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Showing 51 to 60 of 60 (0.257 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"ofthirty years’ rar"" "subject:"ofthirty years’ aar""
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"Diss ist der Mann, der helfen kann"* : Swedish protection-selling in German illustrated broadsheets, 1630-1633. / *English Title: This is the man that can helpBertilsson, Kristoffer January 2023 (has links)
This study examines German illustrated broadsheets that were manufactured and published in the Holy Roman Empire between 1630-1633. They were part of a pro-Swedish media campaign launched soon after the arrival of the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf and the Swedish army in the Holy Roman Empire in June 1630 with the intention to legitimate the Swedish king’s presence in the Holy Roman Empire. Inspired by Jan Glete’s notion about the early fiscal-military states as protection-selling enterprises, this study uses pro-Swedish illustrated broadsheets as a source material in order to examine how they were used to encourage German Protestants to buy Swedish protection. By looking for protection-selling arguments, this study wants to find out how Swedish protection was portrayed in the illustrated broadsheets. This study also makes a distinction between confessional and non-confessional protection-selling arguments, making it possible to distinguish which aspects of the protection-selling arguments that had a more religious character and vice versa. After the analysis of the source material, the protection-selling arguments are organised into various categories of representation, which enables the study to establish how Sweden and Gustav II Adolf were portrayed, and what they were claimed to represent in terms of protection. The study concludes that the illustrated broadsheets portrayed Sweden and Gustav II Adolf as competent seller of protection who had the ability to protect its allies and co-religionists against aggression, religious oppression, plundering, murdering, destruction, the Devil and his collaborators, and consequences of the Edict of Restitution. Gustav II Adolf represents the Swedish state, and the illustrated broadsheets highlight his courage, competence as a political and military leader, and his Protestant devotion. Their enemies are portrayed as dissident aggressors who represented religious oppression, plundering, murdering, destruction, heresy, devil-worshiping, and witchcraft. They were said to possess the negative qualities of hypocrisy and mortal sin, as well as an incapable military leadership.
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The role of great power war in the rise of Hegemons : a study of Dutch Hegemonic ascent in the modern world-systemSiebrits, Andre 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the claim that Great Power Wars are a necessary condition for successful
hegemonic ascent in the modern world-system, primarily from the standpoint of World-
Systems Analysis. This study advances the conception of hegemony primarily in economic
and state terms, and it was investigated, by way of a historical case study, how the Thirty
Years’ War (1618-1648) impacted the economic domains of agro-industrial production,
commerce, and finance of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and its main rival for
systemic leadership, Hapsburg Spain.
The variables utilised in the study were Great Power War, and the ‘material base’ of the state
involved (both independent), the three abovementioned economic domains (intervening),
and hegemony or defeat (dependent). The case study was primarily descriptive and
explanatory, with the use of process-tracing in its compilation, and a method of within-case
structured, focused comparison was utilised with the aim of tentatively producing
standardised, generalised knowledge concerning the wider link between Great Power War
and hegemony beyond the Dutch case.
The findings of the study, although derived from only one historical case of hegemonic
ascent in the modern world-system, strongly support the argument that Great Power War is
necessary to secure the hegemony of the leading insular core state, which is physically
removed from the fighting during the conflict, since the full mobilisation of its economy is
effected, while the economies of most other core states are impaired, especially the main
continental rival for hegemony. However, the ascending hegemon must also possess the
requisite favourable ‘material base’. Further research on this topic is called for, given the
potential destructiveness of a future Great Power War, and its role in establishing hegemony
in the modern world-system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die bewering dat Groot Moontheid Oorloë ‘n noodsaaklike vereiste
is vir suksesvolle hegemoniese bestyging in die moderne wêreld-sisteem, hoofsaaklik vanaf
die standpunt van Wêreld-Sisteem Analise. Hierdie studie bevorder die konsepsie van
hegemonie hoofsaaklik in ekonomiese en staat terme, en dit het ondersoek, deur middel van
‘n historiese gevallestudie, hoe die Dertig Jaar Oorlog (1618-1648) ingewerk het op die
ekonomiese arenas van agri-industriële produksie, handel, and finansies van die Verenigde
Provinsies van Nederland, en hul mededinger vir sistemiese leierskap, Spanje.
Die veranderlikes wat in die studie ingespan was, was Groot Moontheid Oorlog, en die
‘materiële basis’ van die state in kwessie (onafhanlik), die drie bogenoemde ekonomiese
arenas (albei tussenkomend), en hegemonie of nederlaag (afhanklik). Die gevallestudie was
hoofsaaklik beskrywend en verduidelikend, en proses-nasporing (oftewel ‘process-tracing’) is
in die samestelling daarvan benut, en ‘n metode van gestruktureerde, gefokusde vergelyking
(oftewel ‘structured, focused comparison’) is gebruik binne die gevallestudie met die doel
om tentatiewe gestandardiseerde en veralgemeende kennis te genereer wat bydra tot die
verduideliking van die wyer skakel tussen Groot Moontheid Oorlog en hegemonie buite die
geval van die Verenigde Provinsies.
Die bevindinge van die studie, hoewel gegenereer aan die hand van slegs een historiese geval
van hegemoniese bestyging in the moderne wêreld-sisteem, het sterk steun verleen aan die
argument dat Groot Moontheid Oorloë nodig is om die hegemonie van die vernaamste
insulêre kern staat te bewerkstellig, wat fisies verwyderd van die gevegte is tydends die oorlog,
aangesien die volle mobilisasie van die ekonomie van hierdie staat bewerkstellig word, terwyl
die ekonomieë van die meerderheid van die ander kernstate benadeel word, veral die
vernaamste kontinentale mededinger om hegemonie. Die opkomende hegemoon moet egter
ook oor die vereiste gunstige ‘materiële basis’ beskik. Verdere navorsing in hierdie veld word
benodig, gegewe die waarskynlike vernietiging wat gesaai kan word deur ‘n toekomstige
Groot Moontheid Oorlog, en die rol daarvan in die daarstelling van hegemonie in die
moderne wêreld-sisteem.
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國家主權在全球化時代中的調適賴錦傑, Lai, James Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的目的是要透過觀察威發里亞主權觀念的演進，以詮釋在先今國際體系中各主權國家應要如何行使自己的主權，如何看待他國的主權，才能在追求國家利益時，兼能維持國際體系的運作。威發里亞主權有其內部性和外部性，主權對其境內是一至高無上的權力，對外則不受他國之干預。本研究發現主權的內部性出現於三十年戰爭之後，但是其外部性則是落實在歐洲協調機制的出現，此時各國懂得唯有尊重他國的主權，才能維持國際體系的穩定。
威發里亞主權觀念在全球化的時代中受到了挑戰，各國爭相發展境外經濟，降低對境內經濟活動的管制，以爭取國際市場中快速流動的資本，支持國家的發展和生存。此舉雖不符合威發里亞主權的本質，但是主權國家為其生存，行使主權，做出決定，追求利益，正是威發里亞主權本質的實踐。惟有透過國家的作為，主權才得以表現出來，擁有存在的事實。因此，當一國在面對國家存續，維護國家利益，所做出讓度或分享主權的行動時，並非削弱國家的主權，反而是國家主權的彰顯。
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Foreign heroes and Catholic villains : radical Protestant propaganda of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)Foster, Darren Paul January 2012 (has links)
My dissertation examines radical Protestant propaganda of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). It investigates the radicals’ depiction of foreign allies of the German Protestants as well as the presentation of German Catholic leaders in pamphlets and broadsheets of the war. Through analysis of representative sources portraying Prince Bethlen Gabor of Transylvania and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, it examines the arguments used to gain support for foreign Protestant figureheads among the moderates of the Protestant camp. The dissertation also investigates the presentation of Emperor Ferdinand II and Duke Maximilian of Bavaria in order to determine how propagandists denounced German Catholic rulers as no longer worthy of German Protestant allegiance or tolerance. My conclusion demonstrates how radical propagandists sought to change moderate Protestant attitudes towards German Catholic rulers and foreign allies through a cohesive and sophisticated campaign.
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"I přišli k nám tito soldáti..." Město Slaný za třicetileté války optikou pramenů městské kanceláře. / "And these soldiers have come to us..." The town of Slaný during the Thirty Years War as seen through the papers of its municipal government.Kmochová, Romana January 2015 (has links)
During the Thirty Years War the life of the inhabitants of Central Bohemian Town Slaný was (like the life in other central European towns in this period) mainly influenced by soldiers and various war events. Nevertheless, many changes in their lives were brought by the pawn and subsequent sale of the town to nobleman Jaroslav Bořita z Martinic. This thesis is mainly focused on the municipal administration, especially on war events impacts on the town government and also on the new elements in municipal administration related to the change of its legal status, respectively on encroachment of the new manorial lords on the municipal administration. It also deals with mechanisms used by municipal officials (authorities) to protect the lives and property of town's inhabitant against the rampage soldiery. It is not omitted the interactions occurred between the townspeople and soldiers including self-preserving mechanisms and adaptation strategies that allow them cope with soldiers presence as well.
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Jednání o míru na konci třicetileté války / Peace negotiations at the end of the Thirty Years' WarVokřínek, Lukáš January 2016 (has links)
The author analyses the Westphalian peace negotiations ending the Thirty Years War in order to find out to what extent it had influenced the parallel Swedish military campaigns. In the Czech Republic, it is the return of the broader analysis of this important historical event that leaded to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In recent years had not been given enough attention to these events, although abroad (typically in Germany) the research continues with greater intensity. The structure of the text is following. At first the author pursues the main development features of the Thirty Years War and subsequently recapitulates the way to the Westphalian peace talks since the first proposals for a final settlement of the constantly prolonging conflict after the start of diplomatic activity at the congress in the Westphalian city of Münster and Osnabrück in the (first) half of the 1640s. Then discusses the basic characteristics of the congress, among others also key delegations and their significant (or just interesting) members participating in the negotiations. Thereafter, the text continues to its core section, consisting of two parts. The first of them is about the progress of the peace negotiations on the basis of analysis of each of the main discussing issues in relation to the conflict in the...
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Komunikativní obraz vojenských střetů za českého stavovského povstání / Communicative image of military conflicts of the Czech Estates Uprising 1618-1620ČÍŽEK, Josef January 2017 (has links)
This submitted paper aims to give a communicative image of the conflicts of the Czech Estates Uprising in the south of Bohemia. The focal point of the research has been three clashes of Protestant and Catholic armies. The first was the Battle of Lomnice, which took place on November 11, 1618, between the allied estates troops of Jindřich Matyáš Thurn and Jiří Fridrich Hohenlohe and the catholic military assembly of Karel Bonaventura Buquoy. After the battle that was victorious for the generals of the estates, the military actions moved to the area around České Budějovice, which was besieged by the army of the estates, as the catholic troops withdrew here. Ending the siege of the South Bohemian metropolis caused the third conflict, which has become part of this work. The battle at Záblatí took place on June 10, 1619, by the troops of Petr Arnošt of Mansfeld, the general of the rebellious Czech estates, and the military corps of imperial mercenaries commanded by Karel Bonaventura Buquoy. The aim of the author was to capture the fullest range of information framework, which was completed by reports of these military clashes of the Czech Estates Uprising. As part of research activities, attention was paid first to the works which explored the battle of Záblatí from political and military point of view. This view became a basic framework in which the research was conducted. However, the work should not only to recapitulate the conclusions already drawn, but the aim was to look at the examined issue with a new look. Such a view was based in the research of either new or to-nowoverlooked sources, such as the period news that historical science began to discover in recent years. A relatively large part of the historical community took the argument in saying that under the tide of propaganda and perspice it is not possible to find the truth about individual events of the Czech Estates Uprising. It would certainly be possible to claim that credible authentic information was scarce in the leaflets of the Czech Estates Uprising. These who contracted the prints, however, attempted to influence the readers of contemporary journalism and help them orientate in their intellectual worlds that were in this way uncovering to us. Another possibility for viewing the conflicts of the Czech Estates Uprising was offered through the view of the ordinary villages and towns inhabitants that were coming into contacts or were just observers of the South Bohemian battlefield. Although the preservation of the sources of the early 17th century from the environment of towns and villages was far from abundant, we managed to find some authentic testimonies that evaluated the battles of the Czech Estates Uprising from the very distinctive angles of view. The author interpreted sources of song lyrics reporting to the rural environment and sources of interurban correspondence, through which he tried to uncover at least part of the mental world of ordinary residents of South Bohemia affected by war in the first third of the 17th century and their view on the South Bohemian battlegrounds. Similarly, he also proceeded in the interpretation of the noble correspondence, whether it were warriors or the aristocrats affected by war misfortunes.
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Rendre les armes : le sort des vaincus XVIe-XVIIe siècles / Surrender : the Fate of the Defeated XVIth-XVIIth cent.Vo-Ha, Paul 30 November 2015 (has links)
Le XVIe siècle est souvent perçu comme un temps de massacres motivés par les haines confessionnelles, une litanie de carnages et d’exactions à laquelle succéderait, à partir des années 1650 une culture de la reddition honorable, une guerre réglée et limitée caractérisée par une nette amélioration du sort des vaincus. Une humanisation de la guerre se donnerait à lire au travers d’une codification des procédures de capitulation et de reddition des places. Ce travail, suivant les pistes ouvertes par l’anthropologie historique, questionne cette vision caractéristique d’une déréalisation de la guerre pour montrer que la reddition honorable émerge précocement et ne constitue jamais qu’un idéal toujours soumis aux intérêts des belligérants. Mobile de la clémence, l’intérêt est également celui de la rigueur. Tout au long des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, la reddition reste un risque pour l’honneur et la vie des vaincus. Cette histoire de la reddition entend déconstruire le mythe déréalisant de la «guerre en dentelles» pour rappeler que les guerres du règne de Louis XIV ne sont pas le théâtre d’une limitation de la violence. / The XVIth century is often perceived as an era of religious driven massacres, a litany of carnage and exactions directly followed, from 1650 onward, by reversing habits of honourable capitulation, a closely regulated and restricted warfare characterized by a great improvement in the fate of the defeated. A humanization of the war would show through a codification of the surrending procedures and the transfer of forteresses. This essay investigates this derealizing vision of warfare, based on historical anthropology’s theoretical leads. It shows that honourable capitulation come about earlier on as an ideal led by the interest of belligerent parties. These interests appear as a major motive for both leniency and rigorousness. All along the XVIth and XVIIth cent., capitulation stands as a risk for the honor and life of the losers. This history of capitulation intends to deconstruct the derealizing myth of chivalrous and limited warfare, to recall the fact that wars under the reign of Louis XIV often led to repeated acts of unleashed violence.
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Farní klerus a náboženská proměna v pražské arcidiécezi od tridenstkého koncilu do konce 17. století / Parish clergy and religious change in Prague's diocese from Council of Trient till the end of the 17 th centuryRichard, Nicolas January 2013 (has links)
Parish clergy and religious change in Prague's diocese from Council of Trent till the end of the 17th century The religious change that happens in Bohemia in the 17th century has no equivalent in the Europe at this time: the whole country, where Catholics were in a very minority, comes back to the roman Church. This evolution is here seen from a very prosaic point of view: how lay people live this change, and so how acts the parish clergy in this matter. Conversion's strategy, at the end of the Council of Trent, was to permit the use of the chalice to the laity. The consequence of this permission was a very hazy situation in the parishes, but Holy See did nothing before the battle of White Mountain, and after the battle, he suppressed chalice, mainly for pastoral reasons. During the Thirty years War, the kingdom is the place of a general reform, which has its origins in the catholic missionary movement of the beginning of the century and in the political theories of this time. Bohemia is strongly marked by the war that acts as a catalyst; at the same time political and religious authorities were lacking. The inhabitants, usually just formal Catholics at the beginning, convert themselves more and more deeply during the 17th century. The eldest, who remembered the non-Catholics services, died during the...
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A Pragmatic Standard of Legal ValidityTyler, John 2012 May 1900 (has links)
American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law.
These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism.
In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method.
This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior.
The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent.
The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will.
Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.
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