This text is an essay relating to a situation I was involved in where two different cultures caused a conflict in one of the pupils. The pupil was supposed to perform a swimming test and the parents wanted him/her to use full body clothing which the pupil had not done before. Because of this, the pupil suddenly was in conflict with herself/himself and I (the author) found myself in a situation where I felt torn between the purpose as an educator and the cultural values of the pupil. The purpose of my essay is to find an approach to the values of pupils and parents which sometimes affect my way of work. Our school curriculum states that we must prevent differences of gender but at the same time respect the culture of the individual. Several times I find myself trapped between cultural values from the pupil´s family situation and our educational purpose. How do I deal with this? How does switching between two cultures affect the pupil? The concept and perspectives that I am going to reflect on are interculturality, multi culturalism and I will also discuss heritage, environment, traditions, identity and the importance of the family. I will review myself and my own reflections. I will reflect upon how I use fronesis, my practical wisdom which I have gathered through experience. What can I improve when I use my professionalism within the cultural areas? Writing this essay, I still feel torn between the different missions. I always feel the need to act with the pupil´s best interest at heart. If this means I counteract gender patterns, so be it. In my opinion the culture doesn´t really matter because all individuals have the same value. The school simply cannot teach the pupils ethics and then not act accordingly themselves. / Den här texten är en essä och den utgår från en egen upplevd situation där två olika kulturer ger upphov till en konflikt hos en elev. Eleven ska utföra ett simtest och föräldrarna vill att hen skulle simma i heltäckande, vilket hen inte gjort tidigare. Det gjorde att eleven hamnade i en konflikt med sig själv och jag (författaren) hamnade i en situation där jag känner mig klämd mellan vad vårt uppdrag säger och elevens kulturella värderingar. Syftet med mitt arbete är att hitta ett förhållningssätt till elever och föräldrars värderingar som ibland påverkar mitt arbetssätt. I våra styrdokument står det att vi ska motverka könsskillnader, men samtidigt respektera individens kultur. Flera gånger ställs jag mellan vårt uppdrag och de kulturella värderingarna eleven har med sig hemifrån. Hur bemöter jag det? Hur upplever eleven det är att pendla mellan två olika kulturer? Begrepp och perspektiv jag kommer att reflekterar kring är interkulturalitet, mångkulturalitet och jag kommer även föra en diskussion kring arv, miljö, traditioner, identitet och familjens betydelse. Jag kommer granska mig själv och mitt eget reflekterande. Jag kommer använda mig av min fronesis, min praktiska klokhet som jag samlat på mig genom all erfarenhet. Vad är det jag kan bli bättre på i utförandet av min praktiska yrkeskompetens inom det kulturella området? Något jag kommit fram till i den här essän är, att känslan av att vara klämd mellan uppdragen kvarstår. Jag känner att jag alltid måste handla utifrån elevens bästa. Om det gör att jag motverkar att jag utjämnar könsmönster får det vara så. I mina ögon spelar kulturen ingen roll, alla individer är värda lika mycket, Vi i skolan kan inte lära ut värdegrunden till eleven, och sedan själva göra tvärtemot.

Le présent mémoire définira ce qu’on entend par modernité et postmodernité, tout en juxtaposant ces concepts philosophiques au cinéma pratiqué par le documentariste Pierre Perrault. Les modernistes influencés par les Lumières ont toujours considéré les progrès scientifiques comme des avancées nécessaires à l’atteinte d’une béatitude universelle. Pour eux, le salut des sociétés nécessite un passage du côté de la science, du rationalisme. Le problème avec une telle démarche est que tout discours qui se dissocie de la rationalité est immédiatement annihilé au profit d’une (sur)dominance du progrès. Il ne s’agit pas de dire que la modernité est à proscrire – loin de là! –, mais il serait temps d’envisager une remise en question de certaines de ses caractéristiques. La postmodernité, réflexion critique popularisée par Jean-François Lyotard, s’évertue à trouver des pistes de solution pour pallier à cette problématique. Elle est une critique de la domination exagérée des sciences dans la compréhension de notre monde. Il existe pourtant d’autres façons de l’appréhender, tels les mythes et les croyances. Ces récits irrationnels cachent souvent en eux des valeurs importantes (qu’elles soient d’ordre moral, écologique ou spirituel). Or, l’œuvre de Perrault regorge de ces petites histoires communautaires. Les deux films choisis pour notre travail – Le goût de la farine (1977) et Le pays de la terre sans arbre ou le Mouchouânipi (1980) – en sont l’exemple prégnant. Chacun d’eux présente des traditions autochtones (celles des Innus) opposées à la dictature du progrès. Et cette même opposition permet au réalisateur de forger un discours critique sur une modernité prête à tout pour effacer les coutumes uniques. Le cinéaste agit ainsi en postmoderniste, offrant une réflexion salutaire sur les pires excès véhiculés par les tenants du progrès. / This dissertation, juxtaposing modernity and postmodernity to Pierre Perrault’s documentary movies, will define what we understand from those philosophic concepts. Influenced with Les Lumières, modernists have always considered necessary to put forward scientific technology progress to reach universal beatitude. For them, science is the key to society’s salute and rationalism. The problem with this process is that all thinking dissociating from rationality brings its immediate annihilation by progress and “over-progress” domination. Far from us to say that modernity needs to be forbidden but maybe it would be time to call into question some of these concepts. Popularized by Jean-François Lyotard, postmodernity criticizes the exaggerated science domination into trying to understand our world and wants to find solutions to counter the problem. Yet, there are other ways to apprehend this world of ours, like myths and believes. These irrational stories often reveal important moral, ecologic or spiritual values. The works of Perrault abound with community stories to refer to and we have chosen two pictures that are obvious examples. Le goût de la farine (1977) and Le pays de la terre sans arbre ou le Mouchouânipi (1980) present Innus’ traditions opposed to progress dictatorship. This same opposition allows the movie director to create a critical thinking about this modernity (in brief, a postmodernist thinking).

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The diploma thesis deals with the education and traditions in the municipality of Horní Střítež in a comprehensive context. It presents an image of rural life and factors influencing the development of the village and contemporary life of the residents. Alongside principal education concepts, the thesis draws on an extensive context of findings from other academic disciplines. The first part of the thesis describes the historical context of the events that shaped the development of the municipality. Chapters mapping, in more detail, the current events, with particular emphasis on the role of education in the rural family and in the community, the school system and leisure time follow, highlighting the benefits of the traditional conception of life in the country. Theoretical and methodological aspects as well as the ethical aspect are relevant in the application of the qualitative research method. Key words: Education, traditions, leisure time, hobbies, socialisation, family, community, cooperation, participation.

of thesis children's knowledges of words accociated with Christmas The thesis is concerned with Christmas traditions, particularly from the point of view of children. The thesis presents the evolution of Christmas celebrations, some of the traditions, and it also compares certain Christmas songs and carols, and thus demonstrates the evolution of Christmas related vocabulary. Furthermore, the thesis also presents a brief overview of the evolution of children's vocabulary. In the practical part, the thesis attempts to answer the question of which Christmas related words children aged 9 - 12 years are familiar with. For the purpose of this practical research, the author of the thesis created a questionnaire containing 10 specific Christmas related words that children were asked to explain. The research results show that children seem to have a relatively good passive knowledge of commonly used words associated with Christmas, but in many cases they find it difficult to actively demonstrate this knowledge, i.e. to define, explain those words. In general, the girls describe the meaning of words better than boys. Children attending religious schools have apparently greater knowledge of words associated with religious meaning of Christmas than children from state schools. Comparison of age do not show...

The aim of this master thesis is to describe the origin, development and current state of the highland games in Scotland, the Czech Republic and around the world. The emphasis is put on the description of the origin of the highland games within the clan society, subsequent marginalisation of the highland traditions and its "rebirth". The work also deals with the development of the modern highland games from the end of the 18th century to the present. The description of the current highland games' disciplines is also included. At the end of the thesis the culture identity is defined and it is applied on the phenomenon of the highland games. Key words: highland games, clans, the Highlands, disciplines at the highland games, cultural identity, traditions

Syftet med denna studie är att få inblick i musikers syn på traditionens och genrens påverkan och betydelse för det egna musicerandet. Jag har under min studietid blivit intresserad av att ta reda på hur genrer påverkar musikers musicerande och vilken betydelse det har för musikens utförande. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, vilket innebär att musicerande ses som en social aktivitet, där kunskap finns i kommunikation och de redskap som har växt fram i samhället. Datamaterialet består av kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra aktiva musiker. Resultatet visar att distinktionen genrer emellan inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara särskilt stor. Litteraturen i bakgrunden visar emellertid det motsatta. I litteraturen framställs jazzmusiker som gehörsmusiker som inte behöver ta så stor hänsyn till notbilden medan klassiska musiker anammar den med perfektionism. I min studie visar det sig att jazz- och klassiska musiker är lika beroende av traditionen, men hur verk tolkas och bearbetas är individuellt beroende av situation. Det visar sig vidare i studien att begreppet musikalisk frihet har olika betydelse för jazzmusiker än vad det har för klassiska musiker, det är upp till var och en att definiera vilken betydelse den musikaliska friheten har gentemot genren. När informanterna definierar sin respektive genre, förklarar de klassiska musikerna att klassisk musik förvisso är notbunden och studeras inom strikta ramar, men därmed inte sagt att musikerna måste definieras av sin genre, inte nödvändigtvis. En klassik musiker anses också vara experimentell gehörsmusiker, skriva sin egen musik eller improvisera på flera olika sätt. / The purpose of this study is to get an insight into what kind of influence and meaning traditions and genres has on musicians. I have, during my period of study, developed an interest in finding out how genres and traditions affect musician´s musical performances. The study originates from a socio-cultural perspective, which means that playing music is considered as a social activity where a great deal of knowledge comes from communication with other people. The data consists of qualitative interviews with four musicians. The result shows that the distinction between genres is not necessarily great. The background literature however proves the opposite. In the literature, jazz musicians are described as having a good musical ear; they do not pay that close attention to the written note, whilst classical musicians do the opposite. My study shows that jazz musicians and classical musicians are both equally dependent upon tradition, but the way they interpret music is individual and depends upon the situation. Furthermore, the study shows that the term musical freedom has a different meaning for a jazz musician than it has for a classical musician, but it is still up to musicians to define it for themselves within his or her genre. When the interviewees were asked to define their genre, the classical musicians answered that classical music is supposed to be played strictly the way it appears on sheet music within a clear framework, but genre does not always automatically shape a musician nor how they think as individuals.  A classical musician can, according to the result, also experiment and with a good musical ear compose their own music and improvise in many different ways.

Nesta tese buscou-se esboçar um cenário das ocupações ceramistas pré-coloniais, entre 600 e 1.400 DC, na região da Amazônia brasileira. Através do banco de dados georreferenciado foram realizadas análises correlacionando diferentes aspectos que compõem o sítio arqueológico, possibilitando a identificação de mudanças ou continuidades de determinadas sociedades em escala regional. Ao final percebeu-se que algumas áreas possuíam maior trânsito de pessoas e ideias do que outras regiões, refletindo em diferentes níveis de variabilidade observadas no contexto arqueológico. / This thesis sought to outline a scenario of precolonial ceramic occupations, between 600 and 1400 AD in the Brazilian Amazon region. Through the georeferenced database, analyzes were carried out correlating different aspects that make up the archaeological site, allowing the identification of changes or continuities of certain societies on a regional scale. At the end it was realized that some areas had greater movement of people and ideas than other regions, reflecting different levels of variability observed in the archaeological context.

O trabalho aqui apresentado trata sobre a reinvenção de uma identidade germânica por meio da arquitetura ocorrida nas cidades de Blumenau e Joinville, em Santa Catarina. Este processo, ocorrido nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, teve um apelo fortemente comercial, visando vender a imagem destas cidades, entre outras na região, de que as tradições germânicas trazidas por imigrantes a partir do século XIX teriam permanecido inalteradas, no intuito de promover o turismo. Esta política, que se baseava no discurso de resgate das tradições, culminou, entre outras coisas, na criação de uma falsa arquitetura típica: o neo-enxaimel, um estilo arquitetônico inspirado no enxaimel, uma antiga técnica de construção de casas, trazida pelos imigrantes. Tendo se proliferado pelo centro destas cidades e alterado a estética urbana, esta arquitetura foi novamente trazida ao presente dentro de um contexto histórico e social bastante diferente daquele das antigas casas. Além disso, para sua implantação não houve qualquer comprometimento histórico, resultando em uma arquitetura inautêntica e até mesmo Kitsch, devido ao seu caráter comercial. Este fato, no entanto, não pode ser entendido como algo isolado, estando relacionado a questões mais amplas discutidas internacionalmente, como a ampliação do conceito de patrimônio cultural, a ilusão de perda da identidade cultural provocada pela globalização, o crescimento da indústria cultural e da indústria do turismo, entre outros fatores. Desta forma, para melhor analisar a invenção do neo-enxaimel como uma tradição estética em Santa Catarina, será inicialmente apresentada uma discussão envolvendo estas questões. / The work presented here deals with the reinvention of a Germanic identity through architecture occurred in the cities of Blumenau and Joinville, Santa Catarina state. This process, which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, had a strong commercial appeal in order to sell the image of these cities, among others in the region, that the Germanic traditions brought by immigrants in nineteenth century would have remained unchanged, in order to promote tourism. This politics was based on a speech of rescue of traditions and culminated, among other things, in the creation of a false typical architecture: the neo-enxaimel style, an architectural style inspired by the ancient timber framing, a popular technique of building houses brought by immigrants. Having been widespread through the center of these cities, this architecture has altered the urban aesthetics and was brought again into the present within a historical and social context quite different from that one of the old houses. Moreover, for its implementation there was no historical commitment, resulting in an inauthentic architecture and even kitsch, due to its commercial nature. This fact, however, cannot be understood as something separate, being related to broader issues discussed internationally, such as the expansion of the concept of cultural heritage, the illusion of loss of cultural identity caused by globalization, the growth of cultural industry and tourism industry and other factors. Thus, to better analyze the invention of neo-enxaimel style as an aesthetic tradition in Santa Catarina, it will be initially presented a discussion involving these issues.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivos: (i) apresentar a edição fac-similar e semidiplomática justalinear de um processo-crime produzido no século XIX na cidade de Campinas; (ii) analisar a macroestrutura do documento manuscrito. A leitura e a edição do documento manuscrito foram balizadas nos conhecimentos das áreas de Filologia e Linguística Histórica. A análise da macroestrutura pautou-se no modelo das Tradições Discursivas, com base em Koch & Osterreicher (1990) e Kabatek (2006). A análise também levou em consideração os aspectos linguísticos-discursivos propostos por Simões e Kewitz (2006, 2009) para os corpora do português brasileiro. Ao todo são 37 fólios recto e verso que tratam de um crime de feitiçaria e homicídio ocorrido em 1871, sendo rica fonte de dados históricos, socioeconômicos e, sobretudo, linguísticos. A partir desta pesquisa, obtivemos importantes dados acerca de algumas das tradições discursivas que ajudam a reconstruir o português brasileiro em textos da esfera jurídica. / This dissertation aims at: (i) presenting a facsimile and semidiplomatic edition of a criminal proceeding which took place in the city of Campinas in the 19th century; and (ii) analyzing the macrostructure of the manuscript document. The reading and the editing of the document were based on the assumption of Philology and Historical Linguistics. The analysis of the macrostructure was based on the Discoursive Traditions Model proposed by Koch & Osterreicher (1990) and Kabatek (2006). Furthermore, we considered the linguisticdiscoursive aspects suggested by Simões e Kewitz (2006, 2009). Overall, there are 37 folios recto and verso that concern the crime of witchcraft and homicide occurred in 1871, which represent a rich source of historical, socioeconomic and, primarily, linguistic data. This research privided important information about some of the discoursive traditions that helps reconstruct Brazilian Portuguese registered in texts of legal environment