Text in Afrikaans / Summary in Afrikaans and English / This study is an attempt to analyse and describe syncretism as an encompassing phenomenon from a historical-educational perspective. In recent times, the ideas of globalization, the influence of modern science, as well as certain ideas concerning modern education, are closely related to the manifestation of syncretism. A study of various exemplars from the past and present disclosed the essences of syncretism, thus unveiling the religious growth-motives that underlie syncretism, which also played an important role in the development of Western civilization and the modem world. The multi-faith idea (the idea of unity and synthesis), the idea of secularization, and the idea of relativity, were identified as prominent characteristics of syncretism. The identification and analysis of the essences of syncretism and supporting religious principles. become possible when syncretism is set in opposition to the Biblical and reformational thought processes. Bible-based education provides an alternative to syncretism in a fast changing and post-modern world. It gives perspective on the instruction to people to care for and develop God's creation. The intrinsic characteristics of Bible-based education were used as evaluation criteria in an attempt to expose syncretism. The characteristics of Bible-based education which also provide a framework for establishing a corrective to the problematic educational situation, are the following: • the acknowledgement of the Holy Trinity as central to man's existence; • the Bible/Holy Scriptures as essential for a Christian world and life view; • the essence of a Christian anthropology; • education as the fulfilment of God's covenant with man; • the directive role of Bible-based norms; • the transfer of culture through education • Biblical cosmology as an expression of the Christian faith; • the reformational aspect of Bible-based education. In the evaluation of syncretism, it was discovered that the relationship between man and the Holy Trinity would be negatively affected if the Christian religion were not regarded as the only source of truth concerning the salvation of man and the true meaning of life. The influence of syncretism necessitates a reformational and antithetical approach, which constantly emphasises the importance of the educator's role in the teaching and education of the child in the modem educational system. / In hierdie studie word gepoog om die sinkretisme as omvattende verskynsel vanuit 'n histories-opvoedkundige perspektief te ontleed en te omskryf. Die globaliseringsverskynsel, die inwerking van die modeme wetenskap en bepaalde idees in die moderne onderwys hang saam met die manifestasie van die sinkretisme in die eietyd. In 'n eksemplariese verlede- en eietydse studie is grondig ondersoek ingestel na tendense en verskynsels wat die wesenlike van die sinkretisme openbaar. Religieuse grondmotiewe in die Westerse beskawingsontwikkeling het 'n wesenlike bydrae gelewer tot die opkoms van die sinkretisme van die moderne wereld. Die wesenskenmerke wat prominent in die eksemplariese ondersoek betreffende die realisering van die sinkretisme gemanifesteer het, was die multireligieuse/intergeloofsidee en sintesedenke (eenheidsidee), die sekulariseringsverskynsel en die relatiwiteitsverskynsel. Die identifisering en ontleding van die wesenskenmerke van die sinkretisme en ondersteunende religieuse grondmotiewe word moontlik indien die sinkretisme teenoor die Bybelse en reformatoriese denkhouding gestel word. Bybelgefundeerde onderwys bied 'n altematief vir die sinkretisme in 'n snel veranderende en postmodeme wereld en gee perspektief aan die mens se beheersingsopdrag in die skeppingswerklikheid. Die wesenskenmerke van Bybelgefundeerde onderwys is as evalueringskriteria aangewend in 'n poging om die sinkretisme in sy ware gedaante te ontbloot. Die wesenskenmerke wat terselfdertyd die raamwerk vir die daarstel van 'n korrektief vir die problematiese onderwyssituasie bied, is: • God Drie-enig as sentrale uitgangspunt; • die Bybel/Heilige Skrif as essensieel vir 'n Christelike lewens en wereldbeskouing; • die Christelike mensbeeld (antropologie) as voorwaarde vir Bybel-gefundeerde onderwys • onderwys en opvoeding as die bevestiging van God se verbond met die mens; • die rigtinggewende rol van Bybelgefundeerde norme; • kultuuroordrag en Bybelgefundeerde onderwys; • die Bybelse skeppingsleer as 'n uitdrukking van die Christelike geioof; • die refonnatoriese/gereformeerde inslag van Bybelgefundeerde onder­wys In die evaluering van die sinkretisme is bevind dat die mens se grondverhouding met God Drie-enig aangetas word indien die Christelike godsdiens nie as die enigste bron van waarheid betreffende die mens se redding en toekomsverwagting beskou word nie. Die inwerking van die sinkretisme noodsaak in die moderne onderwyssisteem 'n reformatoriese en antitetiese denkhouding wat die mens deurlopend opskerp ten opsigte van sy rol as opvoeder in die opvoeding en onderwys van die kind. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

This thesis tries to give a critically considered view of what New Age thought is about, where it came from, and where it takes education and the scientific quest for truth. The interest of this study lies in exposing the underlying New Age beliefs and premises so that the implications that New Age thought has for truly meaningful human development and the educational and scientific quest for truth can be determined. A historical investigation which proceeds from the assumption that New Age thought is a phenomenon with philosophical underpinnings that lie in Western historical dynamics is utilised in order to extract and give context to the beliefs and premises in which New Age thought is anchored. Firstly, the movements in the West's alternative mystical and magical spiritual tradition from which current New Age spiritual approaches issue are scrutinized. This is followed by an exploration of mainstream Western history. Foundational premises and central ideas concerning New Age anthropology, morality, cosmology, and epistemology which issue forth from theories in Western philosophy, psychology, and science are identified and critically analysed. From these analyses, the meaning and direction that New Age thought circumscribes for human development and learning are fully explored and evaluated. It is found that New Age thought upholds a magical worldview in which the objective existence of truth is denied. Because New Age thought does not create educational space in which the quest for truth as obedience to truth can be learnt and practised, emotional, moral, and cognitive development is arrested and the real, educational value in scientific inquiry is defeated. This study is concluded with suggestions that are personal yet grounded in the findings of this research as to the defense and upholdment of the idea of objective truth in moral and intellectual education. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

Durant le dernier demi-siècle, la religion, comme tous les autres domaines d’activité humaine, a connu plusieurs transformations importantes. La diminution considérable, durant cette période, de la pratique religieuse institutionnalisée est accompagnée de l’apparition d’une multitude de nouvelles formes de spiritualités qui tentent de répondre aux besoins religieux de l’homme occidental. Parmi les multiples manifestations de ce genre, on découvre une spiritualité distincte, appelée néo-chamanisme ou chamanisme urbain, réunissant de nombreuses pratiques contemporaines qui se définissent comme chamaniques. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’étude du phénomène néo-chamanique de Michael Harner, ex-professeur et directeur du département d’anthropologie au Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research à New York, et fondateur de la Foundation for Shamanic Studies (à l’avenir : FSS). La présente recherche a pour but d’analyser le néo-chamanisme de Harner et de définir sa place parmi les nouvelles formes de religiosités. La théorie de la recomposition du religieux de Danièle Hervieu-Léger sert de cadre d’analyse pour cette nouvelle forme de spiritualité. Dans la première partie, nous traitons le phénomène religieux contemporain sous l’angle socioreligieux. Nous présentons un aperçu global des transformations que celui-ci subit en modernité sous l’impact de la sécularisation. À l’aide de la théorie des nouvelles formes religieuses de Danièle Hervieu-Léger, nous mettons en lumière les principales règles selon lesquelles une nouvelle configuration du religieux se déploie dans le contexte occidental contemporain. Dans la seconde partie, nous examinons le chamanisme traditionnel sous l’angle anthropologique. Nous faisons la lecture d’études classiques sur le chamanisme. Il apparaît que le chamanisme classique est communautaire, réservé à quelques personnes choisies par les esprits et que le processus laborieux d’initiation permettant d’accéder à cette fonction implique certains éléments spécifiques parmi lesquels on compte la maladie initiatique, la mort rituelle et la résurrection de la personne. Dans la troisième partie, nous examinons le néo-chamanisme de Harner. Nous rendons compte de son ouvrage majeur La voie spirituelle du chamane : Le Secret d'un sorcier indien d’Amérique du Nord et nous examinons l’expérience chamanique de la Foundation for Shamanic Studies (FSS). Il se dégage de cette étude que l’approche de Harner se veut l’expression d’un chamanisme fondamental et universel adapté à la société contemporaine. La pratique néo-chamanique de Harner se focalise sur le voyage chamanique et sur le contact avec le monde des esprits comme des éléments qui sont au cœur du chamanisme traditionnel. C’est une pratique axée principalement sur l’individu à des fins d’accomplissement de soi et d’(auto)guérison. Elle attire généralement des personnes dont le niveau de scolarité est élevé, disposées à payer pour les services fournis par la fondation. À la fin de notre étude, nous dégageons les conclusions générales suivantes : le néo-chamanisme de Harner s’éloigne de la tradition chamanique et la transforme en une spiritualité nouvelle adaptée aux besoins des Occidentaux; il reflète les transformations subies par le fait religieux pendant la période moderne; il s’adresse principalement à un public en quête de services spirituels ciblés et ponctuels et il favorise une forme de communalisation temporaire et intense; cependant, l’individuation de la pratique chamanique est porteuse de ses effets politiques et néocoloniaux. / Since the last half century, religion as all the other human working fields has passed through lots of significant transformations. The considerable diminishing, during that period, of the institutionalized religious practice is accompanied by the apparition of a multitude of new forms of spirituality that tempt to answer to the western human religious needs. Through the multiple manifestations of this kind it has been discovered a distinct spirituality named neo-shamanism or urban shamanism that gathers under this name a multitude of contemporaneous practices that are defined as shamanic. We focused on Michael Harner’s study about the neo-shamanism phenomenon, ex-professor and manager of the department of anthropology to Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York and founder of The Foundation for Shamanic Studies (from now: FSS). The present research objective is to analyze Harner’s neo-shamanism and to identify its place between the new religious contemporary forms .The concept of recomposing Harner’s religious ideology becomes the focus of the analysis of this new form of spirituality. In the first part, we address the religious contemporary phenomenon from a socio religious point of view. We present a global view over the transformations that this phenomenon suffered during the modern period under the influence of secularisation. With the help of the new religious forms theory of Danièle Hervieu-Léger, we emphasize the main rules that run the religious configuration in the contemporary western context. In the second part we analyse the traditional shamanism from an anthropological point of view. We are skimming the prior classical studies about shamanism. It seems that the classical shamanism is communitarian, reserved to some persons that are chosen by spirits and that the hardworking process of initiation allowing to have access to this function implies some specific elements like the initiatic illness, the ritual death and the person’s resurrection. In the third part, we analyse Harner’s neo-shamanism. We focused our analyzing on his main work La voie spirituelle du chamane: Le Secret d'un sorcier indien d’Amérique du Nord and we analyse the shamanic experience from Foundation for Shamanic Studies. The idea that gets out from this study is that Harner’s shamanic approach wants to be the expression of a fundamental one and universally adapted to the contemporary society. Harner’s neo-shamanic practice is focused on the shamanic trip and on the contact with the spirit’s world as being elements that make up the core of the traditional shamanism. It’s a practice mainly focused on the individual that has self accomplishments and (self) healing ends. It appeals generally to persons highly educated and ready to pay for the foundation’s services. At the end of our study, we get out the following conclusions: Harner’s neo-shamanism gets distance from the shamanic tradition and turns it into a new spirituality adapted to western people’s needs; Harner’s neo-shamanism reflects the transformations that the religions suffers during the modern period. It addresses mainly to a public in quest of concrete spiritual services and it gives advantage to a form of temporary and intense communalisation; however, the individualisation of the shamanic practice is carries its political and neo-colonial effects.

The purpose of this study is to explore the differences in defectors former religious lives. The literature is rich in references topeople from secular societies being fascinated by religions that are individualistic in nature and hence allowpeople freedom of choice in regards to their beliefs. However, we rarely hear about people who have left this new age belief environment or other religious environments. The study specifically focuses on the defectors, who have left a religious organization or have chosen to leave their religious belief. This study seeks to discover why defectors first came to believe and what got them to leave the religious arena. What happened to their faith, and what caused them to leave their former religion? This is what this study is attempting to shed more light on. The findings indicate that close group-relationships can be vital to one's person and create both positive and negative experiences. The social connections with other people is vital to not create a feeling of alienation and emptiness, leading to loss of meaning in life. Peter L Berger and other sociologists have stressed that religion is meaningful to people, that every society has religion, and that people need religious consolation to face difficult existential questions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Silveira Lopes.pdf: 17524643 bytes, checksum: 60aedf6181d9bbe73eba660cf6e4355d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The New Age movement, primarily an urban phenomenon accepted by groups with an effervescent intellectual stance, made possible the reinvention of paganism. The cosmopolitan and globalized city of SãoPaulo is home to a variety of neo-pagan practices. The objective of this study is to verify how one group of contemporary druids, members of the BDO/Druidnetwork, experience their daily lives and spacialize a religiosity that is informed by the imaginary of the ancient Celts. An initial hypothesis was that practitioners initially became acquainted with Neo-druidism due to the massive spread, since the 1980s in Brazil, of literary and cinematic works about the Arthurian period. Fieldwork and analysis of interviews showed that this religious path is not directly related to such products but rather to an imminent need for a spirituality that comprehends human being/human nature and that breaks with the institutional character of traditional religions. Anxious for this reconnection, contemporary druids sacralize the landscape by adapting it to their immediate needs and expressing their concern with the natural world daily and discretely. They exchange experiences and lessons, in physical, mental and virtual spaces, confident in the emergence of a more just and harmonious society in the future / A Nova Era, movimento característico dos centros urbanos e aceito por grupos com uma intelectualidade efervescente, permitiu a reinvenção do Paganismo. A metrópole paulistana, cosmopolita e globalizada é palco das mais variadas vivências neopagãs. O intuito desse trabalho é verificar como os druidas contemporâneos da BDO/Druidnetwork vivenciam o seu cotidiano e espacializam, na cidade de São Paulo, uma religiosidade fomentada pelo imaginário dos antigos celtas. A idéia foi centrada na premissa de que seus adeptos chegaram ao Neodruidismo via uma farta e intensa produção literária e cinematográfica do período arturiano que se alastrou no Brasil a partir da década de 1980. O trabalho de campo e a análise das entrevistas mostraram que a procura por essa religiosidade não está centrada em tais produções, mas sim numa necessidade iminente de uma espiritualidade que contemple o ser humano/natureza e rompa com um caráter institucional das religiões tradicionais. Na ansiedade por essa reconexão, os druidas contemporâneos sacralizam a paisagem geográfica adaptando-a às suas necessidades imediatas e expressando seus desejos em prol do planeta de maneira discreta e diária. Em espaços físicos, mentais ou virtuais trocam vivências e aprendizados, com a certeza do porvir de uma sociedade mais justa e harmoniosa

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pablo Nogueira.pdf: 1921895 bytes, checksum: 8fae9708904e9ea1b48d7e0381c03b62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this dissertation is to discuss the religious elements in the work of Indian physicist Amit Goswami. Goswami became a familiar figure in the New Age movement because of his proposal to interpret quantum mechanics −based on the idea of a non-local and transcendent conscience as the foundation of reality − and for his advocacy of a synthesis between spirituality and scientific discourse. The text begins with a history of connections between science and religion proposed since the mid 19th century until the rise of New Age in the 1970s. Its main focus is the dialogue between science and religion which began to be settled with the development of quantum mechanics. The dissertation approaches the work of Goswami with the intent of highlighting its main ideas: the criticism of materialist realism, the mystical origin of religions, their inability to adequately convey the essential truth of the mystical experience, his confidence that certain experiments could support the belief in a transcendent dimension of reality and the moral crisis experienced by modern societies. Next, the dissertation uses the definition of religion proposed by Geertz and makes evident the religious element of Goswami´s speech characterized by its quest to link cosmology and ethos in order to substantiate a new ethic for contemporary societies. Finally, Hanegraaff´s definitions of spirituality and religion allow distinguish his Goswami s work as an example of spirituality based on a secular symbolic system / O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir o elemento religioso presente na obra do físico indiano Amit Goswami. Goswami tornou-se uma figura conhecida dentro do movimento Nova Era por sua proposta de interpretar a mecânica quântica tendo como fundamento da realidade a ideia de uma consciência não-local e transcendente, e por sua defesa de uma síntese entre espiritualidade e discurso científico. O texto começa por apresentar um histórico das aproximações entre ciência e religião propostas desde meados do século 19 até o surgimento da Nova Era nos anos 1970, tendo como foco principal o diálogo entre ambas que começou a ser estabelecido a partir do desenvolvimento da mecânica quântica. Apresenta-se um recorte da obra de Goswami com o objetivo de evidenciar suas principais idéias: a crítica ao realismo materialista, a origem mística das religiões, a incapacidade delas em transmitir de forma adequada a verdade essencial da experiência mística, sua crença de que certos experimentos poderiam sustentar a crença numa dimensão transcendente da realidade e a crise moral vivida pelas sociedades modernas. A seguir, recorrendo à definição de religião proposta por Geertz evidencia-se o elemento religioso do discurso de Goswami, caracterizado por sua busca de associar ethos e cosmologia a fim de fundamentar uma nova ética para as sociedades contemporâneas. Por fim, as definições de espiritualidade e de religião de Hanegraaff permitem caracterizar seu trabalho como exemplo de espiritualidade que se assenta sobre um sistema simbólico secular

<p>Jag har valt att skriva om förhållandet mellan Jung och den esoteriska tradition som benämns Fjärde vägen. Anledningen till detta val är att jag i båda dessa traditioner, den jungianska och Fjärde vägen, ser ett intressant kritiskt ifrågasättande av vår moderna tids uppfattningar om människan och det mänskliga psyket. Jung framhåller individuationsprocessen som en möjlighet att växa till en fullödig människa.</p><p>Inom den Fjärde vägen betonas vikten av att ta sin situation på allvar och att genom medvetet arbete och självobservans skapa sig en riktig själ.</p><p>Båda dessa skolor träder fram i en tid av stora och omskakande förändringar under början av 1900-talet. Båda skolorna ifrågasätter den själlösa massmänniska som den nya tiden har genererat och försöker utarbeta verktyg för att råda bot på tidens tillkortakommanden.</p><p>Min avsikt är att undersöka deras syn på människan och människans själsliga framåtskridande. Jag tror att detta kan vara ett fruktbart och meningsfullt studium där nya vinklar kan leda framåt.</p><p>Mina frågeställningar är:</p><p>Vilken syn på människan har de två riktningarna och vilka konsekvenser får detta?</p><p>Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det mellan Jungs syn på människans själsliga utveckling och den som Fjärde vägen skolan står för?</p><p> </p>

<p>Religioners symbolsystem kan, utifrån ett sociologiskt och antropologiskt perspektiv, uppfattas som grund för hur människor skapar och upprätthåller kultur och social ordning. Inom gudinnetron riktas som oftast kritik mot de monoteistiska religionerna så som kristendom, judendom och islam. Man menar att dessa religioners etik, mytologi och symbolik tolkas och reproduceras utifrån en androcentrisk norm som främst gynnar exploatering av kvinnor, barn och jorden själv. Makt är ett nyckelbegrepp i dessa sammanhang. Mitt syfte är att förstå hur gudinnetrons symboliska system skapar förståelse av begreppet makt. Min huvudfråga är: Hur ser gudinnetrons förståelse av begreppet makt ut?</p><p>Jag har funnit att gudinnetroendes förståelse av makt kan härledas till upplevelsen och förståelsen av den immanenta Gudinnan. Gudinnan är livskraften och livscykeln som människor och natur är sammanlänkade i och därav lever i gemenskap inom. Detta leder till en maktförståelse där makt främst ses som människans förmåga att utifrån den immanenta livskraften handla i världen för helhetens bästa.</p><p>Att använda sin makt för att dominera över andra är därmed inte ett uttryck för makt som har sin grund i upplevelsen av den immanenta Gudinnan utan istället ett uttryck för "makt över".</p>

<p>Söder om Goas partystränder ligger den ganska fridfulla staden Gokarna. Gokarna har sedan början på 1980-talet varit en träffpunkt för både religiöst sökande västerlänningar och indier som insett att de kan tjäna pengar på de nyfikna turisterna. Turister som söker sig utanför sina trygga hem för att fylla andliga hål som den västerländska kulturen lämnat öppna. Jag fascinerades av den andlighet som uppstår bland turister som lever lata dagar på stränder där allt är serverat för en billig penning. Den andlighet som kommer av introspektion i en religiös omgivning.</p><p>Jag har själv sedan början av 2000-talet då jag genomförde min första resa till Indien varit en del av den växande ungdomskultur som kan kallas backpacker. Det är med mina egna erfarenheter av resande och religiös nyfikenhet jag nu har påbörjat min tredje resa i Indien som ska resultera i en uppsats om andligt sökande västerlänningar i Gokarna, Indien.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att försöka kartlägga några av de tankar och handlingar rörande religion och ritual som mina informanter, backpackers i Gokarna, Indien har.</p>

<p>Uppsatsen består framför allt av en jämförelse mellan de nygnostiska inslagen i filmerna Matrix, Matrix Reloaded, Matrix Revolutions samt Animatrix och den antika versionen av gnosticism. Jag har speciellt använt mig av Valentinus kosmogoni hämtad ur H. Jonas bok ”The Gnosic Religion”, för denna jämförelse. Hela arbetet sträcker sig dock över flera områden och ämnen som historia, genus, sociala och politiska förändringar, våra media och existentiella spörsmål i västvärlden idag mm.</p><p>Eftersom gnosticismen delvis uppstod och formades i nära förhållande till kristendomen, samt levde vidare under ytan av det etablerade fram till nyligen, finns det flera paralleller mellan dåtid och nutid. Idag är ett tydligt tecken på detta New Age, det samlingsbegrepp som rymmer så mycket men som likt gnosticismen delar på många föreställningar. T.ex. människans vilja till förmåga bortanför och utöver materien/kroppen, hennes eget inre gudomliggörande och behovet av en transcendent messias mm. Profana likheter kan vara pessimism, nihilism, känslan av en konstgjord och overklig verklighet, verklighetsflykt mm.</p><p>På ett annat plan handlar uppsatsen om människans mytologiserade/andliga psykologi, dels om Jungs arketypiska psykologi och dels om nyandlig mystik. Hur de kliver in och tar över tomrummet i den traditionellt vetenskapliga och rationella värld vi ”mytlösa” lever i. Den religiösa mystiken var en allmän realitet förr i tiden, men blev s.a.s. bortrationaliserad i upplysningens och senare protestantismens era. Människans belägenhet i den tekniskt avancerade världen har förändrat mycket, också hennes psyke. Bröderna Wachowskis filmverk visar också tydligt på den gnostiska versionen av uppdelningen mellan omedvetna, medvetna och upplysta. Att ”felet” med människan är hennes okunskap om den yttre verkligheten, och att räddningen ligger i ett introvert sökande efter sanningen. Uppsatsens helhet rör sig alltså både i det yttre och det inre, likt Matrixtrilogin och ny/gnosticismen, över tid och rum samt mellan olika tekniska mediala medel.</p>