The Standard Model of particle physics which attempts to describe all matter and all forces in the universe (except gravity),has been in agreement with most of the experiments till date. However theoretically and phenomenologically many questions remain unanswered in the SM. The present and future colliders will help the physicists learn more about the nature of matter and all forces in the universe. In this thesis work we have mainly focused on the physics case of the future linear collider which will be a succession of the presently running Large Hadron Collider in CERN Geneva. As an introduction to the thesis work in Chapter 1 we have discussed in detail about the most planned future collider the International Linear Collider. This collider apart from being a high luminosity machine will have the advantage of beam polarization. Chapter 2 discusses about the basis structure of the Standard Model, along with its many unanswered questions. Some of the theories proposed to take care of these deficiencies are also discussed. These theories apart from explaining the shortcomings of the SM, also predicts many new particles and are thus phenomenologically rich. Exploration of these new physics scenarios can be done many ways. A detailed investigation of the direct production of particles which are not present in the SM spectrum, is one of the techniques provided the particles are within the collider reach. The other is an indirect way, where deviations from SM is studied by a through scrutinization of the SM processes. Provided new physics is observed in either of the way, in the present or future colliders it becomes necessary to pin point them. The main objective of this thesis work has been to look for various scenarios, both in a direct and indirect way and identify them. The different cases of beam polarization is also explored. Overall we find that the full potential of the linear collider can be realized only with the availability of the electron and positron beam polarization, both transverse and longitudinal. We give an overview of the importance of beam polarization and its inclusion in the calculation of e+e- collisions in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4 we have considered the possibility of finger printing the presence of heavy additional Z′bosons that arise naturally in extensions of the Standard Model such as E6 models and left-right symmetric models, through their mixing with the standard model Z boson. They are probed using W pair production and leptonic decay of one of the W’s. The Littlest Higgs Model which addresses the hierarchy problem and where the Z′arises naturally is also considered. By considering a class of observables including total cross sections, energy distributions and angular distributions of decay leptons we find significant deviation from the Standard Model predictions for these quantities with right-handed electrons and left-handed positrons at √s=800 GeV. This process complements the study of fermion pair production processes that have been considered before for discrimination between these models. We have then studied the possibility of identifying a strongly interacting Wboson sector inChapter5 which is consistent with present day Large Hadron Collider searches, at the International Linear Collider with longitudinal as well as transversely polarized electron and positron beams. We account for the final state interaction using a suitable Omnes formalism in terms of a plausible resonance description, and carry out thorough analyses of cross sections, asymmetries and angular distributions of the Ws. In order to have a fully comprehensive study we also carry out a comparison with other extensions of the Standard Model, where an s channel resonance like heavy additional Z′bosons arise naturally. We also consider the effect of the strong final state interaction on a correlation that depends on(φ- - φ+), where the φ∓are the azimuthal angles of decay leptons, and find that it is a useful discriminant. The importance of top polarization in the process e+e−→ tt with transverse beam polarization to probe interactions of the scalar and tensor type beyond the Standard Model and the way to disentangle their individual contributions is discussed in Chapter 6. 90% confidence level limits on the interactions with realistic integrated luminosity are presented and are found to improve by an order of magnitude compared to the case when the spin of the top quark is not measured. Sensitivities of the order of a few times 10−3 TeV−2 for real and imaginary parts of both scalar and tensor couplings at √s=500 and 800 GeV with an integrated luminosity of 500 fb−1 and completely polarized beams is shown to be possible. We next consider the process e+e- → γ Z with transverse beam polarization in the presence of anomalous CP-violating γZZ coupling λ1 and γγZ coupling λ2 in Chapter 7. We point out that similar to the approach in Chapter 6 if the final-state spins are resolved, then it becomes possible to fingerprint the anomalous coupling Reλ1. 90% confidence level limit on Reλ1 achievable with center-of-mass energy of 500 GeV or 800 GeV with realistic initial beam polarization and integrated luminosity is of the order of few times of 10−2 when the helicity of Zis used and 10−3 when the helicity of γis used. The resulting corrections at quadratic order to the cross section and its influence on these limits are also evaluated and are shown to be small. In Chapter 8 the production of the lightest neutralinos in the radiative process e+e−→ χ˜10χ˜10γ in supersymmetric models with grand unification is considered. We consider models wherein the standard model gauge group SU(3)c x SU(2)L x U(1)Y is unified in to the grand unified gauge groups SU(5),or SO(10). We compare and contrast the dependence of the signal cross section on the grand unified gauge group, and different representations of the grand unified gauge group, into which the standard model gauge group is unified. We carry out a comprehensive study of the radiative production process which includes higher order QED corrections in our calculations. In addition we carry out a detailed study of the background to the signal process coming from the Standard Model radiative neutrino production e+e−→ νv*γ, as well as from the radiative production of the scalar partners of the neutrinos (sneutrinos) e+e ν˜ν˜γ. The latter can be a major supersymmetric background to the radiative production of neutralinos when the sneutrinos decay invisibly. Finally in Chapter 9, we conclude and present the summary of the thesis.

The aim of this study is to explore the ways in which verksamhetsidé is seen within the Swedish educational context. In Sweden, the concept verksamhetsidé is used for an idea or a set of ideas related to the practice of an organization, for instance a school or a school district. Although the importance of such shared ideas is often pointed out by practitioners as well as researchers within the field of school development, there is little consensus about their meaning. When it comes to questions about the actual function and character of such an idea, or set of ideas, little guidance is found in the literature. This thesis seeks to contribute to such knowledge. In order to describe variations in the ways such ideas are seen as well as in the ways working with such ideas are seen, a phenomenographic study was carried out. The empirical data consist of deep interviews with 14 school directors of education in one larger city in Sweden; each responsible for several schools and preschools in one district. As directors they were all involved in the process of developing a verksamhetsidé, to guide all educational activities in the area. Results suggest that verksamhetsidé can be seen as a trademark, as putty, as a compass, as a map, or as a shared perspective. Each of these conceptions is used as a label for a category of description, and together they constitute one of the study’s outcome spaces. When it comes to working with such ideas, another variation is found. This variation is described through the concepts of top-down implementation and bottom-up sensemaking. Moreover, the data suggest no correlation between a certain way of seeing a verksamhetsidé and a certain way of seeing how to work with it. / Människors sätt att se varierar. Samtidigt verkar det vara av betydelse att medarbetare i skolan och förskolan utvecklar gemensamma sätt att se åtminstone vissa aspekter av verksamheten. Att bygga upp och fördjupa förståelsen av en gemensam idé framställs i skolutvecklingsforskningen som en viktig aspekt av skolans och förskolans ledarskap. I den här avhandlingen beskrivs variationen i sättet att se verksamhetsidéer, och arbetet med sådana, som den framträder i en grupp skolchefer med övergripande ansvar för pedagogisk verksamhet. Variationen diskuteras sedan i relation till olika sätt att se skolutveckling och ledarskap, samtidigt som avsaknaden av koppling mellan specifika sätt att se verksamhetsidéer och specifika sätt att se arbete med sådana problematiseras. I den avslutande diskussionen framhålls särskilt betydelsen av att de som befinner sig i skolans eller förskolans praktik utvecklar kunskap om variationen och använder sig av den för att bygga upp ny kunskap med relevans för verksamheten och arbetet i den. Till grund för de resultat som presenteras ligger en intervjuundersökning genomförd i en större svensk stad, i vilken det vid tiden för studiens genomförande pågick ett arbete med att bygga upp en, för all pedagogisk verksamhet i staden, gemensam verksamhetsidé. / <p>The original ISBN number of this work ( 978-91-7063-520-5 ) has been replaced by a new one: 978-91-7063-571-7.</p>

本研究的主要目的是在檢測財務主管相對於審計委員會的影響力，是否會影響到會計師的選擇。本研究以2007至2016間的中國上市公司為樣本，實證結果顯示:（1）財務主管相對於審計委員會的影響力愈大時，公司愈傾向於選擇非十大會計師事務所；（2）財務主管相對影響力於會計師選擇的影響，在國有企業是比較小的，而在私有企業是比較大的。 / The objective of this thesis is to examine whether the relative power of CFOs and audit committees has an effect on its firms’ choice of audit firms. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during 2007~2016, I find that: (1) companies with more powerful CFOs are more likely to hire lower-quality auditors, as measured by non-top10 audit firm; (2) The effect of CFOs’ relative power on the choice of audit firms is weaker for state-owned enterprises than for private enterprises.

Trophic downgrading of ecosystems necessitates a functional understanding of trophic cascades. Identifying the presence of cascades, and the mechanisms through which they occur, is particularly important for seagrass meadows, which are among the most threatened ecosystems on Earth. Shark Bay, Western Australia provides a model system to investigate the potential importance of top-down effects in a relatively pristine seagrass ecosystem. The role of megagrazers in the Shark Bay system has been previously investigated, but the role of macrograzers (i.e., teleosts), and their importance relative to megagrazers, remains unknown. The objective of my dissertation was to elucidate the importance of teleost macrograzers in transmitting top-down effects in seagrass ecosystems. Seagrasses and macroalgae were the main food of the abundant teleost Pelates octolineatus, but stable isotopic values suggested that algae may contribute a larger portion of assimilated food than suggested by gut contents. Pelates octolineatus is at risk from numerous predators, with pied cormorants (Phalacrocorax varius) taking the majority of tethered P. octolineatus. Using a combination of fish trapping and unbaited underwater video surveillance, I found that the relative abundance of P. octolineatus was greater in interior areas of seagrass banks during the cold season, and that the mean length of P. octolineatus was greater in these areas compared to along edges of banks. Finally, I used seagrass transplants and exclosure experiments to determine the relative effect of megagrazers and macrograzers on the establishment and persistence of three species of seagrasses in interior microhabitats. Teleost grazing had the largest impact on seagrass species with the highest nutrient content, and these impacts were primarily observed during the warm season. My findings are consistent with predictions of a behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade initiated by tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and transmitted through herbivorous fishes and their predators.

As climate change continues, climactic extremes are predicted to become more frequent and intense, in some cases resulting in dramatic changes to ecosystems. The effects of climate change on ecosystems will be mediated, in part, by biotic interactions in those ecosystems. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about where and how such biotic interactions will be important in the context of ecosystem disturbance and climactic extremes. Here, I review the role of consumers in seagrass ecosystems and investigate the ecological impacts of an extreme climactic event (marine heat wave) and subsequent widespread seagrass die-off in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Specifically, I compare seagrass cover, shark catch rates, and encounter rates of air breathing fauna in multiple habitat types before and after the seagrass die-off to describe post-disturbance dynamics of the seagrass community, shifts in consumer abundances, and changes in risk-sensitive habitat use patterns by a variety of mesoconsumers at risk of predation from tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier). Finally, I conducted a 16 month field experiment to assess whether xi loss of top predators, and predicted shifts in dugong foraging, could destabilize remaining seagrass. I found that the previously dominant temperate seagrass Amphibolis antarctica is stable, but not increasing. Conversely, an early-successional tropical seagrass, Halodule uninervis, is expanding. Following the die-off, the densities of several consumer species (cormorants, green turtles, sea snakes, and dugongs) declined, while others (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, loggerhead sea turtles, tiger sharks) remained stable. Stable tiger shark abundances following the seagrass die-off suggest that the seascape of fear remains intact in this system. However, several consumers (dolphins, cormorants) began to use dangerous but profitable seagrass banks more often following seagrass decline, suggesting a relaxation of anti-predator behavior. Experimental results suggest that a loss of tiger sharks would result in a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade (BMTC) in degraded seagrass beds, further destabilizing them and potentially resulting in a phase shift. My work shows that climactic extremes can have strong but variable impacts on ecosystems mediated in part by species identity, and that maintenance of top predator populations may by important to ecological resilience in the face of climate change.

This master thesis deals with problems of changes in the management of human resources connected to an expansion of a company. It focuses on small and middle-sized companies. The first part describes theoretical principles of company growth, change management and specifics of small and middle-sized companies, including differences in human resources management. The second part describes some practical examples in the field of company growth and related changes. Different attitudes and ways applied to implement changes while solving growth problems are shown on the sample of two selected companies Each of the two companies finally developed in an opposite way, depending on how they had implemented changes. The first company continues its development as a middle-sized company and the latter bankrupted. Analysis of reasons of the success or failure while managing the growth is a part of this master thesis.

This diploma thesis deals with an information technology support of organization's decision making processes using Exact Software's enterprise information systems. The main goal of this paper is a demonstration of various Exact Software applications using real world examples from several Czech enterprises. Illustration of various benefits of integrated enterprise systems architecture is another goal of this paper. Possible benefits gained during the process of implementation of Exact Software's applications and necessary requirements that have to be fulfilled create the last goal. Risks and issues that can be encountered during the implementation process are mentioned along with benefits. To achieve these goals this diploma paper contains a lot of practical illustrations supplemented by theoretic explanation. Paper includes four parts. First part is an introduction into decision making processes in enterprises and provides a general overview of Exact Software's enterprise information systems portfolio. Another area covered by the first part is an overview of possible benefits of these systems in according to the level of organization management. Second part is dedicated to Exact Synergy Enterprise. At the beginning of this part there are outlined procedures, benefits and assumptions necessary for successful system implementation. The following text in part two contains many real world examples from the decision making point of view. Third part covers Business Intelligence application Exact Business Analytics from the standpoint of implementation guidelines, prerequisites and benefits. Subsequent subchapters contain practical examples of usage of this system. The last part is comprised from two case studies of Exact Software's systems implementation -- first one is a financial counseling company, second one is a company from the IS/ICT area. The paper as a whole represents unique material for companies that are looking for solutions on their decision making and analytical procedures problems. On the basis of this paper the reader can create an overview of current capabilities of enterprise information systems. A vast majority of presented solutions are system independent i.e. the usage of systems from Exact Software is only exemplary. Case studies of complex enterprise IS architectures in real world enterprises represents another great contribution to this diploma paper.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is to help the chosen organizations’, Luossavaara Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), quality workers with at least one proposal on work procedures, as well as a plan to implement the procedure and a plan on how to do the follow up. The proposals shall take form with the support of relevant theories, previous research and the needs and desires of the quality workers’ most important customers. A survey was sent to the quality workers most important customers, co-workers within the organization and more specific managers and leaders within the production, and five deeper interviews was conducted with individuals from the same group, to establish a present state, perceived problems and a desired state. Next, the results of the mapping were put in a GAP-analysis to clarify where improvements need to be done. Three gaps were found: ·      Make the quality workers more visible ·      Clarify the quality workers’ role ·      Education From this basis, more concrete actions that could bridge the gaps and get more customer satisfaction was discussed between the authors of this thesis. From that brain storming, and with the support of previous research and relevant theories, came the result and the proposed actions. These are more quality workers, to allocate personnel within the organization, a common process and Quality days. None of the actions rule out the others and a combination can be for the best. / Rapporten har som syfte att ta fram minst ett förslag på arbetssätt och metoder till den valda organisationen Luossavaara Kiirunavaara Aktiebolags (LKAB) kvalitetsutvecklare, med tillhörande implementerings- och uppföljningsplan. Förslagen ska utformas med stöd av relevanta teorier, tidigare forskning samt svar på vilka behov kvalitetsutvecklarnas kunder har och vad de önskar av kvalitetsutvecklarna. Genom att en enkätundersökning skickades ut till kvalitetsutvecklarnas viktigaste kunder, medarbetare inom organisationen och då mer specifikt chefer och ledare inom produktion, samt fem djupgående intervjuer genomförda med personer ur samma urvalsgrupp, kartlades nuläget, upplevda problem samt det önskade läget. Därefter sattes resultatet in i en GAPanalys för att klargöra var förbättringar behöver genomföras. De gap som framkom var: • Synliggöra kvalitetsutvecklarna • Tydliggöra kvalitetsutvecklarnas roll • Utbildning Utifrån gapen genomförde rapportförfattarna en brainstorming där konkreta åtgärder diskuterades som kunde överbrygga alla gap, komma närmare kundernas önskade läge och tillfredsställa kundbehovet. Ur brainstormingen, och med stöd av tidigare forskning och relevanta teorier, kom resultatet och de föreslagna åtgärderna. Åtgärderna var fler kvalitetsutvecklare, avsätta personal ute i verksamheten, gemensam process samt kvalitetsdagar. Ingen av förslagen utesluter något annat och en kombination kan vara det bästa.

The thesis deals with the tax wedge specifically on tax burden on labour in the Member States in the European Union. The issue is described in the theoretical part in the first chapter, the practical part is introduced in the second and the third chapter. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the development the basic micro and macro indicators of tax wedge specifically on tax burden on labour. The analysis including graphs is describe from the beginning of the millennium. The Member States are divided into groups according to measured data in the second part and to the data connection to the European Union in the third part. This classification is done for easier to understand and more meaningful value. All analysis illustrate that the highest tax burden is in Belgium and Denmark, lowest in Bulgaria.

L'objet de ce travail est d'analyser l'évolution du processus de deuil lors d'une grossesse suivant une interruption médicale de grossesse (IMG). 8461 enfants sont nés sans vie en France en 2012 et 59 à 86% des femmes démarre,t une nouvelle grossesse dans les 6 mois suivant la perte; le deuil périnatal constitue un problème de santé publique puisque 25% évoluent vers un deuil pathologique. Le statut de l'objet perdu et la représentation que s'en font les mères participent du destin de ce foetus perdu; l'évolution des pratiques favorisant l'humanisation du foetus et l'objectalisation de ce dernier est critiquée par certains auteurs. Nous relevons un maque de consensus dans la littérature sur l'impact de cette nouvelle grossesse sur le processus de deuil; selon certains, elle pourrait interrompre le travail de deuil, pour d'autres au contraire favoriser une reprise élaborative. Ces grossesses suivantes, teintées du deuil, semblent représenter un facteur de risque dans l'attachement prénatal avec des conséquences sur le lien à l'enfant puîné. Nous interrogeons donc la relation entre le processus de deuil périnatal et le processus d'investissement de l'enfant à venir lors d'une grossesse suivante. Méthodologie utilisée: suivi longitudinal de 7 femmes enceintes lors d'une grossesse suivant une IMG après 15 SA, aux 3 trimestres de la grossesse et aux 3 mois de l'enfant suivant, selon une analyse qualitative au moyen d'entretiens de recherche clinique et une analyse quantitative de la dépression (EPDS), anxiété (STAI), deuil périnatal (PGS) et attachement prénatal (PAI) au moyen d'autoquestionnaires. Les résultats qualitatifs, traités de façon singulière selon une analyse psychodynamique, sont regroupés ensuite en fonction de nos hypothèses. Les résultats quantitatifs sont intégrés dans un corpus plus large pour permettre une analyse statistique des données. Résultats: entre le normal et le pathologique, les affects, les émotions, les représentations oscillent sur ce continuum, au fil de la grossesse, des termes et dates anniversaires, des manifestations sensorielles éprouvées. La grossesse suivante permet de revisiter la grossesse précédente; elle donne l'opportunité aux mères endeuillées de mettre en mots les affects brutes consécutifs à la perte, de mettre du sens pour inscrire cet événement traumatique dans l'histoire individuelle, conjugale et familiale. Certaines patientes, pour qui le travail de deuil pouvait sembler figé, ont pu mettre la transparence psychique de cette nouvelle grossesse à profit pour ré-élaborer la perte précédente et donner une juste place à chacun des deux bébés. L'actualisation du processus de deuil lors de la grossesse suivante sera fonction de la structure psychique des patientes; la dépression et l'angoisse sont également des marqueurs de l'élaboration de la perte et de la place faite à l'enfant puîné. L'analyse quantitative des données statistiques montre la présence d'anxiété particulièrement au début de la grossesse suivante. / The objet of this work is to analyze the evolution of the process of mourning during a pregnancy following a termination of pregnancy (TOP). 8461 children were born dead in France in 2012 and 59 to 86% of women start a new pregnancy in the six months following the loss; the perinatal mourning constitutes a problem of public health because 25% lead to a pathological mourning. The status of the lost object and maternal representations participate in the fate this lost foetus. The evolution of the practices favoring the humanization of the foetus and the objectalisation of the latter is criticized by some authors. We find a lack of consensus in the literature on the impact of this new pregnancy on the process of mourning. According to certain authors, she could interrupt the work of mourning, for others on the contrary, favor a elaborative resumption. These following pregnancies, tinged with the mourning, seem to represent a risk factor in the prenatal attachment with consequences on the link to the puisne child. We thus question the relation between the process of perinatal mourning and the process of investment of the child coming during a following pregnancy. Used methodology: longitudinal follow-up of seven pregnant women during pregnancy following a TOP after 15 weeks, three times during the pregnancy and at three months after the birth of the subsequent child according to a qualitative analysis (interview of clinical research) and a quantitative analysis of depression (EPDS), anxiety (STAI), perinatal mourning (PGS) and prenatal attachment (PAI) by means of auto-questionnaires. The qualitative results, treated in a singular way according to a psychodynamic analysis, are then included according to our hypotheses. The quantitative results are integrated into a wier corpus to allow statistical analysis of the data. Results: between the normal and the pathological, affects, feelings and representations oscillate on this continuum, in the course of the pregnancy, the terms and anniversaries, the proven sensory demonstrations. The following pregnancy allows to revisit the previous pregnancy; she gives the opportunity to the mothers saddened to put into words the gross affects consecutive to the loss, to put of the sens to register this traumatic event in the individual, conjugal, and family history. Somme women,for whom the work of mourning could seem motionless, were able to put the psychic transparency of this new pregnancy in profit to redevelop the previous loss and to give a just place to each of both babies. The updating of the process of mourning during the following pregnancy will be function of the psychic structure of the woman. The depression and the anxiety are also markers of the elaboration of the loss and the place made for the puisne child. The quantitaive analysis of the statistical data shows the presence of anxiety, particularly at the begining of the following pregnancy.