The purpose of this study was to find out if young adults, more specified in the ages between 15-30 years old, are affected by beauty ideals on social media and if so, how they are affected. Furthermore, the study wanted to find out if there are any gender differences and age differences in the matter, and how often an individual person publishes content on social media. The theoretical frameworks we applied and used as support was Uses and gratification theory, Social cognitive theory and Sociocultural perspective on body image. We also applied the research on “Why do people use social media?”. In order to find out the purpose of the study and get statistics we created and used a quantitative poll survey. The survey was made with Google Forms and contained 21 variables with closed-ended questions. A random sample was applied through publishing the survey on Facebook. A total of 146 people answered the survey. To get statistics through diagrams we used Google Forms as well as SPSS Statistics. For example, Google Forms introduced how many out of our total target audience who felt themselves being affected by beauty ideals on social media meanwhile SPSS Statistics introduced results where different variables were merged, e.g. comparing genders and influence of beauty ideals.   The survey results stated that women are affected by social media to a greater extent than men are. According to our results, women generally have a lower self-esteem than men do, and they are also more prone to comparing themselves with others. They also experience a stronger self-esteem when posting on social media. In opposite, according to the survey results, men generally have a higher self-esteem and are less affected by social media than women are. The categories “Body” and “Exercise/diet” is a common denominator for both men and women, as both genders experience themself being most affected by them. However, women proved to be more affected in these categories than men. It was furthermore very common with both genders to be affected both positively as well as negatively by social media.   To summarize, the results we got from the analysis of our empirical material agrees well with the theoretical frameworks we used and the research we found. For instance, the theories bring up that girls from an early age are exposed by unrealistic ideals, which can explain our results. / Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på om unga vuxna, som specificeras till 15-30 år, påverkas av skönhetsideal på sociala medier och på vilket sätt de påverkas. Undersökningen ville vidare ta reda på om det fanns en skillnad av påverkan mellan könen och åldersgrupper samt hur ofta en person publicerar innehåll på sociala medier. De teoretiska ramverk vi utgick från och tog stöd av var Uses and gratification theory, Social cognitive theory och Sociocultural perspective applicerat på kroppsbilden. Vi använde oss även av forskningen “Why do people use social media?”. För att ta reda på syftet och få fram statistik användes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Enkäten skapades i Google Formulär och innehöll 21 variabler med icke-öppna frågor. Ett bekvämlighetsurval tillämpades genom att enkäten publicerades på Facebook. Enkäten fick in totalt 146 respondenter. För att få fram statistik genom diagram användes Google Formulär samt SPSS Statistics. Google Formulär presenterade exempelvis hur många av vår totala målgrupp som upplevde sig påverkade av skönhetsideal på sociala medier medan SPSS Statistics istället presenterade resultat där variabler kopplats samman, exempelvis för att jämföra kön och påverkan av skönhetsideal.   Utifrån enkätens resultat gick det att anta att kvinnor påverkas i högre grad och i större utsträckning än män av sociala medier. Enligt våra resultat har kvinnor generellt en lägre självkänsla och stor tendens till att jämföra sig med andra, och de får även stärkt självkänsla vid publicering på sociala medier. Män har enligt enkätens resultat tvärtom generellt högre självkänsla och påverkas mindre av sociala medier än vad kvinnor gör. Kategorierna “Kropp” och “Träning/kost” är gemensam nämnare hos både män och kvinnor, då båda könen upplever sig påverkas mest här. Däremot visade resultatet att kvinnor påverkas mer än män inom dessa kategorier. Det var vidare vanligt förekommande att påverkas både positivt och negativt av sociala medier hos båda könen.   Sammanfattningsvis har resultaten vi fått fram via analys av vårt empiriska material stämt bra överens med de teoretiska ramverk som använts och den forskning som hittats. Teorierna tar bland annat upp belöning och att flickor i tidig ålder utsätts för orealistiska ideal, vilket kan förklara vårt resultat.

The main purpose of this essay is to investigate the role of teachers of religious education in the proactive work against violent extremism and radicalization. Furthermore, the ambition is to raise awareness of how these five teachers of religious education in the Swedish upper secondary schools and primary schools in the subject of religious studies work with and implement the school's democratic mission, and to find structures to teach about radicalization,fundamentalism, pro-violence extremism and terrorism. To obtain a result, five semi-structured interviews with active religious education teachers in the upper secondary schools and theprimary schools were conducted. To show the extent to which the school's democratic mission in the proactive work against radicalization and violent extremism is carried out, the collected empirical material has been analyzed based on Paulo Freire's awareness-raising pedagogy as a theoretical framework which indicates whether the interviewed teachers of religious education work according to what Freire calls the bank view or the liberating teaching. The study shows that all interviewed teachers work according to both these models. The teachers believe that it is inevitable to ignore the teaching of facts but prefer the liberating teaching. This is because all interviewed teachers believe that through dialogues and discussions, a critical thinking is created in the students.Furthermore, it appears that all teachers find it essential to create a good and open classroom climate where there is mutual acceptance of dissent. Thus, a long-term effort to create students as source-critical thinkers is fundamental.

The diploma thesis focuses on the role of the media in the lives of parents on maternity and parental leave and how they satisfy their needs through use of media. The thesis is based on the uses and gratification theory and especially on the typology of media-personal interactions defined by Denis McQuail. The aim of the thesis is to find out, through twenty interviews with mothers and fathers living in the household with a child or children, for what purpose the media are used by this specific group. The thesis includes a theoretical anchoring of the approach of uses and gratification theory concerning its historical development during the 20th century, but it also focuses on its concept at present after the spread of new media. The theoretical part of the thesis also deals with the characteristics of maternity and parental leave and it tries to identify everyday activities associated with this period and its positive and negative aspects. The methodological part describes the area of qualitative research and related procedures, including the choice of data collection method, which is a semi-structured interview, and the characteristics of the research sample. The analytical part interprets the findings resulting from the data obtained through interviews with respondents. The discussion and conclusion of...

Studien undersöker utifrån investerares perspektiv hur de upplever risker kopplade till investeringar i kryptovalutor samt aktier, hur de med hjälp av onlinemedier hanterar riskerna och hur onlinemedier används för att fatta ett köpbeslut. Vidare undersöks skillnader mellan dessa två typer av investerare i relation till risktagande, riskhantering och köpbeslut. Syftet med detta är att bidra med förståelse för ämnet. Studien är av kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats. I studien speglas teorier som edgework, uses and gratification, tvåstegshypotesen och fear of missing out. Med dessa teorier dras kopplingar mellan teori och empiri för att forma studiens resultat samt ett nytt begrepp, semi-edgework. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer där fyra investerade i kryptovalutor och fyra i aktier. Studiens resultat visar bland annat på att onlinemedier används av samtliga investerare för att hantera risker. Hur stora riskerna upplevs vara varierar mellan grupperna. Samtliga investerare påverkas av opinionsledare på onlinemedier när de ska fatta ett köpbeslut. Resultat visar även på att kryptoinvesterare lider större risk för att drabbas av FOMO när de använder sig av onlinemedier.

Denna uppsats undersöker media-övervakningens påverkan på äldre och yngre generationer på sociala medier genom en kvalitativ undersökning. Studien syftar till att avslöja generationsskillnader i medvetenhet och beteende när det gäller mediaövervakning. Bakgrunden belyser de växande farhågorna kring mediaövervakning i den digitala eran, särskilt på sociala medieplattformar. Genom att fokusera på äldre och yngre generationer utforskar studien hur deras erfarenheter, attityder och kunskap formar deras medvetenhet och beteenden i relation till mediaövervakning. Genom att använda kvalitativa forskningsmetoder (intervjustudie), undersöker studien deltagarnas perspektiv och erfarenheter. Analysen av teman och mönster som framkommer i intervjuerna ger värdefulla insikter i de olika sätt på vilka äldre och yngre generationer uppfattar och reagerar på mediaövervakning på sociala medier. Det är viktigt att erkänna begränsningarna i denna studie, såsom det specifika fokuset på två generationer och användningen av kvalitativ data. Därför kan resultaten inte generaliseras till hela populationen, men det erbjuder värdefulla insikter i den specifika kontexten av mediaövervakning och generationers dynamik. De två teoretiska utgångspunkterna som används är användar-teorin från Balnaves et al. (2009) och övervaknings-kapitalismen som beskrivs av Zuboff (2019). Resultaten och slutsatserna från studien bidrar till en djupare förståelse för hur mediaövervakning påverkar äldre och yngre generationer på sociala medier. Dessutom kan resultaten informera utvecklingen av strategier för att öka medvetenheten, stärka användarna och skydda integriteten i mediaövervakningens sammanhang. / This thesis examines the impact of media surveillance on older and younger generations on social media through a qualitative investigation. The study aims to uncover generational differences in awareness and behavior regarding media surveillance. The background highlights the growing concerns surrounding media surveillance in the digital age, particularly on social media platforms. By focusing on older and younger generations, the study explores how their experiences, attitudes, and knowledge shape their awareness and behaviors in relation to media surveillance. Using qualitative research methods, including interviews, the study delves into the perspectives and experiences of the participants. The analysis of themes and patterns that emerge from the interviews provides valuable insights into the differing ways in which older and younger generations perceive and respond to media surveillance on social media. It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study, such as the specific focus on two generations and the reliance on qualitative data. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalized to the entire population, but they offer valuable insights into the specific context of media surveillance and generational dynamics. The two theories used in this study are uses and gratification theory from Balnaves et al. (2009) and the theory about surveillance capitalism by Zuboff (2019). The results and conclusions of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of how media surveillance impacts older and younger generations on social media. Furthermore, the findings can inform the development of strategies to enhance awareness, empower users, and protect privacy in the context of media surveillance.

The study examines how children act as audiences, which needs are fulfilled through their consumption of Disney films and how children receive messages about cultural representations in animated films. Furthermore, how children relate to Disney's characters and their understanding of what is real and made-up in Disney's films is examined. The hope is to contribute with insights into how children create meaning based on Disney's ethnic and cultural representations, as well as how these can have significance for children's identification processes. Uses and gratification along with reception and representation theory are applied as theoretical starting points. The material was collected through semi-structured and sensory interviews with children aged 10-11 and then analyzed through a thematic analysis. The results showed that the children mainly have a ritual media use and watch Disney films with the motive of social interaction with parents. Thus, children's opportunities to be an active audience can be somewhat limited, as adults can control the children's media use to a certain extent. Both internal and external characteristics matter when children identify themselves and others with Disney characters. The children were also able to distinguish ethnic and cultural elements in Disney's films which helped them to create an understanding of the films' characters and messages. In addition, the results showed that children put Disney's stereotypical depictions in relation to reality, which can affect how children see themselves and others. Finally, the results showed that the children in the study assume that the Disney films are based on fantasy, even though they understand that the films' message may have a connection to reality.

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Gegenstand dieser Dissertationsschrift ist die Erforschung der Akzeptanz digitaler Medien durch Personen im Ruhestand, die im ländlichen Raum leben. Es galt insbesondere Faktoren aufzudecken, die sich förderlich oder hinderlich auf die Nutzung von Smartphones und Tablet-PCs auswirken. Basierend auf den Ergeb-nissen lassen sich Hinweise darauf gewinnen, wie die betroffene Personengruppe in der Nutzung der Medien unterstützt werden kann. Theoretische Grundlagen für die Ermittlung von Einflussfaktoren stellen das klas-sische Technologieakzeptanzmodell von Davis (1989) und dessen Folgemodelle (2000, 2008), das Seniorakzeptanzmodells von Renaud und Biljon (2008) und der Uses-and-Gratification-Ansatzes von Blumler und Katz (1974) dar. Weiterhin wer-den Faktoren, die den ländlichen Raum charakterisieren, berücksichtigt. Spezifika des Ruhestands werden über das kalendarische Alter und das subjektive Alterser-lebens einbezogen. Die aus den Theorien herausgearbeiteten Einflussfaktoren wurden mit drei explo-rativen Vorstudien, auf ihre Relevanz für die Zielgruppe hin geprüft. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Experteninterview (n = 5), eine teilstandardisierte Befragung (n = 39) und ein Leitfadeninterview (n = 10). Die daraus gewonnenen Einflussfak-toren wurden anschließend in einer Fragebogenstudie von Personen im Ruhe-stand (n = 203) in den Landkreisen Bautzen und Zwickau beurteilt. Die Daten wurden statistisch mit Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen sowie der einfakto-riellen Anova analysiert. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass insbesondere der wahrgenommene Nutzen, die Leichtigkeit des Lernens und Leichtigkeit der Bedienung die Technikakzeptanz der befragten Personen beeinflussen. Diese Faktoren werden ihrerseits direkt durch die Selbstwirksamkeit sowie indirekt durch Vorerfahrungen mit Computer und Internet aber auch die Angst vor Bedienfehlern oder Sicherheitsbedenken geleitet. Eine wichtige Rolle kommt lernunterstützenden Maßnahmen zu. Der wahrgenommene Nutzen, die Einstellung und auch die Verhaltensabsicht unterscheiden sich signifikant in Abhängigkeit vom bereichsspezifischen Alterser-leben. Relevanz besitzen zudem personenbezogene und soziodemographische Faktoren wie z.B. der Gesundheitszustand, der Bildungsabschluss und das Haus-haltseinkommen. In Abhängigkeit vom Wohnort wirkt sich das soziale Engage-ment signifikant auf die Verhaltensabsicht aus. Weiterhin lassen sich Zusammen-hänge zwischen der Wohnentfernung zu den Kindern, dem wahrgenommenen Nutzen und den sozialen Motiven nachweisen. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertationsschrift sind vor allem interessant für Wissen-schaftler und Lehrende, die ältere Menschen bei der Bedienung digitaler Medien unterstützen. Daneben bieten sie Anhaltspunkte für Kommunen, die sich mit ge-sellschaftlicher Teilhabe von Älteren befassen.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Themenrelevanz 1.2 Zielsetzung und Beitrag der Arbeit 1.3 Vorgehensweise 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund 2.1 Das Phänomen „Alter(n)“ 2.2 Der Sozioökologische Kontext: Altern im ländlichen Raum 2.3 Ältere Erwachsene im Fokus der Mediennutzungsforschung 2.4 Älterer Erwachsene im Fokus der Akzeptanzforschung 2.5 Forschungsbedarf und Forschungsfragen 3 Methodisches Vorgehen 3.1 Explorative Vorstudie 1 - Expertenbefragung 3.2 Explorative Vorstudie 2 – schriftliche, halboffene Befragung 3.3 Explorative Vorstudie 3 –leitfadengestützte Interviews 3.4 Einflussgrößen auf die digitale Mediennutzung 3.5 Hypothesen 4 Hauptstudie 4.1 Studiendesign 4.2 Feldphase 4.3 Datenaufbereitung und –analyse 4.4 Stichprobenzusammensetzung 4.5 Statistische Analysen 4.6 Ergebnisse: Technikbezogene Faktoren 4.7 Ergebnisse: Subjektbezogene Ressourcen 4.8 Ergebnisse: Wohnortbezogenen Ressourcen 5 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung 5.1 Zusammenfassung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 5.2 Diskussion der Methoden 5.3 Fazit und Ausblick / The dissertation investigates smartphone and tablet acceptance by elderly users and non-users in rural areas in Germany, especially in federal provinces in Saxo-ny (Bautzen and Zwickau). Following a mixed-methods design, both qualitative and quantitative studies were used. The theoretical framework is based on the Technology Acceptance Models by Davis (1989) and Venkatesh (2000, 2008), the Senior Technology Acceptance and Adoption Model by Renaud and Biljon (2008), and the Uses-and-Gratification Approach by Blumler and Katz (1974). The models served to identify influence factors on technology acceptance. Those factors were validated empirically for the specific group of (potential) elderly users by three qualitative studies: 1. Expert interviews (n = 5), 2. Interviews using a partly standardised guideline (n = 39) and 3. Structured-interviews with elderly people (n = 10). The influencing factors gained were then analysed in a questionnaire study completed by elderly persons, who live in rural areas (n = 203). Data was analysed by means of correlation analysis, regression analysis and uni-variate ANOVA. Findings show that for elderly users perceived usefulness, per-ceived ease of use and learning (as main factors of TAM) significantly affect atti-tude, behavioral intention to use and acceptance. Self-efficacy is a strong predic-tor for ease of use and learning. Moreover, prior experiences with computers and the Internet as well as fear of operating errors and security concerns are of inter-est. Measures to support learning are also important. Users and non-user’s differ in acceptance of smartphones and tablets. Users’ motives for digital media use and perceived ubiquity of new media influence perceived usefulness, whereas non-users have more sense of fear with regard to operating errors and safety concerns. Furthermore, age affects perceived usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning and behavioral intention to use whereas attitude towards ageing significantly affects perceived usefulness, attitude towards use and behavioral attention to use. Due to the characteristics of rural areas social commitment is relevant for behavioral intention, and the geographical distance to children influences perceived useful-ness as well as social motives for usage. This dissertation should be of interest for researchers, lecturers, politicians, and technology designers, especially with regard to mobile devices.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Themenrelevanz 1.2 Zielsetzung und Beitrag der Arbeit 1.3 Vorgehensweise 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund 2.1 Das Phänomen „Alter(n)“ 2.2 Der Sozioökologische Kontext: Altern im ländlichen Raum 2.3 Ältere Erwachsene im Fokus der Mediennutzungsforschung 2.4 Älterer Erwachsene im Fokus der Akzeptanzforschung 2.5 Forschungsbedarf und Forschungsfragen 3 Methodisches Vorgehen 3.1 Explorative Vorstudie 1 - Expertenbefragung 3.2 Explorative Vorstudie 2 – schriftliche, halboffene Befragung 3.3 Explorative Vorstudie 3 –leitfadengestützte Interviews 3.4 Einflussgrößen auf die digitale Mediennutzung 3.5 Hypothesen 4 Hauptstudie 4.1 Studiendesign 4.2 Feldphase 4.3 Datenaufbereitung und –analyse 4.4 Stichprobenzusammensetzung 4.5 Statistische Analysen 4.6 Ergebnisse: Technikbezogene Faktoren 4.7 Ergebnisse: Subjektbezogene Ressourcen 4.8 Ergebnisse: Wohnortbezogenen Ressourcen 5 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung 5.1 Zusammenfassung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 5.2 Diskussion der Methoden 5.3 Fazit und Ausblick

寬頻網路發展的日趨成熟，讓即時通訊成為許多網路族開機後必使用之軟體，本研究乃運用「使用與滿足」理論，探討即時通訊使用者的使用動機、使用行為、使用滿足，以及三者之間的關係。 經由資料分析發現，使用者在使用即時通訊上，有三大使用動機因素，分別為「同儕交流動機」、「新奇娛樂動機」、「生活便利動機」；有三大使用活動因素，分別為「影音導向活動」、「訊息導向活動」、「文件導向活動」；有三大使用滿足因素，分別為「情緒管理滿足」、「關係維繫滿足」、「問題解決滿足」。本研究以使用動機因素為基礎，將樣本資料進行集群分析，結果獲得三大使用族群：「無的導向群」、「交際導向群」、「功能導向群」，再以統計檢定三大族群在「人口變項」、「使用行為」、「使用選擇」及「使用滿足」上的特徵差異描述。本研究亦發現即時通訊的兩大主流為MSN、Yahoo，兩者之使用人數即佔了有效樣本98.7%。 本研究的結果發現，三大族群在「使用動機」、「使用行為」上均有顯著的差異，但在「使用選擇」上則無顯示出特別的選擇偏好；三大族群的「使用動機」、「使用行為」與其「使用滿足」均有正向的關係，亦即是使用動機、使用行為表現得愈強烈，其所獲得之使用滿足也就愈強烈；另外，三大族群中選擇使用MSN、Yahoo的使用者，在「使用滿足」上亦呈現出不同的滿足情形。

This thesis examines how the potentional future media professionals (students of Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism at Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University) relate to print media, i. e. daily newspapers and printed magazines. It is based on the concept of active audience, uses and gratification theory and studies that try to explain the decline of interest in print media. The thesis tries to describe the role of print media in lives of the studied group at the time when print media go through a long-term crisis. Massive expansion of the electronic media is the most important factor of this crisis. The research tries to answer the question whether print media are still attractive for the researched group, despite the constant wave of information from the Internet, what motivates this group to the use of print media and contrarily what discourages them.