Internetutvecklingen har skapat nya arenor för utövande av våld. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur det digitala våldet mot minderåriga flickor kan gestalta sig på TikTok. Materialet består av kommentarsfält tillhörande minderåriga flickor. Studien intar ett radikalfeministiskt perspektiv vars utgångspunkt är att det sexuella våldet är en konsekvens av patriarkatet och mannens makt över kvinnans sexualitet; studien utgår även från ett makt-kontrollperspektiv. Metoden för arbetet är Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys, denna appliceras för att analysera hur diskursen gestaltas i kommentarsfälten. Resultatet visar att det digitala våldet tar sig uttryck genom att sexualisera och på andra sätt kränka flickorna, där det främst utmärkande för diskursen är objektifiering av flickorna samtidigt som en social diskurs identifierats som upprätthåller och reproducerar patriarkala strukturer och könsmaktförhållanden. Det finns tendenser till en subkultur som bidrar till gemenskap mellan personer som utsätter flickorna för digitalt våld; då samma uttryck och termer används av olika personer. / The development of the Internet has created new arenas for utilizing violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate how digital violence against underage girls can manifest itself on TikTok. The data consists of comment sections belonging to underage girls. The study uses a radical feminist perspective which has the initial belief that the widespread sexual violence against women is a consequence of patriarchy and men's power over women's sexuality; thus, the study has also adopted a power-control perspective. The method for the study is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, which has been applied to analyze how the discourse manifests in the comment sections. The results show that the digital violence expresses itself by sexualizing and in other ways violating and offending the girls, where the main distinguishing pattern of the discourse is the objectification of the girls as well as a social discourse being identified which maintains and reproduces patriarchal structures and gender power relations. There are tendencies towards a subculture that contributes to a cohesion between people who utilize digital violence against the girls; where the same expressions and words are used by different people.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på om, och i så fall hur, en eventuell genusordning kan ta sig uttryck i en bestämd till synes könsneutral lek i skolans undervisning i idrott och hälsa, bland elever i årskurs fyra och fem. För att svara på syftet använde vi oss av följande frågeställningar; Uttrycks en hierarkisk genusordning, även i tillsynes könsneutrala lekar i skolämnet idrott och hälsa? Och hur tar den sig i så fall uttryck? För att svara på detta utfördes sju stycken, femtio till sextio minuter långa observationer på fyra sydskånska skolor. Observationerna, i vilka vi i varierande grad agerade deltagande och ickedeltagande, planerades och utfördes under en lektion i idrott och hälsa i vardera grupp: en grupp i årskurs fyra i och sex grupper årskurs fem. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt beskrivs i Yvonne Hirdman samt R.W Connells socialkonstruktivistiska och feministiska tankar om samhällets kulturella genusordning. En ordning där normen är hegemoni där män och maskulinitet är överställda kvinnor och femininitet. Resultatet visar ett en hierarkisk genusordning går att finna, där pojkar ikläder sig statusroller, och flickor trots visad motvilja, underordnar sig. En hegemonisk ordning syns hos såväl flickor som pojkar och maskulina egenskaper leder till styrande positioner i gruppen. / The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and if so how, any gender order can be expressed in a given seemingly gender-neutral game in physical education in schools among students in grades four and five. To answer the purpose we used the following questions: is a hierarchical gender order expressed, even in seemingly gender-neutral games in physical education? How does it express itself? To answer the purpose of our study, we made seven fifty to sixty minute’s long observations in four schools in the southern part of Sweden. In these observations, we participated and in non participation. They were planned and executed during one lesson each in physical education: six groups of fifth graders and one group of the fourth grade. The theoretical basis of this essay comes from Yvonne Hirdman, professor of gender and feminism and RW Connell´s social constructivist and feminist ideas about the cultural gender order. The order in which hegemony of men and masculinity seem as the superior norm in contrast to women and femininity. The results show that a hierarchical gender order can be found in the schools and in the physical education surrounding. Boys are in charge and take command and girls, despite the demonstrated reluctance, submit to boys. A hegemonic system is seen in both sexes and girls or boys with masculine characteristics take controlling positions in the group.

The most common approach to examining gender equality in organizations is through quantitative measures, which can miss important aspects of gender equality. This study analyzes Sweden's most gender equal organization according to Nyckeltalsinstitutet to see if the experience of gender equality reflects the organization's good quantitative measures. Based on previous research in the field of gender equality, we assume the working hypothesis that women in organizations are generally treated as the subordinate gender. The study consists of a survey and four semi structured interviews with employees at Sveriges Radio. The questions we aim to answer with the study are: (1) Do experiences of inequality exist in Sweden's most gender equal organization? and (2) does the experience reflect the good quantitative measures of gender equality within the organization? Our working hypothesis is supported by the results of the study. The main conclusion is that there are experiences of inequality within the organization and that experiences of gender discrimination and an unequal work environment do not necessarily reflect the good quantitative measures of gender equality. All relevant aspects of gender equality are therefore not captured by quantitative measures.

Moje diplomová práce se věnuje tomu, jakým způsobem přistupují vyučující na druhém stupni základních škol k dívkám a chlapcům, kteří jsou genderově atypičtí. Tedy k dětem, kteří nesplňují představu "správné" dívky či "správného" chlapce z hlediska genderového řádu společnosti a nějakým způsobem se těmto představám vymykají (v rovině osobnostní, vzhledové či behaviorální). Ve výzkumu se zajímám o zkušenost vyučujících s těmito dětmi, o charakteristiky, jenž jsou podle nich genderově atypické, jak tyto děti podle nich přijímá kolektiv či učitelský sbor, apod., avšak podstatou mého zkoumání je zjistit, jaký postoj vůči těmto dětem učitelé a učitelky zaujímají a co jej ovlivňuje. Z výsledků výzkumu pak vyplývá, že existuje určitá typologie postojů vyučujících k genderově atypickým dětem, přičemž jednotlivé postoje vyučujících jsou ovlivňovány mnoha faktory. Faktor, který se ukázal jako nejdůležitější, protože významně ovlivňuje to, zda se bude jedna spíše o pozitivní či negativní přijetí dítěte, je to, zda projevy atypického dítěte narušují či znesnadňují vyučování a práci vyučujícího, nikoliv pouhá skutečnost, že je dítě genderově atypické. Tato práce je tvořena dvěma částmi: teoretickou a empirickou. V teoretické části se zabývám informacemi, které jsou základem pro můj výzkum a v rámci celé práce z...

Bakgrund: Män har genom historien dominerat på arbetsmarknadens chefspositioner och därmed utformat chefskapets innehåll. Chefskapet är sammankopplat med agentic attribut som anses "manliga". Hur kvinnor hanterar sitt chefskap har mest studerats vid mansdominerade arbetsplatser där kvinnan är avvikare. Det finns en kunskapslucka i forskningen när det gäller kvinnors sätt att hantera chefskapet vid en kvinnodominerad arbetsplats där kvinnan är normen. Syfte: Syftet var att studera hur kvinnliga chefer vid kvinnodominerade arbetsplatser uttalar sig om manliga och kvinnliga egenskaper i sitt chefskap. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där sex semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts med kvinnliga chefer inom den offentliga sektorn. Intervjuerna har spelats in och transkriberats och analyserats med tematisk analysmetod som tolkats med social role theoy, role congruity theory . De två teorierna används för att belysa skillnader som vi menar beror på sociala konstruktioner av kön och könsordning som också används i analysen. Resultat: Intervjupersonerna upplevde att de blev respekterade som chefer och uttryckte ingen konflikt i rollen, att vara kvinna och samtidigt chef. De utgjorde normen inom offentlig sektor där de flesta omkring dem var kvinnor. Flertalet av cheferna ansåg inte att de behövde använda några särskilda strategier för att bli tagna på allvar eller få sin röst hörd. Kvinnorna ansåg inte att de hade specifika förväntningar att uppfylla för att de var kvinnor. Samtliga chefer beskrev sitt chefskap utifrån både communal och agentic egenskaper. De beskrev fler communal egenskaper som viktiga i sitt chefskap, vilket är långt ifrån det stereotypa agentic dominerade chefskapet. Det framkom att de ser chefskapet som en balansgång mellan communal och agentic egenskaper men communal egenskaper betonades mest. Resultatet visade även på en del upplevda skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga chefers förutsättningar. Kvinnorna har ibland ansetts som sämre chefer vid tillsättning av tjänster och en av de chefer som har fler män kring sig har vid några tillfällen upplevt att männen vill ta steget framför och överta ledarskapet. Flera kvinnor beskrev att de upplevde att män hade det lättare när det gällde att bli accepterade i chefsrollen och lättare blev accepterade i sin auktoritet / Men has dominated the labour markets management positions through the history and formed the qualities of leadership. The leadership is linked to agentic attributes that are considered "male". How women deal with a manager role has mostly been studied in male- dominated environments where women are deviants. There is a knowledge gap in the research regarding women’s ways of handling managerial positions in a female- dominated environment where the women is the norm. The aim of this study was to see how women managers in female- dominated places of work comment on male and female qualities in the manager role. The study has a qualitative approach where six semi- structured interviews with female managers in the public sector. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The material is processed and analyzed by thematic analysis method which has been interpreted by social role theory and role congruity theory. The two theories are used to illuminate the differences that we believe is due to the social constructions of gender and the gender order witch also is used in the analysis. The respondents felt that they were respected as managers and expressed no conflict in the role, to be a woman and at the same time manager. They constituted the norm in social services where most around them were women. The majority of the managers did not feel that they needed to use some specific strategies to be taken seriously or get their voice heard. The women felt that they did not have specific expectations because they were women; they felt that their own expectations influenced them the most. All managers describe their leadership from both communal and agentic characteristics. They describe more communal characteristics as important in the manager role, which is far from the stereotypical agentic dominated manager role. It appears that they see management to be a balance between communal and agentic qualities but that communal characteristics emphasized most. The results reveal, however, some perceived differences between male and female managers conditions. The women have sometimes been regarded as inferior managers in recruitment and one of the managers who have more men around here, sometimes felt that men wanted to step in front and take over the leadership. One manager mentions strategies to get men to handle her straight communication. Several women described that they felt that men have it easier when it comes to being accepted into the managerial role and easier accepted in its authority. It also appears that some women find that they were expected to solve more problematic situations just because they were women

The study aims to investigating how the #Metoo-campaign with social media and theinternet mobilized and committed people to question existing social structures. Based onthe campaign's own Facebook page, I've investigated what gave this kind of campaign afoothold and impact.In recent decades the Internet and social media has grown in an explosive pace and createda new arena for social interaction. The technological development has created newopportunities for global campaigns and mobilization. Today the internet and social mediaare used as a major source of information in society, as information is spread globallydirectly and you reach a larger audience than you could ever have before. In autumn 2017,the #Metoo campaign was discovered to highlight sexual harassment and a powerstructure in which women subordinate to men. The campaign was spread in social mediavia a hashtag and had been used by 4.7 million people it’s first day.Through this study, the #Metoo-campaign is analyzed and discussed based on thecampaign's Facebook page. An insight into what the senders want with the campaign andhow they work is given and discussed with theories of social movements, social media,power and gender.

Vår kandidatuppsats, Rå men hjärtlig - en kvalitativ studie om kvinnor i ledande positioner på en mansdominerad arbetsplats baseras på hur kvinnor i ledande positioner upplever sina förutsättningar och villkor i en mansdominerad organisation. Vidare syftar undersökningen till att  redogöra för hur organisationen upplevs arbeta med jämställdhetsfrågor. Intresset för genomförandet av undersökningen grundas i vår egen nyfikenhet av ledarskapet. Ytterligare ville vi få en förförståelse för vad ledande kvinnor kan tänkas möta med utgångspunkten att vara i minoritet. Den teoretiska referensramen består av teorier, begrepp och tidigare forskning gällande kön och genus men även jämställdhet. Genomgående teorier för undersökningen är Doing gender och mannen som norm. Majoriteten av teorierna valdes ut innan insamling av det empiriska materialet. Strategier kvinnor utvecklar på mansdominerade arbetsplatser har tillkommit efter datainsamlingen. En kvalitativ undersökning med semi-strukturerande intervjuer genomfördes i en global industrikoncern i Sverige. Tio (10) kvinnor i ledande positioner från tre (3) olika affärsområden och olika hierarkiska nivåer deltog. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att kvinnor i ledande positioner på en mansdominerad arbetsplats tenderar att möta olika typer av motstånd eftersom att de ofta bedöms utifrån den manliga normen. En organisation kan tillskriva kön olika stereotypa föreställningar vilket de själva har svårt att upptäcka eftersom att det normaliseras i den rådande kontexten. Det framkommer att jargongen kan vara väldigt hård och att en kvinna i ledande position förväntas tåla lite. Resultatet talar även för att de kvinnor som känner sig accepterade trivs mycket bra på sin arbetsplats, att vara accepterad är således betydelsefullt. / Our graduate study is based on how women in senior positions experience their prerequisites and conditions in a male-dominated organization. Furthermore, the survey aims at explaining how the organization is working with gender issues and gender equality. The interest in this subject is based on our own curiosity towards leadership. In addition, we wanted to get an understanding of what women in senior positions might experience with the assumption that they are in minority. The theoretical frame of reference consists of theories, concepts and previous research on gender and gender equality. Significant theories for the survey are Doing gender and Man as a norm. The majority of the theories were chosen before the empirical material was collected. Strategies women develop on male-dominated workplaces have been added after the data collection. A qualitative survey with semi-structured interviews was performed in a global industrial group in Sweden. Ten (10) women in senior positions from three (3) different business areas and different hierarchical levels participated. The results of the survey show that women in senior positions in a male-dominated workplace tend to face different types of resistance, because they are often judged based on the male norm. An organization can attribute gender to different stereotypical performances, which they themselves find difficult to detect because it is normalized in the context. It appears that the jargon can be very rough and a woman in a senior position is expected to withstand a little roughness. The result also shows that the women who feel accepted enjoy their workplace, that is also why being accepted is important.

The diploma thesis focuses on the gender analysis of the contents based on the Mobility's magazine cover pages. The thesis emphasizes the identification of men and women's representations in this magazine. The Mobility magazine was published once a month from the 1999 till 2011. The analysis is conducted on the complete set of the individual cover pages and deals with an interesting development in these representations. The thesis is divided into theoretical and analytical part. The theoretical part is dedicated to media in the connection with its gender theory and power in the society. Furthermore, this part includes theories dealing with the gender representations in advertisement (Goffman, Sztompka, Indruchová). In the analytical part there is a comparison of the mentioned theories with the examined sample. The detailed description of the individual categories identified within this analysis is presented as well. The thesis focuses on the identification of the specific features observed in a given period of Mobility magazine publishing . It describes the methods of patriarchal discourse 's presentation of pictures appeared in the magazine, which is obviously intended for everybody. The analysis of the cover pages' set indicates stereotyped representation of women. In these cases the women are...

This study examines whether there is a wage gap between male and female ordinary judges in the Swedish legal system in the year 2021 and what some of the possible reasons may be for the existing wage gap. The study is based on data obtained from the Swedish National Courts Administration, which includes the 1 000 ordinary judges who are active in the year 2021. The data material is then analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as a bivariate regression analysis to understand if there is an existing wage gap between male and female ordinary judges. To answer the second question, the data material is analyzed using a multiple regression analysis to give us an understanding of what may be the causes of the existing wage gap. The results show that male regular judges earn an average of 1 715 SEK more a month than their female colleagues. In addition, the results of the multiple regression analysis also show that when we use the independent variables that the data material contains, there is in 93 percentage of the cases a statistically significant guaranteed wage gap of 258 SEK per month between male and female ordinary judges in the Swedish legal system.

The central question of this diploma thesis is, whether sexisms is a commonplace phenomenon of our society, how does this phenomenon appears in our public discourse of present-day society and how can we identify it. The diploma thesis searches the answers for this question mainly in theories of radical feminism, which are part of the second feministic wave, in present theories concerning sexism and patriarchy, in present theories about mens` lifestyle magazines and in an empirical research. Radical feminism` theories specify the manifestations of sexism. The current theories unfold the strategies through which is sexism ventilated. The empirical research then includes an analysis of Czech lifestyle magazine for men Maxim, specifically the analysis of 23 articles selected from one complete volume of this magazine, specifically 2012. The method of coding according to Strauss and Corbin was chosen as the key method. Based on the scope of this method (the selective coding part) the central category was identified and named as Women as an opponent. Its characterization and dimensional scales (in form of variable strategies) were defined as well. Key words Sexism, gender, gender order, discourse, patriarchy, mens` lifestyle magazines, Maxim, irony, axial and selective coding.