The aim of this study was to examine constructions of the guardianship to unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. More specifically its aim was to, through the guardians’ perspective, understand and analyze how they construct the guardianship. The study was based on individual semi-structured interviews with questions concerning the guardianship and the role as a guardian. Seven interview-participants, who are active as guardians in diverse municipalities in southern Sweden, are included in this study. The analysis was based on how the guardians describe the assignments in the guardianship, the unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and their needs and how they describe the relationship to them. As a conclusion we found two different constructions of the guardianship; one characterized by a guardianship based on limits, distance, clarity of role and assignments and a guardian similar to a tutor. The other perspective is characterized by a guardianship based on no limits for assignments, a close and familiar relationship to the children and a guardian similar to a parent or a friend. We found that the guardians are dominated by different types of social actions that affect the guardianship based on how they constructed the guardianship, the unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and the relationship.

Sweden is one of the countries in Europe that has received the highest number of unaccompanied children. Every unaccompanied children who comes to Sweden should get a legal guardian who is responsible for the children’s personal, economic and legal questions. The legal guardian is an important person for the children’s well-being. It is important that the legal guardian is conscious about his role as a legal guardian and that he is following the chief guardian committee’s rules. The legal guardian should for example be conscious that they should not act like a father or mother. The purpose of the study is to get an understanding of which self-presentations the legal guardian is doing in an interaction with me as an interviewer and which presentation he is doing of his role as a legal guardian. The purpose is also to investigate which formal rules and informal rules are directed him into his role as a legal guardian and his actions. The data in the study has been gathered through a qualitative research method and ten interviews are conducted with five female legal guardians and five male legal guardians. The data is analyzed with Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective and how people act when they interacts with the entourage. The results of the study shows that legal guardians are presenting a positive side of themselves. They are presenting themselves as a competent legal guardians. The results also show that the legal guardians are conscious about the Chief guardian committee’s rules at the same time as they are directed by informal rules. The legal guardians are directed by chief guardian committee’s rules, religion-related norms, family-related norms and professional ideals.

The study seeks to investigate whether weblogs can act as virtual public spheres, where people can meet to discuss issues of interest to them. It uses the Mail & Guardian Online’s Blogmark as a case study. Weblogs – highly interactive online journals comprised of links and postings in reverse chronological order – are fast becoming an avenue of choice for many internet users wanting to share opinions and news with others online. Because of their unique read-and-write characteristics, some have equated them to the 18th century coffeehouses, around which the early forms of citizen involvement in public affairs began in early capitalist Europe. Despite their growing popularity, however, not much scholarly work has been dedicated to the practice of blogging in Africa, and particularly in South Africa. The study’s theoretical framework is drawn from Jürgen Habermas’s concept of the public sphere. While noting some of the criticisms of the Habermasian model, it is argued that the concept is instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between the media and democracy. The study, however, adopted a re-worked model of the concept of the public sphere. This model argues for the need to have a multiplicity of public sphericules (instead of one single public sphere as advocated by Habermas), around which individuals can congregate to discuss issues of common concern to them. Using a combination of qualitative content analysis, self-completion questionnaires and a semi-structured interview, the study found Blogmark to be an example of how emerging internet genres such as weblogs can be vehicles of citizen involvement in public life. A range of issues were discussed in the blog, from politics, race and ii i gender issues, to personal anecdotes, relationships, and sex. However, while some posts exhibited high levels of interactivity, with many bloggers joining in to offer their opinions, some read like online monologues. The study argues that although blogging is a practice that is still limited to a few privileged individuals, with the everrising size of the ‘blogosphere’, weblogs such as Blogmark are making a small but not insignificant contribution to the number of voices that can be heard in the public realm.

LL.M. / This research is a comparative study of the provisions for guardianship and custody, including maintenance of the South African common law and customary law. In customary law the emphasis is on the law of the Bafokeng people which is a tribe chosen as group of the research. The purpose of this research is to analyze the provisions of guardianship, custody and maintenance applicable to these legal systems. The analysis is divided as follows: • Guardianship and custody: (i) during the marriage; after divorce; after death of parent(s); of an extra-marital child. • Maintenance of children: (i) during the marriage; after divorce; after death of parent(s); born outside marriage (extra-marital children). The objective is to highlight the similarities and differences between the provisions of these legal systems and to come up with the conclusion whether the one is more favourable than the other in catering for the needs and interests of its subjects. The conclusion will be governed by the following issues: • Which legal system caters for the interests of its subjects? • Which legal system accords with the provisions of the Constitution Act? • Which legal system protects the interests of the child best? Having come to that conclusion, the researcher aims at indicating laws which should be considered for reform.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_eliezer_queiroz.pdf: 704795 bytes, checksum: 177fdbf42a3a16772ffce78671b4130d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-28 / In this dissertation, we sought to demonstrate that, despite the new procedural techniques exist, trying to become more effective by courts there, then, as a social need to give speed to the demands faced by the Brazilian judiciary. In this sense, it was observed that the principles become a potent weapon in the hands of judges and may give them a quicker exit procedure for cases that are presented to the Judiciary. And as a consecration of the principles are the values of justice, are a source of law and are applied by judges, can be perfectly used in the resolution of the dispute, upon the occurrence of gaps in the law. Was studied because, as it applies to fungibility between the urgency protections and what it can mean for the judiciary patriotism. Worked up an explanation of the urgency protections, making the need to see the exhibition of the debate the question of replacement of the injunction restraining and vice versa, considering that despite that, this last fact has not been well accepted by the doctrine. But it appeared that in accordance with Article 273, § 7 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it becomes possible to perform the exchange of a request for early relief done irregularly, for a precautionary measure, say, incidentally, the process of knowledge. And he came to the conclusion that denying the effect of commingling would somehow defy the current law stand, and the principle of diligence and reasonable duration of proceedings / Nesta dissertação, buscou-se demonstrar que, a despeito de existirem novas técnicas processuais, procurando tornar mais efetiva a prestação da tutela jurisdicional haverá, então, uma necessidade social quanto a se dar celeridade às demandas que se colocam ao judiciário brasileiro. Nesse sentido, observou-se que os princípios se tornam arma potente nas mãos dos julgadores, podendo proporcionar-lhes uma saída processual mais ágil para os casos que são apresentados ao Poder Judiciário. E como os princípios são consagrações de valores de justiça, são fonte do direito e são aplicados pelos magistrados, podem ser perfeitamente usados na resolução da lide, quando da ocorrência das lacunas da lei. Estudou-se, pois, como se aplica a fungibilidade entre as tutelas de urgência e o que isso pode representar para o sistema judiciário pátrio. Trabalhou-se a explicação das tutelas de urgência, fazendo-se ver a necessidade da exposição do debate da questão da substituição da tutela antecipada pela medida cautelar e vice-versa, considerando-se que, apesar disso, este fato último não tem sido bem aceito pela doutrina. Mas se verificou que de acordo com o artigo 273, § 7º, do Código de Processo Civil, torna-se possível a realização da troca de um pedido de antecipação de tutela feito, de forma irregular, por uma medida cautelar, digamos, incidentalmente, no processo de conhecimento. E chegou-se à conclusão de que negar o efeito da fungibilidade seria, de alguma forma, afrontar o atual direito posto, bem como ao princípio da celeridade e duração razoável do processo

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Problem och syfte: Vaccinationstveksamhet är ett uppseglande globalt problem och ett av tio prioriterade hot mot världshälsan. Elevhälsovårdens vaccinationer utgör en viktig del av elevers skydd mot sjukdomar. Ingen generell beskrivning av skolsköterskors strategier och arbetssätt med elever och vårdnadshavare som uttrycker vaccinationstveksamhet har identifierats och därför syftar aktuell studie till att belysa dessa. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med tio skolsköterskor yrkesverksamma inom grundskolor i delar av södra Sverige. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Huvudkategorin Att så ett frö för vaccinationsacceptans framkom i dataanalysen. Arbetssättet och strategierna riktar sig mot både vaccinationstveksamma vårdnadshavare och elever. Två kategorier Att respektfullt stimulera vårdnadshavaren till att överväga sitt beslut och Att möjliggöra elevens delaktighet beskriver detta arbete. Underkategorierna som relateras till arbetet med vårdnadshavare beskriver bland annat regelbundet säkerställande av vaccinationsbeslutet och individualisering av information. Underkategorierna som relateras till arbetet med eleverna beskriver bland annat insatser för motvilligt ovaccinerade elever och anpassningar till tveksamma elever. En tredje kategori Skolsköterskans kompetens används långsiktigt beskriver övergripande hur skolsköterskornas arbetssätt och strategier utförs. Slutsats: Skolsköterskors arbete är långsiktigt och präglas av respekt för vårdnadshavarnas beslut samt elevernas självbestämmanderätt ur ett barnperspektiv. Skolsköterskor behöver bygga en god relation med familjen och informera dem utifrån en bred kunskapsgrund. / Objective: Vaccine hesitancy is a growing global problem and one of ten prioritised threats to world health. The vaccinations in school health services make up an essential part of pupils’ disease resistance. No generalised description of school nurses’ strategies and methods with pupils and guardians who express vaccine hesitancy has been identified and therefore the aim of this study is to elucidate these strategies and methods. Methods: Qualitative interviews with ten school nurses working in primary schools in parts of southern Sweden were performed. The data were analysed with content analysis. Results: The findings revealed the main category To plant a seed of vaccine acceptance. The strategies and methods target both vaccine-hesitant guardians and pupils. Two categories To respectfully stimulate guardians to consider their decision and To enable pupils’ participation describe these strategies and methods. The sub-categories related to work targeting guardians describes regular checking of the guardian’s decision and individualised information among other things. The sub-categories related to work targeting pupils describes actions for unwillingly unvaccinated pupils and individual arrangements for vaccine-hesitant pupils. A third category A long-term initiative using the school nurse’s competence describes the overarching strategies and methods of the school nurse. Conclusions: The school nurses have a long-term strategy marked by respect for the guardians’ decisions as well as the pupils’ rights of self-determination from a child rights’ perspective. The school nurses need to build a good relationship with the family and inform them using a broad base of knowledge.

Bakgrund: Att vara vårdnadshavare till ett barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning - och/eller autism kan vara ett krävande arbete. I många fall handlar det om att ansvara för barn med omfattande omvårdnadsbehov som vida överstiger det normala både vad gäller barnets intellektuella utveckling och barnets förmåga till sociala interaktioner. Som ett resultat av detta löper vårdnadshavare till dessa barn en större risk att drabbas av psykisk ohälsa såsom till exempel depression och ångest. En viktig del av samhällets stöd till dessa vårdnadshavare är att, via Socialtjänstlagen och Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade erbjuda olika typer av insatser. Insatser som i många fall kan vara nödvändiga för att vårdnadshavarna ska få en välfungerande vardag och god hälsa. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur vårdnadshavare till barn med LSS-insatser upplever stödet och huruvida omsorgsansvaret påverkar vårdnadshavares mående och ekonomi. Metod: Denna studie har en kvalitativ metod som består av semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att uppfylla studiens syfte tillfrågades sex vårdnadshavare till barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning - och/eller autism. Vi använde oss av tematisk analys för att bearbeta det insamlade materialet och skapade teman och kategorier som vi fick fram genom det sammanställda resultatet. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer det att vårdnadshavarna till barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning - och/eller autism i många fall upplever oro, stress och ångest på grund av deras barns omfattande omsorgsbehov i kombination med vårdnadshavarnas omsorgsansvar. Förutom hälso-och måendeaspekten kan även vårdnadshavarens ekonomiska situation i många fall påverkas negativt. Detta då barnens omfattande omvårdnadsbehov i vissa fall gör det omöjligt för vårdnadshavaren att arbeta heltid samtidigt som de ska också ska finna tiden och orken att fullt ut ansvara för omsorgen av barnen. Många vårdnadshavare löser detta genom att övergå från heltidsarbete till deltidsarbete vilket kan resultera i ett avsevärt inkomstbortfall med stor effekt på vårdnadshavarens ekonomiska situation. En återkommande upplevelse i våra resultat är att vårdnadshavarna upplever att det nu befintliga stödet inte möter deras faktiska behov, att det tar för lång tid att få insatserna beviljade och att stödet därför oftast kommer allt för sen. Diskussion: I resultatet framkommer det att vårdnadshavare upplever att det tar lång tid innan de kan få möjlighet att få de stöd och hjälp de behöver. Resultatet visar även på att trots att vårdnadshavare får ekonomisk ersättning så räcker det inte till alla utgifter som det är tänkt att det ska täcka. Studiens resultat visar också att vårdnadshavare påverkas fysiskt och psykiskt av omsorgsansvaret och är i behov av mer stöd och hjälp för att klara av vardagen. / Background: Being the guardian of a child with intellectual disability and/or autism can be demanding work. In many cases, it is about being responsible for children with extensive nursing needs that far exceed the normal both in terms of the child's intellectual development and the child's ability for social interactions. As a result, guardians of these children run a greater risk of suffering from mental illness such as depression and anxiety. An important part of society's support for these guardians is to, via the Social Services Act and the Act on support and services for certain disabled people, offer different types of interventions. Actions that in many cases may be necessary for the guardians to have a well-functioning everyday life and good health. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how guardians of children with LSS interventions experience the support and whether the responsibility of care affects the guardian's well-being and finances. Method: This study has a qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews. To fulfill the purpose of the study, six guardians of children with intellectual disability and/or autism were asked. We used thematic analysis to process the collected material and created themes and categories that we obtained through the compiled results. Result: The results show that guardians of children with intellectual disability and/or autism in many cases experience worry, stress and anxiety due to their child's extensive care needs in combination with the guardians' care responsibilities. In addition to the health and well-being aspect, the guardian's financial situation can also be negatively affected in many cases. This as the children's extensive care needs in some cases make it impossible for the guardian to work full-time at the same time as they must also find the time and energy to be fully responsible for the care of the children. Many guardians solve this by switching from full-time work to part-time work, which can result in a considerable loss of income with a large effect on the guardian's financial situation. A recurring experience in our results is that the guardians feel that the currently existing support does not meet their actual needs, that it takes too long to get the interventions granted and that the support therefore usually comes too late. Discussion: Our results show that guardians feel that it takes a long time before they can get the support and help they need. The results also show that even though guardians receive financial compensation, it is not enough to cover all the expenses it is supposed to cover. The results of the study also show that guardians are affected physically and psychologically by the responsibility of care and are in need of more support and help to cope with everyday life.

Saudi Arabia has been accused of sportswashing, which involves attempting to enhance its reputation by acquiring the English football club, Newcastle United. This study aims to conduct a framing analysis to explore how Saudi Arabia’s acquisition of Newcastle United can be perceived as an exercise of soft power and how the portrayed images in media construct and reinforce orientalist and eurocentric perspectives about Saudi Arabia and the region. This study analyzes the coverage from the media outlets The Guardian, Dagens Nyheter and the Saudi-based Al Arabiya. It focuses on how the media shapes and presents the image of Saudi Arabia in connection with the acquisition of Newcastle United and to what extent orientalist representations are reflected. Furthermore, the study’s findings indicate that orientalist depictions are identified to a certain extent, particularly in the coverage from The Guardian and Dagens Nyheter. The acquisition of Newcastle United has also resulted in increased soft power effects for Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi-newspaper Al Arabiya constructs a more positive narrative around acquisition of the football club, which can impact both local and global perceptions of the event.

Contexte et objectifs. Ce mémoire propose un modèle conceptuel écologique afin de mieux comprendre la violence dans les écoles. Les objectifs de cette recherche sont de ; 1) estimer l’effet des facteurs individuels, contextuels et environnementaux sur le risque de victimisation, 2) vérifier la présence d’interactions entre les différents facteurs. Méthodologie. Les élèves de 16 écoles primaires de la grande région métropolitaine de Montréal ont pris part à un sondage auto-révélé en lien avec différentes dimensions liées à la victimisation en milieu scolaire. Des analyses descriptives ont été menées, dans un premier temps, pour dresser le portrait de la violence en milieu scolaire. Dans un second temps, l’emploi d’un modèle linéaire hiérarchique généralisé (MLHG) a permis d’estimer les effets de variables propres à l’individu, au contexte et à l’environnement sur le risque de victimisation. Résultats. Les résultats aux analyses multiniveaux montrent que des variables individuelles, contextuelles et environnementales influent sur la probabilité d’être victime de violence verbale, physique et dans les médias sociaux. Ainsi, les élèves les plus délinquants sont aussi ceux qui rapportent le plus d’antécédents de victimisation. Toutefois, ces résultats ne sont pas entièrement imputables aux caractéristiques des individus. Le risque de victimisation est atténué lorsque les « gardiens » interviennent pour mettre un terme au conflit et que les victimes se défendent. Enfin, le risque de victimisation est moins élevé dans les écoles où il y a un grand nombre d’élèves. Interprétation. Les résultats suggèrent que plusieurs facteurs qui ne sont pas liés aux victimes et aux délinquants permettent de mieux comprendre le processus de victimisation en milieu scolaire. Le rôle des gardiens de même que la taille des écoles sont des éléments centraux à la compréhension du passage à l’acte. / Context and goals. This study proposes an ecological framework model for understanding school violence. The goals of this research are to; 1) assess the effect of individual, contextual and environmental factors on the risk of victimization, 2) verify the existence of interaction between the different factors. Methods. The pupils of 16 elementary schools from the great Montreal metropolitan participated in a self-reported survey pertaining to different aspects of violence at school. Firstly, descriptive analyses were conducted to portray school violence. Secondly, a general hierarchal linear model was used to estimate the effects of individual, contextual and environmental variables on the risk of victimization. Results. The results of multi-level analyses show that individual, contextual and environmental variables have an effect on the probabilities of being victim of verbal, physical or online violence. Thus, the more delinquent students are also those who report more prior cases of victimization. These results are not entirely attributable to individual characteristics, however. The risk of victimization is lessened when “guardians” interfere in order to put an end to the conflict, as well as when victims defend themselves. Finally, the risk of victimization is lower in schools with a greater number of students. Interpretation. The results suggest that many aspects unrelated to victims and delinquents make it easier to comprehend the process of victimization at school. The role of guardians as well as the size of schools are important elements to the etiology of violent behaviour.