Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Monteiro Borges.pdf: 6772362 bytes, checksum: 3a8d5ef35b81d5f7015f326ffcbe4d8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-25 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / When the verbal language becomes an actual written text, it acquires particular qualities from the visual language system. Therefore, it becomes necessary to investigate the representative power of a visual form in a verbal written text. The verbal written system visuality combine two writing functions: the communicative function and the visual poetics. The first characterizes the verbal system, and it is also present on the oral verbal language. The second is a particular quality from written systems expressed on calligraphy and typography. In order to investigate the representative function of the visual aspects on the verbal written text, we selected some typefaces that modify the letter shape, making it difficult to read. These typefaces emphasize the text visuality and create its own way to communicate visually; written with them, the verbal text starts to communicate visually as well. The visual form communicability of these typefaces is revealed by semiotic analysis of them, considering both the form of each character and the texts written with them. To analyze the sign communicative process, we adopted Peirce s semiotic. This theory was developed as a philosophical discipline composed of a classification model that logically indicates all the possible semioses. Having a general logical structure, Peirce s semiotic can be applied to any sign. Its classification model is grounded on continuity and relation of categories, which express the enchainment of different sign aspects. Although Peirce s semiotic has these qualities, many semiotic applications use the sign classes as they were a tight classification to which the sign might fit, turning it into a formalist theory. To avoid this problem we created our own method of analysis, which is based on a visual model, also proposed by us, that emphasizes the continuity and the dynamics of the sign process. This method is based on the 66 classes of sign, which is not well known and which is poorly explored, because it was only suggested by Peirce. This classification reveals a complex set of related classes that must be carefully analyzed. The 66 classes show an extensive gradation between classes, consequently emphasizing the continuity of the sign process. For these reasons, we were convinced that this system had an analytical power that could be explored. Despite the difficult problems and controversial topics, we decided to create a method of analysis with it and to dedicate a large amount of time working on this theory. Consequently, this research has two branches: one dedicated to the theoretic studies and to the development of the analytical method; the other, devoted to the application of the method, aiming to reveal the representative power of the visual forms on verbal written texts / Quando a linguagem verbal materializa-se em formas de escrita, ela adquire características particulares do sistema de linguagem visual. Torna-se, então, necessário investigar o poder significativo das formas visuais em textos verbais. A visualidade do sistema de escrita verbal agrega duas funções da escrita: a comunicativa e a poética visual. A função comunicativa caracteriza o sistema verbal, estando também presente na linguagem verbal oral. Já a função poética visual é particular aos sistemas escrita, sendo expressa pela caligrafia manual e pela tipografia. Com o objetivo de investigar a função representativa dos aspectos visuais da escrita verbal, selecionamos fontes tipográficas que transformam a forma das letras, dificultando a leitura. Essas fontes destacam a visualidade da escrita e desenvolvem uma forma de comunicação visual própria. Com elas, o texto escrito verbal passa a comunicar visualmente. Mostraremos a comunicabilidade dessas formas visuais por meio de análises semióticas das fontes tipográficas e dos textos escritos com elas. Para analisar o processo comunicativo desses signos, adotamos a semiótica peirceana, pois essa teoria foi desenvolvida como uma disciplina filosófica composta de um padrão de classificação que indica logicamente todas as semioses possíveis. Sua estrutura lógica geral pode ser aplicada a qualquer tipo de signo, seu padrão de classificação fundamentado na continuidade e relação das categorias explicita o intrincamento de diferentes aspectos do signo. Apesar dessas características, muitas aplicações da semiótica peirceana utilizam as classes de signos como categorias estanques às quais os signos devem encaixar-se, tornando-a formalista. Para evitar esse problema, desenvolvemos um método próprio de análise, baseado em um modelo visual proposto por nós, que ressalta a continuidade e a dinâmica do processo sígnico. Esse método utiliza as 66 classes de signos, uma classi- ficação pouco conhecida e explorada, pois foi apenas sugerida por Peirce. Essa classificação revela um complexo conjunto de padrões relacionados que precisam ser cautelosamente analisados. As 66 classes mostram extensa gradação entre as classes, consequentemente enfatizam a continuidade do processo sígnico. Por esses motivos, apesar das dificuldades apresentadas por um sistema pouco trabalhado e controverso, apostamos no potencial analítico dele e dedicamos longo período ao seu desenvolvimento teórico para, então, criar um método de análise. Consequentemente, essa pesquisa segue duas linhas. Uma teórico-formal, dedicada ao aprofundamento teórico e ao desenvolvimento de um método de análise, e uma linha empírico-teórica, empenhada na aplicação desse método com o objetivo de revelar o poder de significação da linguagem visual em formas de escrita verbal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano de Abreu Tavares.pdf: 14454754 bytes, checksum: ef7d192e1400395ed24945a0ad1aae00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recent studies focusing on images in History of Science consider aspects of existing information, dissemination of knowledge and their relations with the media print graphics. In this work these three paths are tracked to the study of images in the textbooks of physics, printed during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This work begins by presenting a study considering the printing process and how images were organized and diagrammed on the pages of books. It also analyses some modifications in the relations between images and scientific views of that period. Finally, it present how the use of some graphic signs, can contribute to the dissemination of knowledge throught accumulation of information. Thus we seek to demonstrate that the analysis of available technical resources, the vision of science in a given period as well as the visual language used can provide various information to study images in History of Science / Os caminhos para os estudos das imagens no campo da História da Ciência abordam aspectos de registro de informação, divulgação do conhecimento e suas relações com os meios gráficos de impressão. Neste trabalho esses três caminhos são trilhados para o estudo de imagens constantes dos livros didáticos de física, impressos durante o século XIX e o início do XX. Iniciaremos este trabalho apresentando um estudo relacionado às técnicas de impressão e o modo como foram organizadas e diagramadas as imagens nas páginas dos livros. Também apresentaremos como algumas modificações sofridas pelas imagens estavam relacionadas com o pensamento científico daquele período. Por fim, buscaremos analisar como a utilização de alguns signos gráficos, resultante do acúmulo de informações, pode contribuir na divulgação do conhecimento. Desta forma buscamos demonstrar que a análise dos recursos técnicos disponíveis, da visão de ciência em um determinado período e da linguagem visual utilizada pode oferecer diversas informações para os estudos das imagens pela História da Ciência

[pt] A pesquisa parte do princípio de que as histórias em quadrinhos constituem um importante meio de entretenimento e comunicação. Em decorrência da característica de mesclar imagem e texto como nenhuma outra forma de arte, se desenvolveram em um nicho próprio. Considera-se que a linguagem das HQs evolui a partir da estrutura de códice com seu sistema de páginas. Detentora de uma linguagem visual própria percebe-se na contemporaneidade, transformações com o advento das tecnologias. Atualmente, podem ser lidas em dispositivos móveis agregando incrementos ao se aproximar de outras mídias. Diante deste novo paradigma digital atinge nível de mobilidade que o computador pessoal não permitia, propondo um novo nicho de expressão e produção artística. Com foco na fruição e leitura em plataformas digitais, a pesquisa traça um panorama dos principais aplicativos de distribuição e leitura enquanto analisa títulos e narrativas específicas. Também aborda a evolução da linguagem visual das histórias em quadrinhos, contemplando a transposição para o mundo digital na internet e aspectos relacionados com a adaptação para os dispositivos móveis. / [en] This research is based on the principle that comics represent an important form of entertainment and communication. Due to its capability to combine image and text like no other art form, it establishes itself as a unique means of expression. We could determine that its configuraton originates from pages of a códex structure. Since it holds its own specific visual language. Nowadays comics can be read on mobile devices more elements in connection with other media. On account of these new digital paradigms comics reach a mobility level that the personal computer alone coudn t offer, opening up new áreas of expression and artistic creativity. Considering its utilization in digital platforms, this study presents a outline of the main applications in its circulation and reading, trying at the same time to analyze titles and specific characteristics. It also covers the evolution of the visual language in comics, including its transposition to the digital world of the interner as well as other aspects related to the adaptation to the mobile devices.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GildeteFC_TESE.pdf: 3832787 bytes, checksum: 9d9174675d6d1744c17168384ff52967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-12 / We have been living in a world of packed products. The package and the labels support the companies to communicate with the customers in addition to give protection, storage and convenience in proportion to the products that move in the price list. The labels mainly add up a value which helps the companies differ their products and increase the value of the brands among the final customers. However, the information given in the label are not clear sometimes. It displays a verbal-visual defective language resulted from a poor visibility, legibleness and comprehensibleness of the verbal and visual marks. The aim of this research is to verify, according to the costumers‟ view, the level of the clarity in the informative texts, harmony and ergonomic conformity of the package labels in the chocolate powder of the Claralate brand, considering the linguistic aspects presented on the labels. The criteria to evaluate the chocolate package selected were based on the linguistic field: the organization and the structure of the text derided from the classification of the textual genre; the clarity and the comprehension of the language utilized on those labels. From the ergonomic view, the informative and ergonomic conformity, based on the following requirements: legibility, symbols, characters, reading fields and intermission of the written lines. Therefore, the research done july 2007 and added july 2011 had a structured questionnaire in the interview put to the 118 customers of the chocolate package that go shopping in one of the two supermarkets in Floriano, Piau? S?o Jorge and/or Super Quaresma. The main results of the investigation show that the linguistic aspects in the informative texts of the labels provide the customers‟ expectancy partially, while the consideration of the informative ergonomic analyzed can contribute to the improvement of the information and consequent visual progress of those, on the labels of chocolate package investigated. As recommendation towards the maker of the product, the outcome of the research indicates: harmonize the proportion of the letters and numbers; enlarge the letters size; make the visual information more comprehensive determined by the reading field; put the expiry date in a better visual place / Vivemos num mundo de produtos embalados. A embalagem e os r?tulos ajudam as empresas a se comunicarem com os consumidores e a fornecerem prote??o, armazenagem e conveni?ncia, ? medida que os produtos se movimentam na cadeia de valor. Especialmente os r?tulos adicionam um valor que auxilia as empresas a diferenciar seus produtos e a aumentar o valor da marca entre os consumidores finais. Por?m, muitas vezes, as informa??es contidas nos r?tulos das embalagens n?o s?o claras, apresentando uma linguagem verbo-visual deficiente resultante da m? visibilidade, legibilidade e compreensibilidade de signos verbais e visuais. O objetivo dessa pesquisa ? verificar, na vis?o dos consumidores, o n?vel de clareza dos textos informativos, harmonia e conformidade ergon?mica do r?tulo de embalagem do achocolatado em p? Claralate , considerando os aspectos lingu?sticos e ergon?micos presentes no r?tulo do produto. Os crit?rios para avalia??o da embalagem do achocolatado selecionado foram do ponto de vista lingu?stico: a organiza??o e estrutura??o dos textos a partir da classifica??o do g?nero textual; a clareza e compreens?o da linguagem utilizada no r?tulo. Do ponto de vista da ergonomia, a conformidade ergon?mica informacional, com base nos requisitos: legibilidade, s?mbolos, caracteres, campo de leitura e espa?amento de linhas. Para tanto, a pesquisa de campo realizada em julho de 2007 e, ampliada em julho de 2011, utilizou um question?rio estruturado na entrevista a 118 consumidores de achocolatados que realizam suas compras em um dos dois supermercados de Floriano-Pi. S?o Jorge e/ou Super Quaresma. Os principais resultados da investiga??o mostram que os aspectos lingu?sticos presentes nos textos informativos do r?tulo atendem parcialmente ?s expectativas dos consumidores, enquanto a considera??o dos requisitos ergon?micos informacionais analisados podem vir a contribuir para o aperfei?oamento das informa??es e consequente melhoria visual destas, no r?tulo de embalagem do achocolatado investigado. Como recomenda??o ? fabricante do produto, o resultado da pesquisa aponta: Harmonizar a propor??o das letras e algarismos; Aumentar o tamanho das letras; Tornar melhor compreensiva a informa??o visual determinada pelos campos de leitura; Colocar a data de validade em local de melhor destaque

A partir da análise dos trabalhos do departamento de design da Cranbrook Academy of Art, durante o período coordenado por Katherine McCoy (1971 a 1995), este trabalho procura identificar os novos caminhos desenvolvidos pela escola para a prática do design gráfico contemporâneo, e em especial a concepção do design como parte do processo de comunicação. O design até os anos 1970 era regido por pressupostos formais, funcionais e neutros, o que talvez não permitisse entendê-lo como linguagem visual, em si, mas como mero suporte para o texto. Na escola, a abordagem funcionalista foi questionada nos anos 1970 e, a partir daí, nos anos 1980, inspirados por conceitos teóricos do pós-estruturalismo e pós-modernismo, foram introduzidas novas ideias a fim de legitimar o designer também como produtor de conteúdo. Ao buscar referências teóricas no pós-estruturalismo, percebeu-se a importância do receptor na interpretação da mensagem, assim como a necessidade de se produzir peças gráficas que encorajassem, a partir da relação do conteúdo com a forma gráfica, a participação do público. A escola, de modestas proporções, cuja média era a de 8 alunos ingressantes por ano, era baseada no ensino em estúdio, não possuía grade curricular fixa, nem disciplinas regulares. Os discentes eram sempre encorajados a pesquisar e se desenvolver. Muitas das pesquisas e resultados dos trabalhos são frutos da reflexão individual de cada aluno, inspirados pelo ambiente em contínuo desenvolvimento. A Cranbrook foi, dessa maneira, formadora de muitos dos principais designers norteamericanos atuais, como por exemplo Allen Hori, Andrew Bleauvelt, David Frej, David Shields, Ed Fella, Elliot Earls, Geoff Kaplan, Jane Kosstrin, Jeff Keedy, Kimberly Elam, Laurie Haycock Makela, Loraine Wild, Lucille Tenazas, Martin Venezky, Meredith Davis, Michael Carrabeta, Nancy Skolos, Richard Kerr, Robert Nakata, Scott Makela (1960-1999), Scott Santoro, Scott Zukowsky, entre outros. Cada um deles possuiu um papel particular e muitos compartilhavam idéias semelhantes, mas a maior parte deles procurou ampliar o campo do design gráfico agregando conteúdos mistos e abrindo-se a novas possibilidades de produção e reflexão sobre a relação entre texto e imagem. / With the analysis of the works from Cranbrook Academy of Art´s Design Department, under Katherine McCoy\'s Co-Chairmanship (1971 to 1995), this work intends identify the new ways developed by the School for the practice of contemporary graphic design, focusing on the concept of the design as part of communication process. Until the years 1970 design was ruled from the formal, functional and neutral presuppositions of Modernity, without the understanding of design as a visual language itself, but only as a mere support the text. In the 1970\'s the School questioned the functionalist approach, and during the 1980\'s years, new ideas were introduced to legitimate the designer as producer of contents, inspired by post-structuralism and post-modern concepts. Theoretical references in post structuralism stressed the importance of the receptor\'s interpretation of the message, as well in the importance of producing graphic works that encourage the participation from the public audience, founded in the relationship between content and graphic form. The School\'s graphic design program was modest in size 8 new students per year - and was studio-based without a fixed curriculum of courses and classes. The students were challenged to research and develop their individual expressions. Their research and resulting works are the fruit of the students\' individual reflection inspired by the continuously developing environment. Cranbrook produced many of the most important contemporary North American designers, such as Allen Hori, Andrew Bleauvelt, David Frej, David Shields, Ed Fella, Elliot Earls, Geoff Kaplan, Jane Kosstrin, Jeff Keedy, Kimberly Elam, Laurie Haycock Makela, Lorraine Wild, Lucille Tenazas, Martin Venezky, Meredith Davis, Michael Carrabeta, Nancy Skolos, Richard Kerr, Robert Nakata, Scott Makela (1960-1999), Scott Santoro, Scott Zukowsky, and others. Each one had a particular role play and many shared similar ideas, as they worked to enlarge the graphic design field with mixed contents and explored new possibilities of production and new roles for text and image.

El objetivo de esta investigación está centrado en conocer las principales características que construyeron el lenguaje visual de El Otorongo, durante el segundo gobierno de Alan García en los años 2006-2011 como herramienta de comunicación y crítica a la realidad del país. En este sentido, el diseño de esta investigación tiene un carácter descriptivo con un enfoque cualitativo. Los resultados están basados en el análisis de 15 portadas de este suplemento, las mismas que fueron seleccionadas a partir de las entrevistas realizadas a siete caricaturistas de El Otorongo durante el periodo delimitado. Se utilizó una ficha de análisis visual, mediante la cual se identificó que las principales figuras retóricas utilizadas fueron la metáfora y la hipérbole, acompañadas de tipos de humor como la sátira y la parodia. También se determinó la ausencia del zoomorfismo para representar a las figuras del poder y se evidenció el constante uso de herramientas visuales como la exageración de las diferentes personalidades y los rasgos físicos de los personajes representados y el repetitivo uso de elementos representativos de los partidos políticos. De esta manera se concluyó que, a pesar de la diversidad de estilos artísticos y elementos gráficos utilizados por cada autor, si existió un lenguaje visual definido implícitamente en El Otorongo, basado en el particular tono crítico, burlón y reflexivo; así como la presencia de características repetitivas como la identificación de los personajes o el uso de figuras retóricas que a lo largo de cada publicación permitían al lector decodificar los mensajes expresados por cada autor. / The aim for this investigation is focused on studying the main characteristics that constructed the visual language of El Otorongo during the second governance of Alan Garcia during the years 2006-2011; as a communication tool and criticism towards the reality of the country. In that sense, the design from this investigation has a descriptive character with a qualitative insight. The results are based on the analysis of 15 covers from this supplement, the same covers that were chosen from the interviews that were done to seven cartoonists from El Otorongo during the same time period mentioned before. A visual analysis card was used to identify the main literary devices which were the metaphor and hyperbole, accompanied by different types of humor such as satire and parody. It was also determined by the absence of zoomorphism to represent the figures of power and the constant use of visual tools that connote the different personalities, physical features and representative elements from the political parties they belong to. In this way, it was concluded that despite the diversity of the artistic styles and the graphic elements used by each author, a visual language was defined implicitly in El Otorongo, based on a critic, mocking and reflective tone; that is how the presence of repetitive characteristics such as the character identification and rhetoric figures allowed the reader to truly understand the messages expressed by each author. / Trabajo de investigación

Les empires néo-assyrien et perse achéménide qui ont conquis le Proche-Orient au 1er millénaire av. J.-C., ont eu un besoin constant en équidés. Ces animaux sont non seulement utilisés dans les cadres militaires et cynégétiques, mais ils apparaissent également lors des défilés. Objets de prestige et convoitise, ils représentent une part importante des tributs livrés aux rois conquérants. Victorieux, les souverains ont orné les murs de leurs palais de bas-reliefs narrant leurs hauts faits. Les équidés, tant domestiques que sauvages, y occupent une place centrale. Ce travail doctoral propose une étude iconographique centrée sur la figure de l’équidé afin de procéder à un déplacement analytique qui permet d’appréhender les images impériales sous un autre angle. Ainsi, après avoir enregistré et décrit formellement les équidés, nous avons procédé à diverses analyses précises des détails de leur figuration. Les résultats attestent notamment du caractère réaliste et naturaliste des représentations, qui permet de renforcer l’adhésion des observateurs. Ces figurations prennent part au discours politique et idéologique véhiculé par les reliefs car elles développent un langage visuel spécifique qui montre une armée disciplinée, invincible et victorieuse, à l’image du monarque qui la mène. Enfin, les équidés apparaissent dans les scènes de défilés, leur pas assuré et digne ajoute encore à la gloire de celui vers lequel ils se dirigent : le souverain. / Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid empires that conquered the major part of the Near East in the 1st millennium B.C., had a constant need for equids. These animals are indeed not only used in military and hunting actions but they also appear during parades. Prestigious objects, they represent an important part of the tributes delivered to the conquering kings. Victorious, the rulers adorned the walls of their palaces with reliefs recounting their deeds. Equids, both domestic and wild, appear to be central in these images. This doctoral thesis proposes an iconographic study centred on the equids figure in order to carry out an analytical displacement that allows imperial images to be viewed from another angle. Therefore, after having recorded and formally described the equids, we proceeded to several precise analyses of the details of their figuration. The results attest in particular to the realistic and naturalistic aspect of their representations, which makes it possible to enhance the support of the observers. These images take part in the political and ideological discourse conveyed by the reliefs because they develop a specific visual language that shows a disciplined, invincible and victorious army, just like the monarch who leads it. Finally, the equids appear in the parades scenes, their confident and dignified steps add once more to the glory of the one they are heading for: the king himself.

This dissertation titled Teaching English to Deaf and Hard-of-hearing University Students aims to portray a picture of the situation of teaching English to university students, more specifically of those studying at Charles University in Prague. The work is divided into two main parts. The first part brings general insight, also from linguistic perspective, into language competences and language acquisition by the hearing impaired. It describes variables and possible variables affecting spoken language acquisition by this minority. It gives basic overview of different levels of hearing loss on the grouds of medicine assessment of hearing loss. The dissertiation stresses out the neccessity of educating these students with respect to linguistic research and findings. Moreover, it emphasizes the needs to interweave linguistics and pedagogy and benefits of linguistics research and methods such as error analysis and contrastive analysis for enhancement of language productive skills of hearing impaired students. The second part of the dissertation is devoted to the research of English language teaching to hearing impaired students at Charles University in Prague. The work summarizes the findings of five-year long research carried out at the Language Resource Centre, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in...

En esta investigación se tiene como objetivo analizar los elementos visuales del diseño gráfico que aporten a la comprensión de las caricaturas políticas que tengan como personaje principal a Alberto Fujimori desde 2016 a 2019. Esto con la finalidad de observar cuales son los componentes recurrentes al momento de ser criticado. Por ello, se identificó los elementos visuales que logran comunicar el mensaje del caricaturista y como el público comprende este mediante la gráfica. En el cual se considera el contexto como un eje importante en el proceso de la comunicación visual. Por lo tanto, se realizó un análisis de veinte caricaturas publicadas por El Otorongo, en los años anteriormente mencionado. El análisis es del tipo documental y denotativo para cada caricatura seleccionada, asimismo se realizó veinte entrevistas a un público diverso etario para descubrir su percepción de la caricatura política y conocer sus conocimientos de los elementos visuales. Un resultado destacable es que el color ayuda al público a asimilar rápidamente de que partido se habla, así como el uso de textura para reflejar la realidad. Asimismo, consideran que poseer un conocimiento vasto de diversos personajes del universo político es relevante para captar el mensaje. Por último, Alberto Fujimori es un político que en los últimos años se encuentra en diversas controversias. Esto se debe a que Keiko y Kenji Fujimori son sus hijos que han seguido el camino político como él. / The objective of this research is to analyze the visual elements of graphic design that contribute to the understanding of political cartoons whose main character is Alberto Fujimori from 2016 to 2019. This in order to observe which are the recurring components at the time of be criticized. For this reason, the visual elements that manage to communicate the cartoonist's message and how the public understands it through graphics were identified. In which the context is considered as an important axis in the process of visual communication. Therefore, an analysis of twenty cartoons published by El Otorongo, in the aforementioned years, was carried out. The analysis is of the documentary and denotative type for each selected cartoon. Twenty interviews were also conducted with a diverse audience of ages to discover their perception of the political cartoon and learn about their knowledge of visual elements. A remarkable result is that the color helps the public to quickly assimilate what party is being talked about, as well as the use of texture to reflect reality. Likewise, they consider that having a vast knowledge of various characters in the political universe is relevant to get the message. Finally, Alberto Fujimori is a politician who has found himself in various controversies in recent years. This is because Keiko and Kenji Fujimori are his sons who have followed the political path like him. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this study is to create and evaluate a grammar for a visual language, which is to be used in the medical domain. The grammar was created with gestalt laws in mind. The grammar must also fit, in part, with the ontology of the clinical terminology SNOMED CT. Evaluation was conducted with think aloud tests and with complementary semi-structured interviews. The participants overall believed that a complementary visual language for patient journals would be useful, and the majority understood the logic behind the grammar. Most complaints were about some of the pictograms in the icons of the grammar, which were unclear, and some requested a clear time axis to be included. Another suggestionwas to add pop-up boxes with more detailed information. This is only the first step in a big project and there is potential for many improvements - future development of this visual language should be done in iterations by teams of complementing competencies.