While varies of supply chains are working on moving products towardsthe end consumers, there is also an increasing amount of productsbeing sent back. This has meant an increasing importance of the returnmanagement process. As many businesses have realized that the returnprocess has little connection with their core value, the idea ofoutsourcing return management crossed the mind of many companies.Third-party logistics (3PL) provider have also sensed the opportunityand begun to explore the possibility of providing such services forcompanies in need.

逆物流回收的複雜度遠比正向物流高，企業為專注核心價值多半將逆物流活動委外專業物流服務供應商。對第三方逆物流業者而言，選擇適當的回收處理中心位址為其重要核心能力之一，而現今研究對於選址模式中之回收不確定性，大多以歷史資料作為參數，無根據區域特性不同而有所分別。故本研究希望探討在零售商提供資訊的情境下，結合消費者問卷建構廢棄產品的使用年限機率、並以二元迴歸邏輯分析建構回收機率以此預測區域回收數量，透過資訊分享以建立更好的回收處理中心選址設置模式，使第三方逆物流業者可按照此模式選擇最適當的回收點位置與回收處理量安排用以求得利潤最大化。 / Since reverse logistics is much more complex than forward logistics, third-party logistics providers are often the prior choice for firms to obtain their core value when a reverse logistic activity is needed. For third-party logistics providers, the location is one of their crucial core values; while most of them can only rely on historical data to assume the best location, due to the uncertainty of recycling in present studies.Therefore, this paper tries to construct the probability of products’ used-years by combining the retailers’ information with consumer-oriented questionnaires. Binary logistic regression is the methodology used to analyze and predict recycling probability. By information-sharing the third-party logistics providers will be able to construct a better selecting model for the best facility location, which will reach the most suitable recycling quantity to maximize their profits.

自2008年Youtube熱潮席捲全球之後，以影音分享為主的媒介消費行為逐漸成為常態，在這股集體協作並開放分享的浪潮下，新聞組織亦不免於其外，開始盛行以取材於眾(crowdsourcing)的新聞產製模式增加新聞素材來源的多樣性。電視新聞工作者取用網友拍攝後上傳的第三方影音內容（third party video,TPV）作為新聞素材的一部分，使得眾多使用者生產內容(User-generated content/ produsage)漸成為電視新聞畫面的一大主軸。 本研究欲瞭解電視新聞工作者取用TPV的過程，因此採內容分析法觀察TPV做成的新聞內容，並深度訪談及實際參與觀察以瞭解電視新聞工作者取用TPV的動機、處理素材的方式與新聞查證的過程。研究結果分成兩部分，首先，在取用情況上發現電視台確實大量使用TPV，但超過半數以上的素材難以辨識來源。題材選定偏好具爭議性的內容，而處理素材的方式則以剪接為主。其次，由於TPV的特性使然，電視新聞工作者在查證時容易面臨原始資料不明、消息來源不確定與情境脈絡斷裂等挑戰，而他們通常採取單一查證方式、尋找單一採訪對象，且最常比對網路資料。此外，在需查證的新聞中，僅半數的記者會到現場勘查與採訪。而在取得報導素材後，為規避查證責任，電視新聞工作者經常以白描畫面、翻攝網友留言與重新議題設定等方式作新聞，藉此模糊具爭議性的部份。 本研究因此針對TPV的查證提供若干建議：（1）從第三方的角度客觀觀察，避免淪為有心人士操弄的工具；（2）設法從發文者的字面敘述中或直接從影像中找到可辨識的地點、物件與人物，據此找到當事者；（3）盡力找到消息來源，若無法與消息來源取得聯繫，則應轉而尋找當事者、公正第三方如警察、或是向媒體同業詢問；（4）到事發現場勘查；（5）題材為各種網路傳言時，可請專家以實驗的方式證實。本研究並整理出幾項適用於各種情境的查證原則：質疑優先、詰問必備、資料比對、邏輯至上與經驗輔助。 / Crowdsourcing is an important trend and affects major parts of our lives. More notably, bulk of our news consumption consists of crowdsourced content; these content are what we call third party video or TPV for short. In recent years, we see an increased use of TPV in the Taiwanese media landscape, especially in news reporting and creation. Using crowdsourced content in news presents two major problems: 1. Over half of the TV news today uses crowdsourced TPV. These content often contain controversial materials. These controversial materials are often selected in bid to manipulate its audience. . 2. Due to the nature of crowdsourced TPV, news reporters have difficulties identifying the source of these content. Since more than half of the news reporting today uses TPV, this makes news highly suspicious. Although this research finds that reporters do attempt to verify its sources, these attempts are far from vigorous: new reporters often adopt one of the following ways in order to verify their news sources: cross validating their data using the Internet, remake opinions based on netizens/cyber-citizens or changing the agenda of the news content. In the worst case, news reporters avoid or skip validation of their news sources altogether. This research provides the following suggestions in solving the above mentioned problems: (1) prevention of content manipulation by malicious parties so that consumer of news content are not manipulated or swayed. This ensures that the news presented is unbiased, objective and fair. (2) Verifying TPV can include attempts to find any recognizable location, object, or figure from TPV as tips to trace origin. (3) News reporters can try their best to get in touch with the news sources. If this cannot be done, try to get in touch with unbiased third parties, such as the police force or people same as your profession.(4) News reporters can also attempt to perform on-site investigation may be contributed to find the truth. (5) If the issue is about rumors on the internet, news reporters may consult experts on the subject matter for clarification. Finally, this study summarized essential factors for verification applied in a various situations: Doubting, Cross-examination, Cross validation, logic, and experience.

L’intervention est l’acte par lequel un Etat tiers intervient dans une instance pendante pour protéger ses droits. Elle est prévue aux articles 62 et 63 du Statut. La première disposition reconnaît le droit d’intervention à tout Etat tiers justifiant d’un intérêt juridique en cause. En revanche, la seconde accorde aux seuls Etats tiers également partie à une convention dont l’interprétation est en cause la possibilité d’intervenir. La question principale soulevée par l’intervention est de savoir si cette procédure est conforme au principe du consensualisme qui gouverne le Statut de la Cour. Concernant que l’article 62 du Statut, cette question s’explique par la controverse au sein de la doctrine au sujet du statut de l’Etat intervenant. En effet, certains auteurs soutiennent que l’Etat intervenant est partie à l’instance. Dans ce cas, ils considèrent que l’article 62 ne respecte pas le principe du consensualisme. Afin de concilier l’intervention avec ce principe, ils pensent que la Cour ne peut admettre l’intervention sans le consentement des parties. D’autres avancent, au contraire, que l’intervention est conforme au principe du consensualisme parce que l’Etat intervenant n’est pas partie à l’instance. D’autres soutiennent encore que l’article 62 du Statut admet les deux formes d’intervention développées par les précédents auteurs. L’objet de l’étude est de démontrer que l’article 62 du Statut donne lieu à une interprétation large, en ce sens qu’il autorise non seulement une intervention en tant que non partie, mais aussi une intervention en tant que partie et que le principe du consensualisme est respecté dans les deux cas. En effet, cette étude établit que tant les conditions que les effets de l’intervention sont conformes à ce principe. / Intervention is the procedure by which a third State intervenes in a pending proceeding to protect its rights. It is laid down in Articles 62 and 63 of the ICJ Statute. The first provision recognizes to every State justifying a legal interest in the case in question the right to intervene. In contrast, the second gives the third States also party to a Multilateral Convention whose interpretation is in question the right to intervene. The main issue raised by the intervention is whether this procedure is consistent with the principle of consent that governs the Statute of the Court. Concerning Article 62, this issue is due to the controversy within the doctrine on the status of the intervening State. Indeed, some authors argue that the intervening State is a party to the proceeding. In this case, they consider that Article 62 does not respect the principle of consent. To reconcile this principle with the intervention, they think that the Court can not accept the intervention without the consent of the parties. Others argue, however, that the intervention is consistent with the principle of consent because the intervening State do not become a party to the proceeding. Others still argue that Article 62 recognizes two forms of intervention as developed by the previous authors. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that Article 62 gives rise to a broad interpretation, as it allows not only intervention as a non-party, but also as a party and that the principle of consent is respected in both cases. Indeed, this study shows that both the conditions and the effects of the intervention are consistent with this principle.

CAVAIGNAC, Mônica Duarte. Relações de trabalho e relações no trabalho na lógica capitalista contemporânea: um olhar sobre atendentes do call center de uma empresa de telecomunicações. 2010. 327f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2010. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-21T12:44:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-TESE-MDCAVAIGNAC.pdf: 2574823 bytes, checksum: 71ba7345338010aeb7c1a75a766fe809 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-21T13:34:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-TESE-MDCAVAIGNAC.pdf: 2574823 bytes, checksum: 71ba7345338010aeb7c1a75a766fe809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-21T13:34:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-TESE-MDCAVAIGNAC.pdf: 2574823 bytes, checksum: 71ba7345338010aeb7c1a75a766fe809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This work is based on a critical approach to the reality experienced by attendants from a call center maintained by a telecommunications company whose change into a private business, when one is to consider the context of world domination by capital and the neoliberal reshaping of the State, brought unemployment, increase of third party job contracting, worsening of working conditions and weakening of labor union organizations. On their third party role, the so-called telemarketing operators exhibit work conditions on an unstable balance marked by subcontracts, high turnover, low wages, discrimination in relation to “first-party” workers and neglect of health issues. Work conditions adopted by promoting agents are shaped in such a fashion as to combine modern technology for controlling productivity and old practices of vigilance based on demanding results, levying psychological pressure, moral harassment and constant threat of dismissal. One is dealing with a category of “infoproletariat” formed mainly by female youngsters that have concluded high school and are in search of their first job attracted by the fact that they can work and have other activities considering flexibility of work journey that offers free weekends and holidays. Workers in this category have a short date validation, for in a very short span of time start showing signs of physical and psychological problems due to the intense pace of working. The call center becomes by force of this feature a temporary stay for operators until they find another job opportunity or are dismissed by the their employer which make it difficult the development of a collective identity which as a result reflects on the weakening of the organizational capacity of labor unions. Labor unions in face of third party practice and resulting disruption of the working class adopt a growing defensive and corporative position renouncing strong speech and practices to opposing the logic of capital. There are, however, resistance instances such as the strike staged by telemarketing operators in 2007 in which the category displayed its disputing power and, supported by social movements, tried to show to the society how the telecommunications services work following their merchandising process: by means of adopting an strengthened exploitation feature of work, and degrading living conditions of the “flexible” workers. Flexibility being, in fact, the process of a freer capital and more vulnerable workers who are put at risk and see their perspectives shrinking in the “new (and precarious) world of work”. / O presente trabalho consiste num olhar crítico sobre a realidade dos atendentes do call center de uma empresa de telecomunicações cuja privatização, no contexto da mundialização do capital e do ajuste neoliberal do Estado, trouxe consigo desemprego, aprofundamento das terceirizações, precarização das condições de trabalho e fragilização da organização sindical. Na condição de terceirizados, os chamados operadores de telemarketing mantêm instáveis relações de trabalho, marcadas pela subcontratação, alta rotatividade, baixos salários, discriminação em relação aos trabalhadores “primeirizados” e desrespeito à questão da saúde. Suas relações no trabalho se estabelecem sob um tipo de gestão que combina modernas tecnologias de controle da produtividade com antigas formas de vigilância do trabalho, baseadas na cobrança por resultados, pressão psicológica, assédio moral e constante ameaça de demissão. Trata-se de uma categoria de “infoproletários” formada, predominantemente, por jovens do sexo feminino, com ensino médio concluído e que buscam seu primeiro emprego, atraídos, muitas vezes, pela oportunidade de conciliar o trabalho com outras atividades, tendo em vista a jornada flexível, prolongada aos fins de semana e feriados. São mercadorias com curto prazo de validade, pois, com pouco tempo de uso, começam a desenvolver problemas físicos e psicológicos, devido ao ritmo intenso e estressante de trabalho. O call center torna-se, assim, um lugar de passagem na vida dos operadores, que por ali transitam provisoriamente, até conseguirem outra oportunidade no mercado ou serem descartados pela empresa, dificultando a formação da identidade coletiva e debilitando a capacidade organizativa dos sindicatos. Estes últimos, diante da terceirização e da conseqüente fragmentação da classe trabalhadora, assumem uma posição cada vez mais defensiva e corporativista, recuando no discurso e nas práticas de oposição à lógica do capital. Há, todavia, momentos de resistência, como a greve dos operadores de telemarketing de 2007, em que a categoria manifestou seu potencial contestatório e, apoiada por movimentos sociais, tentou mostrar à sociedade como funcionam os serviços de telecomunicações após a sua mercantilização: à base da exploração intensificada do trabalho e da degradação das condições de vida dos trabalhadores “flexíveis”. Flexibilização significa, de fato, tornar o capital mais livre e os trabalhadores mais vulneráveis, expondo-os a riscos e reduzindo suas perspectivas no “novo (e precário) mundo do trabalho”.

Le tiers étant communément défini comme la personne qui est étrangère à un groupe ou à une situation, l’on pourrait croire que le droit n’a aucune raison de s’y intéresser et qu’il ne lui consacre, dès lors, aucune place. L’étude relative au tiers en droit de la responsabilité administrative révèle pourtant le contraire. Cette thèse a ainsi pour objet de démontrer que, bien qu’il soit particulièrement difficile de l’identifier et, par là même, d’en donner une définition, le tiers y occupe une véritable place et y joue un rôle indéniable : celui-ci est susceptible d’exercer une influence sur la responsabilité encourue, devant le juge administratif, par l’administration (ou par toute personne qui est y assimilée). Une distinction doit, toutefois, être opérée selon la situation du tiers par rapport au dommage. Il existe en effet une pluralité de tiers qu’il convient de répartir en deux catégories : tiers victimes et tiers auteurs ou coauteurs. Des conséquences juridiques spécifiques s’attachent bien à l’identification du tiers victime. La reconnaissance d’une telle qualité étant notamment susceptible de conduire à l’application d’un régime juridique présentant des particularités par rapport à celui qui est habituellement appliqué aux autres catégories de victimes, se pose même la question de l’existence d’un droit de la responsabilité administrative du fait des dommages causés aux tiers. Le caractère relatif de la spécificité de cette matière, conjugué à l’absence d’unité de celle-ci, conduisent cependant à y apporter une réponse négative.Quant au tiers auteur ou coauteur, il peut également influer sur la responsabilité de l’administration. Le juge administratif est effectivement susceptible de prendre en considération l’intervention d’une tierce personne dans la production du dommage en cause et, par conséquent, de faire varier la part de responsabilité de la personne poursuivie. Il peut le faire de manière immédiate, c’est-à-dire dans les rapports entre celle-ci et la victime, lorsqu’il met notamment en œuvre la théorie du fait du tiers. Il peut encore le faire de manière différée, à savoir dans le cadre des rapports entre les coauteurs et/ou les coresponsables du dommage, lorsqu’il s’agit de répartir entre eux la charge finale de la dette de réparation. Dans un souci de protection de la victime et à l’instar du principe appliqué en droit civil, la prise en compte différée du rôle du tiers dans la réalisation du dommage doit cependant être préférée à sa prise en compte immédiate. / The third party is commonly defined as the person who is foreign to a group or a situation; therefore we might think that the law has no reason to be focused on it and that it then devotes no space to him. The study on the third party in law of administrative responsibility yet reveals the opposite. This thesis aims to demonstrate that, while it is particularly difficult to identify it and, thereby, to define it, the third party is real and play an undeniable role: it is likely to exert influence on incurred liability, before the administrative law judge, by the administration (or by any person who is y equated). However, a distinction must be made according to the situation of the third party in relation to the damage. There is indeed a plurality of third parties. They are nevertheless likely to be divided into two categories: third parties victims and third parties authors or co-authors. Specific legal consequences are actually attached to the identification of the third party victim. Recognition of such quality is particularly likely to lead to the application of a legal regime with features compared to the one which is usually applied to the other categories of victims. Therefore, the question of the existence of a law of administrative responsibility for the damages caused to third parties arises. The relative nature of this topic’s specificity, combined with the lack of unity; however lead to a negative answer.The third party author or co-author, may also affect the responsibility of the administration. The administrative judge is actually likely to take into account the intervention of a third party in the production of the damage and, consequently, to vary the share of responsibility of the person prosecuted. This can be done immediately, i.e. as part of the relationship between it and the victim, in particular when the administrative judge implements the third’s act theory. This can also be done later, i.e. as part of the relationship between the co-authors and/or the co-responsible for the damage, when it comes to apportion among themselves the final burden of debt relief. However, in the interest of the victim’s protection and as applied in civil law, to take account of the role of the third party in the realization of the damage in a deferred way must be preferred to its immediate consideration.

This thesis studies the open dataplatform Trafiklab, which provides openaccess to data regarding public transportin Sweden. The study is from the perspective ofthird-party developersand deals with the question of how theyvalue creating mechanisms towards themcan be improved. It is based on twodifferent surveys and severalinterviews conducted with third-partydevelopers using Trafiklab. The resultsshow that Trafiklab needs to improvetheir documentation, communication,initial use, and change theirperspective and role towards thedevelopers using Trafiklab. To improveopen data, in general, a greater focus ontransparency rather then transparency issuggested. / Detta examensarbete syftar till att skapa förbättringsförslag till en specifik typ avmjukvara utifrån använderupplevelse. Detta område är inom den öppna data branschen,öppna data innebär att man öppnar upp data så att vem som helst ta del och använda sigav den. Inom kollektivtrafikbranschen distribueras öppen data via en plattform somheter Trafiklab, som ägs gemensamt av branschens parter via en organisation mednamnet Samtrafiken. Det är inom detta område som denna uppsats försöker besvarafrågan hur Trafiklab kan bli mer värdefullt för tredjepartsutvecklare utifrån enmultidisciplinär ansats. Detta kommer att genomföras genom att både försöka ta reda påvad för värde Trafiklab idag har och hur deras nätverk gör värdeskapande möjligt.Detta projekt bestod av tre delprojekt som alla byggde på varandra. Först genomfördeen förstudie att skapa en grund för vidare undersökning presenteras teori kring öppendata och plattform. En plattform är något som skapar en grund som andra aktörer kanbygga på, ett exempel på detta är Apples iPhone där andra aktörer kan byggakomplementerande applikationer. När man har plattformer som tillhandahåller öppendata är det viktig med en balans mellan kontroll och tillgänglighet, något somsammanfattas i teorin kring ”plattform gränsresurser”. Det andra delprojektet varutformades och genomfördes av en enkät, baserat delvis på en redan genomförd enkät.Detta leda till det tredje delprokelt till mer djupgående intervjuer med enkät deltagarnaför att få en mer detaljerad bild av situationen.Resultatet från studien som helhet presenteras i form av en genomgång av Samtrafikenoch Trafiklab följt av en presentation av tredjepartsutvecklares åsikter om Trafiklab.Utvecklarnas kommentarer var i grunden positiva men det fanns områden därförbättringar skulle kunna genomföras. Detta var inom områden som dokumentation,kommunikation, förenkling att börja utveckla och Trafiklabs syn påtredjepartsutvecklare och deras relation. Detta resultat sammanfattas och diskuterassedan med hjälp av de teoretiska begreppen. Där presenteras en kartläggning avTrafiklabs plattforms ekosystem. Detta följs av en mer grundläggande teoretiskdiskussion som avslutas med att ”plattform gränsresurs modellen” appliceras ochförbättringsförslag ges.Uppsatsen avslutas med att föreslå att begreppet öppen data inte enbart betonartillgänglighet men också transparens. Detta gäller både för Trafiklab och för öppen datai Sverige generellt. Några ytterligare förslag till Trafiklab och på fortsatt intressantforsking inom området ges också som avslutning.

Recourir à l’assistance financière d’un tiers pour faire valoir un droit est connu depuis belle lurette. Avant son approbation progressive, ce financement a d’abord été décrié, car il était assimilé à une aide intéressée. En arbitrage commercial international, le financement des procédures par un tiers est actuellement courant. Par son entremise, une partie en litige peut ester en justice en n’étant plus dans l’obligation d’acquitter directement les frais d’arbitrage. Cette dernière a l’option de faire appel à un tiers financeur. Toutefois, ni le droit domestique ni le droit international ne peuvent offrir une règlementation complète de la pratique. Son encadrement est souvent laissé sous la responsabilité contractuelle des parties. Chaque juridiction possède sa propre approche et perception du financement par un tiers. Un régime international de la lex mercatoria apparait à ce niveau et normalise progressivement le financement.   En effet, la lex mercatoria possède les caractéristiques d’un régime international selon la théorie des régimes. Autrement dit, la lex mercatoria forme un régime international dans lequel un ensemble de régularisation (principes, normes, règles et procédures de prise de décision, implicites ou explicites) est institutionnalisé par les acteurs impliqués dans l’arbitrage commercial international pour répondre à un besoin qui est l’encadrement du financement par un tiers. Ainsi, l’émergence de cette lex mercatoria dans le financement est incontournable. Elle s’explique parfaitement par l’influence de la mondialisation sur l’arbitrage commercial international qui vient compléter le droit national lacunaire par une coopération axée sur l’uniformisation du soutien financier du bailleur d’arbitrage. / Third party funding is not a new topic. At the beginning, it was felt as a vicious way to provide a funder an abusive interest. This is the reason why it was first condemned and rejected. Although this might be true, the perception has changed. It is now approved and frequently used in international trade. The Funder is, de facto, considered as the help that gives access to arbitration regardless the financial abilities of the opponents in international commercial litigation. Regulating third party funding is concretely under the responsibilities of the funder and the funded parts. Each State has its own intervention style even though common ground can be noticed. The real difficulty is that in arbitration, thirdparty funding cannot be regulated exclusively by national nor international conventional rules. At this point, lex mercatoria appears to be an alternative manner to establish a homogeneous model. As an international regime, lex mercatoria is the most relevant regulation that leads to this practical normalization. According to regime theory, lex mercatoria and international regime reveal exactly the same structure. As far as lex mercatoria is concerned, it shapes an international regime composed by a set of implicit or explicit regulations (principles, norms, rules and decisionmaking procedures). Around those regulations, all international actors involved in international commercial arbitration contribute to the development of a general and nonstate guideline that frames the practice of third-party funding. All things considered, the rise of lex mercatoria is obvious in the field of third-party funding. Globalization process is well able to explain this appearance of an international regime of lex mercatoria since multilateral cooperation emerges to standardize third-party funding in international commercial arbitration.

進入二十一世紀的第二個十年以來，科技進步推動中國大陸互聯網經濟快速發展，也使得「互聯網+保險」這一商業模式逐漸進入人們的生活。然而在實際運行過程中，中國大陸保險法第17條規定之保險人說明義務並未能在互聯網平台得到很好的實施。實務中，無論是保險公司自營平台或第三方平台，其說明義務履行均未達到保險法、司法解釋以及相關行政法規之要求。 說明義務之立法目的在於糾正保險人與要保人之間的信息偏在，但實際履行中成本過高。而互聯網保險，尤其是其中的O2O保險碎片化、快捷化、小額化之特點，使得該制度的缺點進一步被放大。所以立法應當廢止現行說明義務規範，參酌其他國家或地區立法，代之以信息提供義務。 其中台灣雖然規定有信息提供義務類似規範，但義務違反之責任仍有缺陷。相較之下，本文建議參考德國保險法與歐盟相關指令進行立法，除信息提供義務之外，增訂承保範圍不一致警示義務、要保人撤銷權與商品資訊書相關規範。 中國大陸有大量保險於第三方平台上銷售，相較於保險公司自營平台，第三方平台對於說明義務履行狀況更加令人堪憂，然而卻極少有平台因此而對保險消費者承擔責任。本文認為，在消費領域雖然第三方平台註冊身份有保險代理人與保險經紀人之分，但考量實務運行情況，現階段宜將其統一認定為保險人之代理人。第三方平台作為保險代理人在義務履行有過錯時，仍應因其侵犯保險消費者資訊權之行為，向保險消費者承擔侵權責任。 / From 2010s, scientific and technological evolution promotes the rapid development of Internet economy in Mainland China, and makes the "Internet + insurance" business model become reality. However, the representation duty clause from Article 17 of Insurance Law, does not operate well especially on the Internet. In practice, the explanation on neither the insurance company's own platform nor third-party platform could meet the requests of the insurance law, judicial interpretation and the relevant administrative regulations. The purpose of the representation duty is to correct the information asymmetry between the insurer and the insured, but actually the cost is too high. And the features of internet insurance, especially those O2O insurance, such as, fragmentation, small amount and quickness, make the situation even worse. Therefore, the legislation should abolish the existing obligation of representation duty, and imitate the legislation of advanced countries, to replace it with duty of providing pre-contractual information. Among those countries or districts, although Taiwan has similar regulations to those in Germany and European Union, it is a pity that it has shortcomings in terms of responsibility. Thus, China should follow the German Insurance Law and European directives to amend the law, add the duty of warning about inconsistencies in the cover clause, withdraw right clause and information sheet clause, in addition to duty of providing pre-contractual information clause. In Mainland China , there is a large number of insurance products sold on third-party platforms. Compared to insurance companies’ own platforms, the situation on third-party platforms is even more worrying. However it is disappointing that few third-party platforms take their responsibility towards their consumers. As far as I am concerned, although third-party platforms can be registered as insurance agents or insurance brokers, for now they should be identified as insurers’ agents considering the actual situation when the insured is a consumer. When a third-party platform makes a mistake at work as an insurance agent, it can not be exempted from its identity. On the contrary, the third party platform shall bear the tort liability to the consumer for its behavior of violating consumers’ information rights.

The thesis aims to present a case for a rethinking of the paradigmatic frames underpinning food marketing control policy and research. In support of its contention, it reports on the methodological strategies, evidence outcomes and knowledge translation contributions of a series of research projects. The projects were commissioned by national and international policy makers during the period 2009-2015 in support of responsible food marketing policy development. They were conceptualised, developed and interpreted through participatory and iterative research planning processes. The research drew on theories and constructs from multiple disciplines. Public health, marketing and policy science contributed most, but information economics and management theories also informed research design and analysis and interpretation of findings. Its key generalizable findings can be summarised as follows: • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence indicating contemporary food and beverage marketing is an interactive, dynamic phenomenon. • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence demonstrating it significantly impacts sociocultural determinants of food behaviours. • The generation of evidence demonstrating a gap between the strategic aims of responsible marketing policy regimes and the inherent capacity of implemented interventions to constrain marketing’s food environment impacts. • The generation of evidence demonstrating that critical re-appraisal of food marketing policy research assumptions and preconceptions is a strategy supportive of policy innovation. • The generation of evidence that research intended to support real world multi-stakeholder policy development processes requires additional skills to those established and recognised as central to high quality research. These include the ability to engage with dynamic and politicised policy processes and their public communications challenges. • The generation of evidence that can inform future independent benchmark standard for responsible marketing development initiatives. • The generation of evidence that can inform future research on designing and developing policy that is ‘future proof’ and targets marketing’s sociocultural food environment impacts. Its most significant knowledge translation contributions have been: • Support for the WHO Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children (subsequently endorsed at the 2010 World Health Assembly and the 2011 United Nations General Assembly). • Participatory research contributions to the Scottish Government’s responsible marketing standard development initiative (PAS2500). • Supporting the planning and development of the Scottish Government’s Supporting Healthy Choices Policy initiative. • Knowledge exchange with policy makers and stakeholders engaged in a scoping and prioritisation initiative commissioned by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health (An analysis of the regulatory and voluntary landscape concerning the marketing and promotion of food and drink to children). • Supporting responsible marketing policy agendas targeted to the engagement of a broad mix of stakeholders in innovative policy development processes. • Supporting policy makers’ efforts to increase popular support for stronger, more effective responsible marketing policy controls. The thesis therefore aims to present evidence that the programme of research presented here has made useful and original contributions to evidence and knowledge on contemporary food marketing and its impacts on food behaviours and the food environment. It aims to build on this by demonstrating how this evidence informed and supported policy development. Through this the thesis aims to support its case that a rethinking of food marketing policy research assumptions and conceptions can expand and enrich the evidence base as well as real world policy innovation.