seventeen textbooks, many are of little use to the understanding of the concept in question since they are artificial (difficult applications to perform in daily life). Finally, our research results reveal that the content of textbooks in connection with the concept of series deserves to be readjusted to allow students a better understanding of this concept.

Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка системы заданий и упражнений, направленных на освоение специальной дисциплины «Основы права» иностранными слушателями, изучающими русский язык как иностранный. Главной целью создания данного пособия было ознакомление иностранных студентов с основной проблематикой права Российской Федерации, подготовка к успешному восприятию лекционного материала по правовым дисциплинам во время обучения в бакалавриате. Представленные задания и упражнения систематизированы по тематическому принципу. Выбраны типичные темы, как правило, присутствующие в учебной литературе в области права, в том числе для русскоязычных студентов. Разработанное пособие включает в себя 15 тематически организованных разделов. Разделы содержат адаптированные тексты, упражнения и задания, направленные на выработку как монологической речи, так и письменных навыков у иностранных студентов. / The aim of the master's work is to develop a system of tasks and exercises aimed at mastering the special discipline "Fundamentals of Law" by foreign students studying Russian as a foreign language. The main purpose of creating this textbook was to familiarize foreign students with the main problems of the law of the Russian Federation, preparation for the successful perception of lecture material on legal disciplines while studying in a bachelor's degree. The presented tasks and exercises are systematized according to the thematic principle. Typical topics are selected, as a rule, present in educational literature in the field of law, including for Russian-speaking students. The developed manual includes 15 thematically organized sections. The sections contain adapted texts, exercises and assignments aimed at developing the skills of monologue speech and writing among foreign students.

Выпускная квалификационная работа на тему «Текст и текстовые категории в преподавании РКИ. Проект учебного пособия для филологов-иностранцев» включает 124 страницы основного текста, 2 таблицы, использованных источников – 89. Диссертация посвящена обучению русскому языку как иностранному. Объектом исследования является методический аспект изучения текстовых категории в преподавании русского как иностранного. Предметом исследования является обучение текстовых категорий в аспекте преподавания русского как иностранного, способствующего развитию навыков написания самостоятельных текстов, изучающего и поискового чтения. Цель работы – продемонстрировать как можно использовать текст и текстовые категории для развития культуры речи студентов, умений работать с аутентичными текстами. В первой главе раскрываются особенности текста и текстовых категорий в современной лингвистике текста, роль текста в преподавании русского как иностранного. Вторая глава представляет собой проект учебного пособия для иностранцев-филологов, в котором представлена структура работы с текстом и текстовыми категориями. Материалом исследования послужили работы отечественных и зарубежных ученых в области теории (лингвистики) текста, методики преподавания русского как иностранного. Диссертация предназначена для студентов, магистрантов филологического направления, преподавателям РКИ, читателям, которых интересует изучение русского языка. / Graduation qualification thesis on the topic «Text and text categories in teaching Russian as a Foreign Language. Project textbook for foreign students of philological faculty» includes 124 pages of the main text, 2 tables and 89 sources. The dissertation is devoted to teaching Russian as a foreign language. The object of the research is the methodological aspect of studying text categories in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The subject of the research is the teaching of text categories in the aspect of teaching Russian as a foreign language, which contributes to the development of skills of writing independent texts, studying and searching reading. The aim of the work demonstrates that text and text categories can be used to develop student’s speech culture and skills at working with authentic texts. The first chapter reveals the features of the text and text categories in the modern linguistics of the text, the role of the text in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The second chapter is a project textbook for foreign students of philological faculty, which presents the structure of working with text and text categories. The research material is based on the works of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of text theory (linguistics), methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The dissertation is intended for students and master degree of philological faculty, teachers of Russian as a foreign language, readers who are interested in studying Russian language.

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