On s’est habitué à adopter du concept d’autonomie une perception qui est celle d’un déclin, largement prophétisé dès le XIXème siècle chez les auteurs critiques du contrat. Tous les arguments ont contribué à cette interprétation et bien des choses semblent aller en ce sens. Ainsi, le concept laisse apparaître un bouleversement des distinctions classiques vérifiable du point de vue du langage définissant les sources ou autorités du droit (autonomie législative, judiciaire…). En réalité, la première autonomie de nature subjective n’a pas été contredite autant qu’on aurait pu le supposer. L’autonomie individuelle ou collective continue de définir la personne juridique en fonction d’une titularité plus ou moins étroite de ses droits, libertés, capacités ou pouvoirs. Elle contribue, en effet, à la promotion d’un cadre primordial et persiste dans une sorte de contrôle moral des volontés et des identités individuelles confrontées à des mécanismes exagérément objectifs. Une résurgence apparente du vocabulaire romaniste, sous prétexte d’équilibre des prestations, permet paradoxalement un déséquilibre entre les parties. C’est donc à une autonomie renouvelée, forte de nouvelles exigences, que l’on fait appel. Un plan moral succède au plan théorique sous l’angle de la protection des volontés. L’autonomie s’adapte tout en demeurant conforme à un sens subjectif originel. Elle pourrait devenir une référence de régulation, y compris pour les contrats internationaux. Le droit français aurait là une occasion de se rétablir, au moins du point de vue de l’interprétation. / We became used to adopt some concept of autonomy a perception which is the one of a decline, largely predicted from the XIXth century at the critical authors of the contract. All arguments contributed to this interpretation and many things seem to go this way. Actually, the concept uncovers a classical upheavel of distinctions whiches verifiable from the point of view of sources or authorities defining langage (legislative, judicial autonomy). In fact, the first autonomy of subjective nature was not as contradicted as it was supposed to. The individual or collective autonomy continues to define the legal person according to a more or less narrow tenure of its rights, liberties, capacities or powers. As a matter of fact it contributes to focus on an essential frame and persists in a kind of moral control of the wills and of the individual identities confronted to excessively objective mechanisms. A similar resurgence of the ancient roman law vocabulary, under the pretext of contractual balance, paradoxically allows a destabilization between the parts. So it is to the renewed autonomy strong on new requirements that we appeal. A moral plan succeeds the theoretical plan under the perspective of the protection of the wills. The autonomy adapts itself while remaining in compliance with an original subjective sense. She could become a reference of regulation, including for the international contracts. French law would then have an opportunity to recover, at least from the point of view of the interpretation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Cerullo.pdf: 815586 bytes, checksum: 5a64def1f4e7c7eaee24b0876f2683f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-20 / This study aims at introducing the community material law in a systematic way and at showing given its nature and particularities it is part of the Brazilian legal system along with the private and public laws, being established as a new branch of law. Thus, this justifies the study due to the need of examining the new Brazilian legal system and to the lack of systematization of the new branch, disclosing common points of the main legislations it comprises, forming a sole body. As a backdrop, the event surveyed takes into consideration the breaking of paradigms and the deficiency of the private and public laws in protecting goods, and collective rights. At the forefront, it proposes and indicates particularities of the community material law that best meet the responses expected by the community that, also due to their nature, are not similar to those of the individuals and the State. Based on that, they become cohesive and are better tools to meet their needs, qualifying it as a new branch of law. The theoretical-methodological procedure proposes its systematization by using the holistic theory of law (holistic philosophy) and shows that the current paradigm is not based on linear or reductionist theories, but that all the social problems faced by the science of law are part of a sole issue: human life s sustainability. This is why the private and public laws are regarded for linear or reductionist questions, and the community material law is regarded as a new branch of law, with unique qualities for holistic matters. Then, the major pieces of collective legislation are examined and compared with the previous paradigms and the current one. The evolution is analyzed as well as an attempt is made in order to categorize the new branch of law. In conclusion, we observe that the community material law complements the Brazilian legal system, forming a trilogy with the private and public laws / O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar sistematicamente o direito material coletivo e, por sua natureza e particularidades, demonstrar que compõe o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro ao lado do direito privado e do público, como novo ramo do direito. Com a inserção do direito material coletivo, justifica-se esse estudo frente à necessidade de examinar a nova ordem jurídica brasileira e pela carência de sistematização desse novo ramo do direito, ainda que nos moldes aqui propostos, que desvende pontos comuns das principais legislações que o compõem, formando um só corpo. A hipótese pesquisada, em plano de fundo, considera a quebra de paradigmas e a insuficiência do direito privado e do público na tutela de bens e direitos coletivos. No plano principal, propõe e indica particularidades do direito material coletivo que melhor atendam às respostas exigidas pela coletividade que, também pela sua natureza, não se assemelham àquelas do particular ou do Estado. A partir daí, se tornam coesas e melhor servem de instrumentos para atender às suas necessidades, qualificando-o como novo ramo do direito. O procedimento teórico-metodológico propõe sua sistematização utilizando a teoria holística do direito (filosofia holística) e demonstra que o atual paradigma não está fundado em teorias lineares ou reducionistas, mas todos os problemas sociais a serem enfrentados pela ciência do direito fazem parte de um único problema, a sustentabilidade da vida humana. Daí consideraremos o direito privado e o público para as questões lineares ou reducionistas e o direito material coletivo, como novo ramo do direito, com predicados ímpares, para as holísticas. Em seguida, faz-se exame dos principais diplomas legais coletivos, confrontando-os com os paradigmas anteriores e o atual, sua evolução e busca seu enquadramento no novo ramo do direito e, concluindo, verifica-se que o direito material coletivo vem complementar o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, compondo uma trilogia com o direito privado e o público

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Barros.pdf: 1366975 bytes, checksum: 5533c88aac0fad49e4df9c1a94615179 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-09 / The purpose of this thesis is to encourage a reading of the Brazilian tax system from the Federal Constitution of 1988 and Brazil s condition as a true social and democratic legal state, the objectives and bases of which should have effects on all fiscal activity (in the broad sense), from the establishment and exercise of tax authority to the proper use of the funds collected. The methodological basis is Friedrich Müller s structuring theory of law, in which aspects of reality (the normative framework) are compositional factors of legal rules, together with the textual data or normative program. There must therefore be a dialogue between law and reality, breaking with the is and should be dichotomy that is typical of formalism. This thesis will systematically analyze the constitutional tax system (broadly speaking), in comparison with the other terms of the Brazilian Constitution, seeking to promote the conformation of legal tax rules to the condition of a social and democratic legal state and to the economic intervention of the Brazilian Constitution, electing the tax constitutional motive as the given that goes beyond the limiting concept of tax authority and takes in the purpose and cause of taxation, as a point of support for the exercise of the tax power. That position carries certain consequences with it, such as the (re)configuration of the constitutional suppositions for the institution of taxes, their adaptation to the constitutional finalities and social needs, the legal treatment to be given to the misuse of the product of taxation, the need for motivation and the importance of the effectiveness of the taxation rules, in accordance with the purposes stated in the Brazilian Constitution. This thesis will also propose a new classification of tax authority, focused on the specific purpose of each type of tax and on the constitutional motive for its institution/change, and that the paradigm of the optional exercise of tax authority be broken with and the requirement (mandatory) of taxes according to (a) the specific purpose of each type of tax, (b) its conformation with reality and (c) the proper use of the product of the collection for the constitutionally determine finalities / O objetivo da presente dissertação é promover uma leitura do sistema tributário nacional a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da condição da República Federativa do Brasil como um verdadeiro Estado Social e Democrático de Direito, cujos objetivos e fundamentos deverão irradiar efeitos sobre toda a atividade fiscal (lato sensu), desde a conformação e exercício das competências tributárias até o devido emprego dos recursos arrecadados. O pressuposto metodológico é a Teoria Estruturante do Direito de FRIEDRICH MÜLLER, em que aspectos da realidade (o âmbito da norma) são fatores de composição da norma jurídica, juntamente com os dados textuais ou programa da norma . Assim, deve haver um diálogo entre direito e realidade, rompendo-se com a dicotomia ser e dever ser típica do formalismo. O trabalho fará uma análise sistemática do sistema constitucional tributário (lato sensu) em cotejo com os demais enunciados da CF/88, buscando promover uma conformação das normas jurídicas tributárias à condição de Estado Social e Democrático de Direito e ao dirigismo constitucional da CF/88, elegendo o motivo constitucional tributário como dado que supera o conceito limitador de competência tributária e engloba a finalidade da tributação, como ponto de apoio para o exercício do poder tributário. Tal postura trará algumas conseqüências, como a (re)configuração dos pressupostos constitucionais para a instituição de tributos, sua adequação às finalidades constitucionais e necessidades sociais, o tratamento jurídico a ser atribuído ao desvio do produto da arrecadação, a necessidade de motivação e a importância da efetividade das normas tributárias, de acordo com as finalidades consignadas na Carta. O trabalho ainda proporá uma nova classificação das competências tributárias, focada na finalidade específica de cada espécie tributária e no motivo constitucional para a sua instituição/alteração, o rompimento com o paradigma da facultatividade do exercício da competência tributária e na exigência (obrigatória) de tributos de acordo com (a) a finalidade específica de cada espécie tributária, (b) sua conformação com a realidade e (c) o devido emprego do produto da arrecadação com as finalidades constitucionalmente determinadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Henrique Marotti Toselli.pdf: 1761447 bytes, checksum: f4f83f36c33fa8101690261e307cdac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / The employer contribution to the cost of the social security system in Brazil, according to article 195, I, "a", of the Federal Constitution of 1988, must levied on the total remuneration arising from services rendered by individuals. However, the Government has created a replacement contribution, mandatory for taxpayers listed in the law, which is imposed on the gross revenue of the companies. The purpose study is to investigate this collection (called "CPRB") in light of the Brazilian constitutional tax system / A contribuição patronal destinada ao financiamento do regime previdenciário no Brasil, de acordo com o artigo 195, I, a , da Constituição Federal de 1988, deve incidir sobre a totalidade das remunerações pagas pelas empresas por serviços prestados por pessoas físicas. Ocorre que o Governo criou uma contribuição substitutiva, obrigatória para os contribuintes listados na lei, que passou a incidir sobre a receita bruta das empresas. Nosso estudo consiste em verificar essa exação (denominada CPRB ) à luz do sistema constitucional tributário

L’étude de la règle de droit en Chine dans le cadre étatique met en valeur une première forme de son hybridité. Qu’il s’agisse de la mixité constatée entre un héritage de droit impérial - assez difficilement évaluable -, et l’incorporation de structures, de concepts et de techniques de droit étranger dans le système juridique chinois, la règle de droit chinoise est le produit d’une dynamique évolutive marquée par l’adaptabilité du système juridique chinois aux nouvelles exigences contemporaines. À ce titre, la matière civile incarne par excellence les problématiques de la modernisation du système juridique chinois et l’adoption du tout premier Code civil de la RPC en est un parfait témoin. Plus particulièrement, il ressort de cette étude que cette mixité résulte d’une approche pragmatique du droit que l’on retrouve notamment dans le déroulement du procès civil. Abordé sous l’angle de la procédure civile, le procès chinois incarne un idéal de justice qui ne se réduit pas à l’activité juridictionnelle du juge. La mobilisation des différents modes de résolution des conflits au service d’une justice qui se veut efficace s’inscrit dans l’évolution, plus largement constatée, d’une justice de moins en moins contentieuse. Outre la présentation d’une culture juridique et judiciaire étrangère encore trop souvent méconnue des juristes français, la présente étude a pour objectif de mettre en valeur les particularités du système juridique chinois au regard du système français tout en recherchant, dans la mesure du possible, leurs possibles points de convergence. / The study of laws and regulations in the Chinese State structure highlights their hybridity. This hybridity is a mixture of imperial law – whose legacy’s assessment is not without difficulties – and the incorporation of foreign structures, concepts and techniques in the Chinese legal system. Current Chinese laws and regulations are product of this dynamic evolution, which is characterized by their adaptability to new and modern legal requirements. As such, the civil law field represents, par excellence, the issues of modernizing the Chinese legal system and the first Chinese civil law code is one of the best examples. This study especially shows that this hybridity is a result of a pragmatic approach to law, which can be found in the civil trial. Civil trial is studied here from the perspective of civil law procedure and shows an ideal concept of justice, which cannot be reduced to the judge’s power of adjudication. The mobilization of different ways of dispute resolution in order to serve justice efficiency is part of the more global evolution of justice, which has become less and less contentious.Apart from presenting of a foreign legal and judicial culture, which is still not widely known in France, the aim of this study is to emphasize particularities of the Chinese legal system compared to the French one while searching for their potential points of convergence. / 在国家法的层面研究中国的法律规则会让我们看到其中的混合性。一方面是难以[用今天的价值观]评价的帝制时期法律遗产，另一方面则是那些已经融入中国法律体系中的外国法律结构、概念和技术，中国法上的规则结合了这两种不同的因素，并成为法律体系不断适应时代要求的那种进化动力的产物。在此视角下，民法最完美地体现了中国法律体系现代化中呈现的问题意识，其中《民法总则》的颁布就是最好的见证。本研究尤其希望证明，中国法律的混合性与实用性相联，在民事诉讼中尤为明显。从民事诉讼来看，中国的诉讼所表现出的正义理念绝不仅限于法官的判决活动。以发展多样纠纷解决方式为正义效率服务的目标也最终来源于追求“无讼”的正义理想。除了给法国法学家介绍还不太知道的外国法律和司法文化以外，本研究的目的还有在与法国体系的对比中呈现中国法律体系的特点，并同时找到两者之间可能的相似之处.

本論文總共分為三部分，共八章。 第一部份是「分離命題綜論」，包含了第一、二章。在第一章當中，筆者從歷史及分析的路徑，對分離命題做了一個初步的介紹。歷史的部分，筆者選取邊沁與奧斯丁、美國法現實主義、德國自然法復興運動這三個對於英美法理學界來說較為重要的關於分離命題的討論。在分析的部分，筆者簡單地說明分離命題與法概念以及道德概念的關係。當然，筆者也介紹了本文所探討的主角—德沃京的生平、其學說的發展以及其學說與分離命題的關係。第二章則是特別針對德沃京最主要的理論對手哈特的法理論以及他對分離命題的主張。第一章與第二章一起，才算是完成本文的預備工作。 第二部分是德沃京前期對分離命題的批判。本文將德沃京前期與後期區分開來，是因為德沃京學說的前期與後期都有很大的影響力，可是他後期的理論所使用的語彙有經過相當的修正，因此不適合放在一起介紹。第二部分包括第三、四章，筆者分別名之為「原則論I」與「原則論II」。這是因為德沃京前期的法理論是以「原則」概念為主軸所發展出來的。第三章主要是對德沃京《認真看待權利》一書中《規則模式I》一章的介紹。第四章則是對《規則模式II》以及疑難案件這兩章的介紹。《規則模式I》是德沃京整個法理論的出發點。它本身構成一個完整的整體，儘管仍是一個有待發展的整體。《規則模式II》是對《規則模式I》的補充。疑難案件則是德沃京法理論的突破性發展，許多他在後期完整發展的觀念都可以在這篇文章中看到雛形。筆者將《規則模式II》及疑難案件中的重點一起放入第四章作為對於第三章的補充。這些一起構成了德沃京前期的完整面貌。當然，筆者用以貫穿其中的軸線，就是德沃京對分離命題的批判。 第三部份是德沃京後期對分離命題之批判。這一部份主要焦點是在德沃京集大成的系統著作法律帝國。這一部份包括第五、六、七章。第五章說明了德沃京後期修正過後的概念架構，以及在這個新的概念架構與分離命題的關係是什麼。處理的對象是法律帝國的第一章。第六章則是對德沃京「詮釋」概念的闡釋。「詮釋」概念是德沃京後期理論的核心，因此我們有必要對之清楚地說明。顯得比較突兀的是第六章的第一節。筆者從社會科學方法論的角度分析了哈特與德沃京法理論在方法上的意涵。這是因為，筆者認為分離命題的焦點乃是在於法理論家如何看待法概念，若要深入地評估法理論的意涵，勢必要探討其方法。這個部分處理的對象主要是法律帝國的第二、三章。第七章則介紹德沃京後期法理論的重點，也就是他認為的法概念的「構念」--作為整全性的法律。 最後，也就是第八章是結論。這是筆者對全篇論文的回顧，以及筆者對於分離命題這個主題的價值的看法。 第一部 分離命題綜論 第 一 章 緒 論 第一節 分離命題概論I—歷史的路徑 第一項 邊沁與奧斯丁 第二項 法現實主義者的挑戰 第三項 德國自然法復興運動 第二節 分離命題概論II—分析的路徑 第一項 法概念 第一款 規範取向的法概念與非規範取向的法概念 第二款 法概念的指涉與理論說明 第二項 道德概念 第三節 德沃京的法理論與分離命題 第一項 德沃京生平簡介 第二項 德沃京的法理論發展及其分期 第三項 本文問題意識：德沃京法理論與分離命題 第四節 本 論 文 架 構 第 二 章 哈特與分離命題 第一節 從定義到核心要素 第一項 定義 第二項 組織性原則與一組核心要素 第二節 哈特的法概念與分離命題 第一項 初級規則與次級規則的結合 第二項 個別法律的效力 第三項 法體系的存在 第四項 個案中的法律 第三節 哈 特 法 理 論 的 性 質 第一項 一般性 第二項 描述性 第三項 一般性、描述性與分離命題 第二部 德沃京前期對法實證主義分離命題之批判 第 三 章 原 則 論 ( I ) 第一節 德沃京的論證 第一項 原則是存在的 第二項 原則與規則邏輯性質的差異 第三項 原則也是法規範 第四項 原則無法被承認規則鑑別出來 第一款 妥當感 第二款 制度上的佐證 第三款 習慣法的問題 第五項 原則是某種道德 第二節 原則是什麼？ 第一項 原則的功能 第一款 原則的五種功能 第二款 原則之功能的省思 第二項 原則的來源 第三節 規則與原則的邏輯性質差異是否成立？ 第一項 如何判斷是規則或原則？ 第二項 規則衝突則失效？ 第三項 規則與原則之區分的理論意涵 第四節 原則是不是法規範 ？ 第五節 原則與道德的關係是什麼？ 第 四 章 原 則 論 （II） 第一節 對承認規則的批判 第一項 哈特的社會規則論 第二項 對社會規則論的批判 第一款 社會規則與規範規則 第二款 「自主而合意的道德」與「從眾而成習的道德」 第三款 疑難情況的出現 第三項 對作為社會規則之承認規則的批判 第 二 節 權 利 論 第一項 權利 第一款 權利與目標 第二款 幾種權利的分類 第二項 法律權利 第一款 規範與價值 第二款 作為權利執行者的司法部門 第三款 政治理論 第三項 權利與道德 第三節 對裁量論的批判 第一項 德沃京對司法裁量論的批判 第一款 弱意義與強意義的裁量 第二款 法實證主義者的裁量論 第二項 對司法裁量論之批判的理論意涵 第三部 德沃京後期對法實證主義分離命題之批判 第 五 章 新的起點：新的法概念 第一節 新的概念架構 第一項 關於法律的理論爭議 第二項 法律命題與法律根據 第三項 新的法概念 第二節 疑難案件的實例 第三節 單純事實觀點 第四節 語意學的刺 第一項 法的語義學理論 第二項 法實證主義 第三項 語義學的刺 第五節 小結：新的起點 第 六 章 詮釋性的法概念 第一節 社會科學方法論上的批判 第一項 法理論的自我理解 第二項 作為受制於規則之活動的法律言說 第一款 語言遊戲與說話行動 第二款 哈特的困境 第三項 一般性與描述性法理論之困難 第一款 一般性 第二款 描述性 第四項 詮釋性的法理論 第二節 建構詮釋論 第一項 建構性詮釋 第一款 一個虛構的例子 第二款 對話性詮釋、科學性詮釋與創造性詮釋 第三款 建構性詮釋 第二項 對社會實踐的建構性詮釋 第一款 詮釋的三個階段 第二款 概念、構念與典範 第三節 詮釋性的法概念 第 七 章 整全的法律 第一節 成規主義與法實用主義 第一項 成規主義 第二項 法實用主義 第二節 整 全 性 第一項 整全性符合嗎？ 第二項 整全性有吸引力嗎？ 第一款 真正的社群 第二款 政治社群 第三節 整全的法律 第一項 連環小說 第二項 海克力斯法官 第三項 法律與道德 第四節 懷疑論的挑戰 第八章 結 論 參 考 文 獻 / Abstract This master dissertation elaborates the leading anti-positivist Ronald Dworkin’s standing on critique of the separation thesis, the positivist doctrine that law and morality are separate, or ‘what law is’ is different from ‘what law ought to be’. The author firstly argues that although the dispute over the separation thesis in the old context, which mainly concerns with the relationship between legal validity and morality, no longer stands in the central spotlight, the recent heating concern with the role morality plays in legal reasoning is actually a continuance of the old-time concern. The overarching rationale behind these developments is a battle about where and how to base the objectivity of law in the modern world. Therefore, despite that Dworkin’s legal theory has focused on the part morality plays in legal reasoing, it could still be elaborated as a critique of separation thesis in a broader sense. This dissertation distinguishes ‘early Dworkin’ and ‘later Dworkin’s’ critique of the separation thesis. ‘Early Dworkin’ means Dworkin’s legal theory in Taking Right Seriously. ‘:Later Dworkin’ means Dworkin’s legal theory in Law’s Empire. While the author thinks the essence of Dworkin’s legal theory remained basically the same throughout his early and later thoughts, it is necessary to introduce his theory in two parts because the concepts he used were greatly changed and improved, and the arguments shifted. Dworkin’s early critique of separation thesis is organized around the concept of ‘principle’. The author argues that the most important argument Dworkin should be making is not that principles exist, but that principles are ‘law’ and that principles cannot be identified by the rule of recognition. And these two arguments are not to be cleared up only until Dworkin’s later argument using the concept of ‘interpretation’. The author also criticizes Hart’s claim that the nature of legal theory could fruitfully remain general and descriptive. By surveying the development of the methodology of social science, the author argues that Hart’s standing on the nature of legal theory reveals his ultimate philosophical foundation of empiricism and positivism. The author therefore argues that a fruitful gain a legal theory is to get, it has to be particular and ‘interpretive’, as Dworkin has claimed.

This Sierra Leone Conflict arose from the society’s failure to institutionalize the requisite post-conventional organizing principle for collective will formation and for conflict resolution. In this post-traditional society - one artificially constructed from diverse political and cultural groups, without a shared ethos – only mutual (communicative) understanding can resolve differences and ensure solidarity. A lack of mutual understanding overburdens the adaptive capacity of the society, creating crises tendencies. Repression only intensified these tendencies, ensuring their eventual catastrophic explosion, 11 years civil conflict. State hindrances to social (communicative) interaction rendered the society incapable of realizing the requisite post conventional moral learning i.e. the social intelligence or problem-solving equipment required to resolve conflict, decolonize itself, neutralize normative power, shed dogmatic consciousness, change oppressive conventions, and influential customs. Thus, the study promotes civic virtues of post conventional morality (justice, truthfulness, moral rightness) as the key for liberating the society from its crisis-inducing colonial organizing principle. As the basis of sociology, the discipline the remains focused on society-wide problems, the theory of social evolution is adopted here to reconstruct the crisis in Sierra Leone’s constitutional democratic development. The study uses the rational reconstructive method to explicate problematic validity claims of norms, policy decisions, or the social order. The social order was rendered crisis-ridden because the reasons - the axis around which mutual understanding revolve - adduced for it cannot admit of consensus. The emerging social disintegration exemplifies use of deficient logic in social interaction, one below the requisite categorical moral cognitive consciousness. For this research, colonization is not necessarily externally induced, but forms of understanding in the political, legal, social, and educational interactions. The key point of the study is this: today Sierra Leone achieves solidarity, and decolonize from its conventional organizing principle, only if the state, economy, and civil society can find their limit in the socio-cultural domain.

This Sierra Leone Conflict arose from the society’s failure to institutionalize the requisite post-conventional organizing principle for collective will formation and for conflict resolution. In this post-traditional society - one artificially constructed from diverse political and cultural groups, without a shared ethos – only mutual (communicative) understanding can resolve differences and ensure solidarity. A lack of mutual understanding overburdens the adaptive capacity of the society, creating crises tendencies. Repression only intensified these tendencies, ensuring their eventual catastrophic explosion, 11 years civil conflict. State hindrances to social (communicative) interaction rendered the society incapable of realizing the requisite post conventional moral learning i.e. the social intelligence or problem-solving equipment required to resolve conflict, decolonize itself, neutralize normative power, shed dogmatic consciousness, change oppressive conventions, and influential customs. Thus, the study promotes civic virtues of post conventional morality (justice, truthfulness, moral rightness) as the key for liberating the society from its crisis-inducing colonial organizing principle. As the basis of sociology, the discipline the remains focused on society-wide problems, the theory of social evolution is adopted here to reconstruct the crisis in Sierra Leone’s constitutional democratic development. The study uses the rational reconstructive method to explicate problematic validity claims of norms, policy decisions, or the social order. The social order was rendered crisis-ridden because the reasons - the axis around which mutual understanding revolve - adduced for it cannot admit of consensus. The emerging social disintegration exemplifies use of deficient logic in social interaction, one below the requisite categorical moral cognitive consciousness. For this research, colonization is not necessarily externally induced, but forms of understanding in the political, legal, social, and educational interactions. The key point of the study is this: today Sierra Leone achieves solidarity, and decolonize from its conventional organizing principle, only if the state, economy, and civil society can find their limit in the socio-cultural domain.

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Souvent prônée au regard de l’abondant discours politique et juridique dont elle fait l’objet, mais en même temps fréquemment et subtilement « torpillée », « combattue », la transparence des élections est l’une de ces notions-méridien des temps modernes.La présente thèse lève ainsi le voile sur ce que, quelle qu’en soit la forme, cette notion est tout logiquement reprise − et tant bien que mal consolidée ou en voie de consolidation − dans l’ordre juridique interne des différents États, notamment africains et tente de faire prendre conscience que, à l’analyse, une telle consécration, ou le cas échéant une telle consolidation, apparait bien plus embarrassée. En sus de cela, d’un point de vue de théorie et de pratique juridiques, naissent des incertitudes, au double regard de sa nature et de sa portée juridiques, instaurant ainsi un climat d’insécurité juridique dont il devient donc impérieux de sortir. Sans doute est-ce parce que, assez récente dans un domaine lui-même en quête d’autonomie : le droit électoral, cette notion se révèle très redoutable à cerner. Cette modeste contribution tente-t-elle justement de répondre à l’ensemble de ces préoccupations. Dans cette perspective, le travail pionnier de la Cour constitutionnelle du Bénin qui a érigé la transparence électorale en un principe à valeur constitutionnelle mérite d’être poursuivi. Elle est donc davantage un « construit » qu’un « donné ». En tout état de cause, un tel approfondissement assurerait une cohérence au droit public et renforcerait la sécurité juridique. Cette exigence est donc un terreau fertile à l’éclosion et au triomphe de la démocratie libérale. À y voir de près, elle est à même de réaliser la révolution juridique chère à Montesquieu et que n’a pu, malheureusement, pérenniser le principe de séparation des pouvoirs : la modération du pouvoir politique dans l’État. / Often advocated in view of the abundant political and legal discourse of which it is the object, but at the same time and often subtly "torpedoed", “fought”, transparent elections are one of these meridian notions of modern times.Whatever form it may take, this Thesis is lifting the veil on this notion which is logically repeated, and somehow not well consolidated or being consolidated - in the internal legal order of the various States, particularly African States and which tries to make people aware that, in the analysis, such a consecration, or if any such consolidation, appears more embarrassed. In addition to this, a point of view of legal theory and practice, uncertainties arise, the double view of its nature and scope of legal, thus creating a climate of legal insecurity that it becomes imperative to quit Without any doubt, this recently field is seeking itself autonomy, and this concept , electoral law proves to be very formidable to understand. This modest contribution, consequently tries to answer all these concerns. In this perspective, the pioneering work of the Constitutional Court of Benin which erected electoral transparency principle to a value worth pursuing. Therefore, it is more of “a constructed” than a "given”. In any event, such a deepening should ensure coherence to public law and enhance legal certainty. This requirement is a fertile ground for the emergence and triumph of liberal democracy. A close look at it, it is able to perform the legal revolution dear to Montesquieu who could not, unfortunately, perpetuate the principle of separation of powers: the moderation of political power in the state.