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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Modification of the 20 Metre Shuttle Run Test (20 MST) for ice-sports

Kuisis, S.M. (Suzan Mary) 29 October 2004 (has links)
The 20 Metre Multistage Shuttle Run Test (20 MST) was modified for application to ice-sports, more specifically for ice-hockey and figure-skating. Seventy two participants in ice-sports served as the total subject group. Subjects included in the study were National and Provincial standard male ice-hockey subjects (n=67) and female figure skaters (n=5) participating in the Gauteng area of South Africa (altitude of 1497 metres above sea level and barometric pressure of 655 mmHg). The mean age for the total group was 17.44±1.33 years. The research methodology entailed a repeated measures design to determine: a) velocity of motion on-ice vs. over-ground; b) energy expenditure on-ice vs. over-ground; and c) mechanical efficiency on-ice vs. over-ground. The mean velocity of motion measured over three distances (0 to 20, 0 to 30 and 0 to 40 m) indicated a significantly (p≤0.05) faster velocity on-ice (5.99±0.72 m/s) versus over-ground (5.75±0.63 m/s). The corresponding mean time-lapsed on-ice/over-ground ratio was 0.97±0.11. Differences in mean energy expenditure whilst performing the original 20 MST over-ground as opposed to on-ice were measured at low (at 4 minutes of exercise and 10 km/h), intermediate (after 8 minutes of exercise and 12 km/h), and high intensity (after 12 min of exercise and 14 km/h). The mean of the three indicated a significantly (p≤0.05) higher energy expenditure over-ground (14.04±4.86 kcal/min) as apposed to on-ice (10.51±2.95 kcal/min). The mean energy expenditure ratio for the three different intensities on-ice vs. over-ground was 0.74±0.21. Similarly, the mechanical efficiency index over-ground (4.92±0.59) was found to be significantly (p≤0.001) poorer than on-ice (6.83±1.49). The mean mechanical efficiency ratio over-ground/over-ice was 0.74±0.13. Subsequently, based on the above results, the 20 MST was modified by: a) adapting (increasing) the velocity of motion required for each level of the test (distance of 20 m per shuttle); and b) establishing the reliability and validity of the modified 20 MST for use on-ice. The adapted 20 Metre Multistage Shuttle Skating Test (the modified (skating) 20 MST) started at a velocity of 2.8 m/s (10.1 km/h) and permitted 7.1 seconds to complete each shuttle for the first level of the test, which then decreased progressively at each level. This was based on an over-all variable-derived on-ice to over ground ratio of 0.84. Test-retest, on-ice reliability measures (n=15) for predicted VO2max (49.5±8.37 vs. 49.29±7.95 ml/kg/min) showed a highly significant (p£0.001) consistency (r=0.87). Similarly test-retest concurrent validity measures (n=10) for predicted VO2max over-ground with the original 20 MST (48.09±6.25 ml/kg/min) as designed by Léger and Lambert (1982) versus on-ice values with the adapted on-ice 20 MST (49.98±7.23 ml/kg/min), showed a very significant (p£0.01) correlation of 0.73 between the two tests. In conclusion the original 20 MST, as designed by Léger and Lambert (1982) for over-ground, proved inappropriate for use on-ice. Modification of the starting velocity as well as a progressive increase in velocity for all subsequent stages renders the modified 20 MST for ice-sports a reliable and valid test for cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), with surface-specific utility. The 20 Metre Multistage Shuttle Run Test (20 MST) was modified for application to ice-sports, more specifically for ice-hockey and figure-skating. Seventy two participants in ice-sports served as the total subject group. Subjects included in the study were National and Provincial standard male ice-hockey subjects (n=67) and female figure skaters (n=5) participating in the Gauteng area of South Africa (altitude of 1497 metres above sea level and barometric pressure of 655 mmHg). The mean age for the total group was 17.44±1.33 years. The research methodology entailed a repeated measures design to determine: a) velocity of motion on-ice vs. over-ground; b) energy expenditure on-ice vs. over-ground; and c) mechanical efficiency on-ice vs. over-ground. The mean velocity of motion measured over three distances (0 to 20, 0 to 30 and 0 to 40 m) indicated a significantly (p≤0.05) faster velocity on-ice (5.99±0.72 m/s) versus over-ground (5.75±0.63 m/s). The corresponding mean time-lapsed on-ice/over-ground ratio was 0.97±0.11. Differences in mean energy expenditure whilst performing the original 20 MST over-ground as opposed to on-ice were measured at low (at 4 minutes of exercise and 10 km/h), intermediate (after 8 minutes of exercise and 12 km/h), and high intensity (after 12 min of exercise and 14 km/h). The mean of the three indicated a significantly (p≤0.05) higher energy expenditure over-ground (14.04±4.86 kcal/min) as apposed to on-ice (10.51±2.95 kcal/min). The mean energy expenditure ratio for the three different intensities on-ice vs. over-ground was 0.74±0.21. Similarly, the mechanical efficiency index over-ground (4.92±0.59) was found to be significantly (p≤0.001) poorer than on-ice (6.83±1.49). The mean mechanical efficiency ratio over-ground/over-ice was 0.74±0.13. Subsequently, based on the above results, the 20 MST was modified by: a) adapting (increasing) the velocity of motion required for each level of the test (distance of 20 m per shuttle); and b) establishing the reliability and validity of the modified 20 MST for use on-ice. The adapted 20 Metre Multistage Shuttle Skating Test (the modified (skating) 20 MST) started at a velocity of 2.8 m/s (10.1 km/h) and permitted 7.1 seconds to complete each shuttle for the first level of the test, which then decreased progressively at each level. This was based on an over-all variable-derived on-ice to over ground ratio of 0.84. Test-retest, on-ice reliability measures (n=15) for predicted VO2max (49.5±8.37 vs. 49.29±7.95 ml/kg/min) showed a highly significant (p£0.001) consistency (r=0.87). Similarly test-retest concurrent validity measures (n=10) for predicted VO2max over-ground with the original 20 MST (48.09±6.25 ml/kg/min) as designed by Léger and Lambert (1982) versus on-ice values with the adapted on-ice 20 MST (49.98±7.23 ml/kg/min), showed a very significant (p£0.01) correlation of 0.73 between the two tests. In conclusion the original 20 MST, as designed by Léger and Lambert (1982) for over-ground, proved inappropriate for use on-ice. Modification of the starting velocity as well as a progressive increase in velocity for all subsequent stages renders the modified 20 MST for ice-sports a reliable and valid test for cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), with surface-specific utility. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted
82

Examining the relationship between fitness, cortical excitability, and neurochemistry of the brain (GABA, glutamate, and NAA)

Wang, Yi Ran 08 1900 (has links)
L'exercice aérobique (AE) est associé à de nombreuses modifications fonctionnelles et anatomiques dans le cerveau humain. Par exemple, il a été démontré que l'EA modulait l'excitabilité corticale et la neurochimie immédiatement après l'exercice. Les effets d'une activité physique répétée et soutenue sur les fonctions cérébrales restent toutefois mal compris. En effet, peu de données sont disponibles permettant de déterminer si les personnes ayant une bonne condition physique présentent des modifications persistantes de l'excitabilité corticale et du métabolisme cérébral malgré les changements rapportés dans la matière grise et la matière blanche. Dans la présente étude, 20 personnes sédentaires en bonne santé (< 2 heures/semaine d'activité physique) ont été comparées à 20 personnes actives (> 6 heures/semaine d'activité physique) sur la base de mesures de l'excitabilité corticale (rMT, courbe I/O, SICI, ICF) et de la concentration de métabolites (GABA, Glx, NAA) dans la représentation corticale de la main droite. L'épaisseur corticale de la représentation du cortex moteur primaire de la main droite et la densité apparente des fibres de la voie corticospinale (CST) ont également été évaluées. L'aptitude cardiorespiratoire (VO2max) était significativement plus élevée chez les athlètes que chez les sédentaires, ce qui n'était pas le cas de l'indice de masse corporelle. Aucune différence entre les groupes n'a été constatée en ce qui concerne les mesures du rMT, du SICI et de l'ICF. Les valeurs de la courbe I/O étaient significativement plus élevées et la courbe I/O était plus prononcée chez les individus actifs. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée pour l'épaisseur corticale, la concentration de métabolites et les valeurs de diffusion de la CST. La pente de la courbe I/O était positivement corrélée à la VO2max. Les présentes données suggèrent que des niveaux élevés de capacité aérobique sont associés à une excitabilité corticale accrue dans la représentation de la main du cortex moteur primaire. / Aerobic exercise is associated with widespread functional and anatomical modifications in the human brain. For example, AE has been shown to modulate cortical excitability and neurochemistry immediately after exercise. The effects of repeated and sustained physical activity on brain function, however, remain poorly understood. Indeed, little is known about whether individuals with high levels of fitness display persistent modifications in cortical excitability and brain metabolism despite reported changes in grey and white matter. In the present study, 20 healthy sedentary individuals (< 2 hours/week AE) were compared to 20 active individuals (> 6 hours/week AE) on measures of cortical excitability (rMT, I/O curve, SICI, ICF) and metabolite concentration (GABA, Glx, NAA) in the cortical representation of the right hand. Cortical thickness of the primary motor cortex representation of the right hand and corticospinal tract (CST) apparent fiber density (AFD) were also assessed. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) was significantly higher in athletes compared to sedentary individuals whereas body mass index was not. No group differences were found on measures of rMT, SICI and ICF. I/O curve values were significantly higher, and the I/O curve was steeper in active individuals. No significant differences were observed between the groups for cortical thickness, metabolite concentration and CST diffusion values. I/O curve slope was positively correlated with VO2max. The present data suggest that high levels of aerobic fitness are associated with increased cortical excitability in the hand representation of the primary motor cortex.
83

Active vs passive commuters: an examination of cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, body mass index, and physical activity : – a pilot study in the general population

Dahl, Elin January 2024 (has links)
Background: Commuting to work is a part of daily life for many and using active commuting can be beneficial for health by increasing physical activity. Even small amounts of physical activity are better than none. One method of achieving physical activity during daily life is through active commuting, such as cycling or walking to work. Active commuters have lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared to passive commuters. Cycling to work can improve cardiorespiratory fitness, lower blood pressure, and reduce body mass index (BMI). Aim: This study investigated the differences between active and passive commuters in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported physical activity levels.  Methods: Approximately 20 businesses were contacted. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated using the submaximal Ekblom-Bak cycle ergometer test, and results were presented in absolute (L·min−1) and relative (ml·min−1·kg−1) values. Blood pressure was obtained from automatic blood pressure monitor and dichotomised as normal blood pressure or raised. BMI (kg·m−2) was calculated from weight and height measurements. Participants reported their commuting methods in a questionnaire. Active commuters were defined as traveling at least 1000 meters by cycling or walking to work once per week. Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and was reported in Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) minutes per week and categorical score of low, middle, or high levels of physical activity. Differences between groups were analysed with Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: A total of 13 participants were recruited for the study and had a median age of 40 years, a BMI of 24.0 kg·m−2, and a cardiorespiratory fitness of 48.8 ml·min−1·kg−1. Active (n = 7) and passive (n = 6) commuters did not differ significantly when looking at blood pressure or BMI. There was no statistical difference in cardiorespiratory fitness. Passive and active commuters demonstrated average to high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, (51.4 ml·min−1·kg−1 and 42.7 ml·min−1·kg−1 respectively). Majority of the participants in both groups had moderate to high levels of physical activity in their daily life. Conclusion: This study showed no significant differences between active and passive commuters regarding cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, body mass index, or physical activity levels. Future studies with larger cohorts may further explore active commuting and various health parameters, providing more conclusive evidence. / Bakgrund: Att ta sig till arbetet är en del av vardagen för många och att använda aktiva transportsätt kan vara fördelaktigt för hälsan genom att öka fysisk aktivitet. Även små mängder fysisk aktivitet är bättre än ingen alls. Ett sätt att uppnå fysisk aktivitet under vardagen är genom aktiv transport, såsom att cykla eller gå till arbetet. Aktiv transport bidrar med lägre risk för hjärt-kärlsjukdom jämfört med passiv. Att cykla till jobbet kan förbättra konditionen, sänka blodtrycket och minska kroppsmassindex (BMI). Syfte: Denna studie undersökte skillnaderna mellan aktiva och passiva pendlare avseende konditionsnivå, blodtryck, BMI och självrapporterade fysiska aktivitetsnivåer. Metod: Ett 20-tal företag kontaktades. Konditionsnivå uppskattades med hjälp av Ekblom-Bak cykelergometertest, och resultat presenterades i absoluta (L·min−1) och relativa (ml·min−1·kg−1) värden. Blodtryck (mmHg) mättes med automatisk blodtrycksmätare och dikotomiserades som normalt eller förhöjt blodtryck. BMI (kg·m−2) beräknades utifrån vikt- och längd. Deltagarna rapporterade sina transportmetoder i en enkät. Aktiva pendlare definierades som de som cyklade eller promenerade minst 1000 meter till jobbet minst en gång i veckan. Nivån av fysisk aktivitet bedömdes med International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) och rapporterades i Metaboliska ekvivalenter (MET) minuter per vecka samt som antingen låg, medel, eller hög nivå av fysisk aktivitet. Skillnader mellan grupperna analyserades med hjälp av Chi-tvåtest och Mann-Whitney U test. Resultat: Totalt 13 deltagare rekryterades till studien och hade en medianålder på 40 år, ett BMI på 24,0 kg·m−2 och en konditionsnivå på 48,8 ml·min−1·kg−1. Aktiva (n = 7) och passiva (n = 6) skiljde sig inte signifikant när det gällde blodtryck eller BMI. Det fanns ingen statistisk skillnad i konditionsnivå. Passiva och aktiva pendlare visade medel till höga nivåer av konditionsnivå (51,4 ml·min−1·kg−1 respektive 42,5 ml·min−1·kg−1). Majoriteten av deltagarna i båda grupperna hade måttliga till höga nivåer av fysisk aktivitet i sin vardag. Konklusion: Denna studie visade inga signifikanta skillnader mellan aktiva och passiva pendlare avseende konditionsnivå, blodtryck, BMI eller fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Framtida studier med större kohorter kan ytterligare utforska aktiv pendling och olika hälsoaspekter.
84

Kombinationsträning : Maximal styrka och aerob förmåga

Petré, Henrik, Löfving, Pontus January 2015 (has links)
Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka utveckling av styrka och aerob förmåga vid kombinationsträning med olika intensitet och volym i den aeroba träningen. Studiens frågeställningar var: (1) Utvecklas maximal styrka olika då styrketräning kombineras med antingen högintensiv aerob träning i intervallform eller aerob medelintensiv kontinuerlig träning? (2) Vilket av dessa två kombinationsprogram är effektivast för att öka maximal syreupptagningsförmåga (VO2max), laktattröskeln, maximalt blodlaktat och tid till utmattning?   Metod En kvantitativ träningsstudie genomfördes med 18 manliga försökspersoner (fp) som under en sex veckors period fick bedriva styrketräning och aerob träning kombinerat i ett och samma träningsprogram. Fp delades in i två olika grupper om vardera nio personer där den aeroba träningen skiljde grupperna åt. Under den sex veckor långa träningsperioden fick båda grupperna utföra ett vetenskapligt förankrat styrketräningsprogram med knäböj som övning tre gånger i veckan i syfte att utveckla maximal styrka. Direkt efter avslutat styrkepass fick ena gruppen (försöksgruppen) dessutom utföra ett högintensivt aerobt träningspass i intervallform på ergometercykel med liten volym (4-20 min), medan den andra gruppen (kontrollgruppen) istället fick utföra ett aerobt medelintensivt kontinuerligt träningspass med större volym (40-80 min). Såväl före som efter den sex veckor långa träningsperioden fick samtliga fp genomföra tester med identiskt testförfarande. Härmed kunde skillnader i utveckling av maximal styrka i 1RM i knäböj, VO2max, förmåga att bilda och hantera laktat samt tid till utmattning mellan de två grupperna undersökas.   Resultat Resultatet visade att både kontroll- och försöksgrupp ökade signifikant i styrkeövningen 1RM i knäböj. Vidare ökade båda grupperna signifikant i VO2max, tröskelbelastning samt tid till utmattning vid ergometercykling. Försöksgruppen ökade signifikant mer i blodlaktatnivå vid tröskelbelastningen än kontrollgruppen. Dessutom fanns en statistisk tendens som visade att försöksgruppen ökade sin förmåga att utveckla maximalt blodlaktat mer än kontrollgruppen. Utöver detta förekom ingen signifikant skillnad i utveckling grupperna emellan för någon av övriga uppmätta variabler. Dock kunde en statistisk indikation noteras vid summering av samtliga prestationspåverkande variabler som mättes i studien, vilken talade för att försöksgruppens träning hade mer positiva effekter ur ett prestationsperspektiv jämfört med kontrollgruppens träning.   Slutsats Maximal styrka utvecklas likvärdigt oavsett om styrketräning kombineras med högintensiv aerob träning i intervallform eller aerob medelintensiv kontinuerlig träning. Högintensiv aerob träning i intervallform är dock väldigt effektiv ur ett prestationsperspektiv då den utvecklar en mängd fysiska delkapaciteter med väldigt liten tidsåtgång. / <p>Uppsatsen tilldelades stipendiemedel ur Överste och Fru Adolf Johnssons fond för VT 2015.</p>
85

Six weeks of high intensity interval training with hyperoxia or normoxia in trained cyclists : A polarized and periodized training approach / Sex veckors högintensiv intervallträning med hyperoxi eller normoxi för tränade cyklister : En polariserad och periodiserad träningsmodell

Manselin, Tom, Södergård, Olof January 2015 (has links)
Aim The main aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal effects on cycling performance using a polarized and periodized scheme that was highly supervised and controlled. The second aim was to investigate the effect of using Hyperoxia. The questions used to address the aim were: (1) How does overall performance change after a six-week training intervention? (2) What is the time-course and pattern of performance changes to the training scheme? (3) How does the performance change within the groups?   Method Nineteen male and female cyclists started the study (13 male and 6 female), however only 12 completed it (8 male and 4 female). The characteristics for the 12 subjects were:  age (year) 33.6 ± 6.8, height (cm) 177 ± 9.1, body mass (kg) 73.4 ± 8.8. Using a randomized, double blind design, the test subjects were divided in to hyperoxia (HOT) (n = 6) and normoxia (NOT) (n = 6) training groups.  Over a six week period the subjects followed a controlled polarized periodization that included 15 high intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions (3 x 8 min, 3 x 8 + 4 min, 4 x 8 min &amp; 4 x 4 min) on maximal sustainable intensity (isoeffort) on a cycle ergometer. The dosage of oxygen was administered intermittently by the oxelerate device. A 20 min all out test was performed as pre- and post test.    Results The whole group (n = 12) increased mean power output (W) by 6.4 % (P = 0.002). The relative power output (W/kg) increased significantly 8.2 % (P = 0.0011). The HOT group (n = 6) increased their power output by 8.3 % (P = 0.028) and their relative power output increased by 9.4 % (P=0.011). The whole group (P = 12) significantly increased their VO2mean by 4.1 % (P = 0.03) and in the relative value by 5.4 % (P = 0.01) on the 20 min all out test. The whole group also had a significant increase in VO2peak of 3.7 % (P = 0.04). A very strong correlation could be found between the training data and the performance test.   Conclusions The training intervention was favourable for increasing performance and VO2peak in cycling. Usage of hyperoxia during the training intervention increases the performance. / Syfte och frågeställningar Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att undersöka de longitudinella effekter på prestation i cykling med hjälp av ett polariserat och periodiserat träningsupplägg som var väl övervakat och kontrollerat. Det andra syftet var att undersöka effekten av att använda hyperoxi. De frågeställningar som hjälpte att besvara syftet var: (1) Hur förändras prestationen efter en sex veckors träningsintervention? (2) Hur anpassar sig försökspersonerna till träningsschemat över tid?  (3) Hur förändras prestationen inom grupperna?   Metod 19 manliga och kvinnliga cyklister deltog i studien (13 manliga och 6 kvinnliga), 12 fullföljde hela studien (8 manliga och 4 kvinnliga). Karaktäristiken för de 12 försökspersonerna var: ålder (år) 33.6 ± 6.8, längd (cm) 177 ± 9.1, vikt (kg) 73.4 ± 8.8. Försökspersonerna delades in i hyperoxi (HOT) (n = 6) och normoxi (NOT) (n = 6), studien var dubbelblind. Under sex veckor följde försökspersonerna en kontrollerad polariserad periodisering som inkluderade 15 högintensiva intervallträningspass (HIIT) (3 x 8 min, 3 x 8 + 4 min, 4 x 8 min &amp; 4 x 4 min) på högsta genomförbara intensitet (isoeffort) på cykelergometer. Doseringen av syre administrerades intermittent genom Oxelerate-enheten. Ett 20 min all-out test utfördes som för- och eftertest.   Resultat Hela gruppen (n = 12) ökade signifikant på prestationstestet (W) med 6.4 % (P = 0.002). Den relativa effekten (W/kg) ökade signifikant med 8.2% (P = 0.0011). HOT (n = 6) ökade signifikant på prestationstestet med 8.3% (P = 0.028) och den relativa effekten ökade med 9.4% (P = 0.011). Hela gruppen (n = 12) ökade signifikant i VO2medel under prestationstestet med 4.1 % (P = 0.03) och i det relativa värdet med 5.4 % (P = 0.01). Hela gruppen hade också en signifikant ökning av VO2peak med 3.7 % (P = 0.04). En mycket stark korrelation hittades mellan träningspassdata och prestationstestet.   Slutsats Träningsupplägget är gynnsamt för ökning av prestation och VO2peak i cykling. Användning av hyperoxi under träningsupplägget ökar prestationen.

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