A tese mostra as trajetórias e a presença (in)tensa de estudantes, docentes e gestores que entrecruzaram e en(tre)laçaram suas vidas no Programa Conexões de Saberes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, no período de 2005 a 2009. Invoca e provoca uma reflexão sobre as disposições éticas, estéticas e afetuais que se manifestaram nas ações e no estar-junto, nas narrativas e testemunhos das vidas daqueles que fizeram e configuraram o referido Programa. Põe em evidência as formas que teceram e sustentaram, (des)mobilizaram e (des)potencializaram, deram vigor e vitalismo à sua realização. Através da escuta dos testemunhos de vida de estudantes, de professores, de gestores, a pesquisa expõe a disposição do seu autor em ser e estar escutador da vida em suas múltiplas relações e em seus destinos entre-cruzados. Para tanto, utiliza-se de procedimentos metodológicos tais como memoriais, testemunhos de vida, entrevistas individuais e coletivas (grupo focal), compilação e análise de documentos, um diário de reflexões e outros registros. O estudo se configura e se ampara em um modo de fazer pesquisa que se permite surpreender com o dado mundano, com a trajetória que se mostra, com a vida que é; próprio de uma razão aberta e sensível, de uma Sociologia compreensiva, acariciante e do formismo de Michel Maffesoli, bem como da Forma e da Sociologia das formas sociais de Georg Simmel. As trajetórias de vida são entrelaçadas a partir dos traços e marcas familiares e escolares, das relações trabalho-estudo, do engajamento comunitário, da escolha do curso, do Concurso Vestibular, do ingresso no Ensino Superior, do viver na Universidade. A reflexão privilegia (1) os processos de identificação e as éticas manifestas nos testemunhos, nas narrativas e no estar-junto; (2) as (in)tensas relações vivenciadas pelos atores que produziram o Conexões ; (3) ambos caracterizados pelo conflito como uma forma de sociação (Simmel) e transfigurados pela potência do político, do educativo, do ético, do estético, do afetual. / The thesis shows the trajectories and the (in)tense reality of students, teachers and administrators who crisscrossed, enlaced and intertwined their lives in the Knowledge Connections Program of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, in the period 2005 to 2009. It invokes and provokes a reflection on the ethical, aesthetic and affective provisions manifested in the actions and in the togetherness, the narrations and the testimonies of the lives of those who made and shaped this Program. It highlights the ways that have provided and maintained, (dis)potentialized and (un)worsened and given vigor and vitality to its realization. By listening to the testimonies of the life of students, teachers, administrators, this work exposes the disposition of its author to be listening in on life in its multiple relationships and its inter-laced destinations. To this end, it employs methodological procedures such as memorials, testimonies of life, individual and group interviews (focus group), compilation and analysis of documents, a diary of reflections and other records. The study is configured and focused on a way to do research that permits to be surprised by the mundane, with the trajectory that is shown, with life as it is; as pertains to an open and sensitive reason, to a sociology that is understanding and tender as shaped by Michel Maffesoli, and to Form and Sociology of social forms by Georg Simmel. The paths of life are intertwined beginning from the traces and marks of family and school, of the relations of work and study, community engagement, the choice of courses, the University entrance exam, the entry into higher education, living in the University. The discussion focuses on (1) identification processes and ethics evident in the testimonies, narrations and togetherness, (2) the (in)tense relations lived by the actors who produced the “Connections”, (3) both characterized by conflict as a form of sociation (Vergellschaftung) (Simmel) and transfigured by the power of politics, education, ethics, aestheticism, affectation.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T07:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renatha Cândida da Cruz - 2015.pdf: 7162038 bytes, checksum: cf247e6c52c05b38afe2f497f3091a21 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T07:06:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renatha Cândida da Cruz - 2015.pdf: 7162038 bytes, checksum: cf247e6c52c05b38afe2f497f3091a21 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-08T07:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renatha Cândida da Cruz - 2015.pdf: 7162038 bytes, checksum: cf247e6c52c05b38afe2f497f3091a21 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The socioeconomic changes observed in the country in the past decades have been studied and researched in recent years and have given different classifications. The "New Middle Class" is a new therm. According to the studies, with the increase of income of the Brazilian families, many of them got into the middle class, in a range between R$ 291,00 and R$ 1054,00 per capita. Other studies realize that, far beyond the income, the connexion of other factors need to be considered , such as work and education, for example, and so it appears more appropriate to give to the group the name of the "New Working Class". In this sense, this dissertation aimed to understand the socio-spatial dynamics of Goiania's Northwest Region in 2010, to identify whether the defining elements of the "New Middle Class" and the "New Working Class" could be applied to the delimited area. We adopted the methodology bibliographical and statistical on the NorthWest Region and the guiding themes of work, followed by the preparation of charts, tables and maps that supported our considerations and discussions. In this study, we showed that the Northwest Region of Goiânia has, in 2010, a dynamic quite different from its genesis occurred in 1979 with the collective struggle for urban land. To understand this process, we developed a timeline and each step was assigned the name of a neighborhood in the region namely: Esperança (1979-1981), Finsocial (1982-1987), Vitória (1988-2001) and Triunfo ( 2002-2010), besides of the intermediate phase, which we call Tremendão (1979-2010). Based on the analysis, we found that the population of the Northwest Region is a representation of the "New Working Class", justified by the low education, long work hours, although with enormous changes in income and consumption pattern. / As mudanças socioeconômicas observadas no país nas últimas década vêm sendo tema de estudos e pesquisas nos últimos anos e fizeram surgir diferentes nomenclaturas. A nova classe média é uma delas. De acordo com os estudos, com o aumento da renda das famílias brasileiras, muitas delas se ingressaram na classe média, em uma faixa entre R$ 291 e R$ 1.054 per capita. Outros estudos dão conta de que, muito além da renda, a relação de outros fatores necessita ser levada em consideração, como o trabalho e a escolaridade, por exemplo, e assim se mostra mais adequado atribuir ao grupo o nome de nova classe trabalhadora. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo entender a dinâmica socioespacial da Região Noroeste de Goiânia no ano de 2010, para identificar se os elementos definidores da nova classe média e da nova classe trabalhadora se aplicavam ao recorte espacial. Adotamos como metodologia o levantamento bibliográfico e estatístico acerca da Região Noroeste e das temáticas norteadoras do trabalho, seguimos com a elaboração de gráficos, tabelas e mapas que subsidiaram nossas considerações e discussões. Nesta pesquisa, evidenciamos que a Região Noroeste de Goiânia apresenta, em 2010, uma dinâmica bastante diferente de sua gênese ocorrida em 1979, com a luta coletiva pelo solo urbano. Para compreender esse processo, elaboramos uma cronologia e a cada etapa foi atribuído o nome de um bairro da região a saber: Esperança (de 1979 a 1981), Finsocial (de 1982 a 1987), Vitória (de 1988 a 2001) e Triunfo (de 2002 a 2010), além da fase intermediária, que chamamos de Tremendão (de 1979 a 2010). Com base nas análises, constatamos que a população da Região Noroeste é uma representação da nova classe trabalhadora, justificada pela baixa escolaridade, as longas jornadas de trabalho, embora com intensas modificações na renda e no padrão de consumo.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O trabalho do âPasseio PÃblico à Ferroviaâ explicita a formaÃÃo do lazer desportivo em torno da bola pelos trabalhadores da cidade de Fortaleza. Podemos observar como as classes subalternas se apropriaram do esporte junto com as elites. Os lugares onde o esporte floresceu e suas espacialidades nÃo possuÃam dicotomias tÃo acentuadas que outrora os memorialistas observaram. à clara a absorÃÃo de jogadores oriundos das classes subalternas nos times elitistas. O futebol como lazer social se espalhou entre as diversas camadas sociais. A dissertaÃÃo revela os embates sociais vivenciados pelos trabalhadores, durante as mudanÃas trabalhistas implicadas pelo Estado Novo. Como as elites se relacionavam antes de 1930 com os trabalhadores que jogavam futebol, e como eles percebiam esse esporte praticado por outro grupo social. Percebi posterior a ârevoluÃÃo de 30â as alteraÃÃes no relacionamento do lazer operÃrio, principalmente pela interferÃncia do Estado. O texto centraliza o olhar do historiador na trajetÃria de construÃÃo do time do FerroviÃrio AtlÃtico Clube. Como outros clubes oriundos de trabalhadores, os ferroviÃrios promoveram partidas no intuito de construir um lazer independente. A beneficÃncia dos ferroviÃrios seria uma das primeiras promotoras do futebol associativo. Essa prÃtica instigada pelo presidente da beneficÃncia favoreceu o surgimento do FerroviÃrio 14 anos depois. O trabalho culmina com a vitÃria do FerroviÃrio AtlÃtico Clube, em 1945, no campeonato cearense. O campeonato era promovido pela liga formada pelos times da elite. Eu chamei esse fato de uma vitÃria simbÃlica da classe operÃria contra a exploraÃÃo do patronato. / The work of the âPublic Stroll to the explicit Railroadâ the formation of the porting leisure around the ball for the workers of the Fortaleza city. We can observe as the subordinate classrooms if they had together with appropriated of the sport the elites. The places where the sport blossomed and yours specialty didnât have so accented dichotomies that no long ago the memorialists had observed. The absorption of deriving players of the subordinate classrooms in the elitist teams is clear. The soccer as social leisure if spread between the diverse social classes. The thesis discloses strikes them social lived deeply for the workers, during the working changes implied by the New State. As the elites if related before 1930 with the workers who played soccer, and as they perceived this sport practiced for another social group. I could realize that after the ârevolution of the 30â alterations in the relationship of the laboring leisure, mainly for the interference of the State. The text centralizes the look of the historian in the trajectory of construction of the teams of the Athletically Railroad worker Club. As others deriving clubs of workers, the railroad workers had promoted left in intention to construct an independent leisure. The beneficence of the railroad workers would be one of the first promoters of the associative soccer. This practical instigated by the president of the beneficence favored the sprouting of the Railroad worker 14 years later. The work culminates with the victory of the Athletically Railroad worker Club, in 1945, in the pertaining to Cearà state championship. The championship was promoted for the league formed by the teams from the elite. I called this fact a symbolic victory of the laboring classroom against the patronage exploration.

A narrativa sociológica que tentei construir sobre a Termomecanica (TM) partiu de uma retomada dos vários tons que compuseram a experiência de classe dos peões do ABC e a identidade operária combativa que daí resultou. Em seguida, me enveredei na desmontagem da teia simbólica do discurso paternalista que o patrão (Salvador Arena) articulou com vistas a bloquear o desenvolvimento de uma consciência de classe rebelde nos operários de sua fábrica, formatando-lhes, ao contrário, uma identidade resignada, leal ao patrão e à empresa. Após, procurei destacar como, apesar das estratégias de esterilização sindical empreendidas por Salvador Arena, o conflito fabril sempre foi latente. Neste ponto, a ideia foi dar voz àqueles que são cotidianamente obrigados a se calar, conferindo destaque à operários desconhecidos cujas vidas foram indelevelmente marcadas pela TM e por Salvador Arena. Por fim, tentei recuperar as tradições sociais que, num quadro socioeconômico e histórico específico, desembocaram no processo produtivo da Termomecanica e engendraram por meio da referida dominação simbólica paternalista o notável envolvimento do grupo operário, isto é, criaram o fator decisivo que permitiu à TM se colocar de forma singular diante dos concorrentes, dos demais empresários industriais e do Estado. / The sociological narrative about the Termomecanica factory (TM) that I tried to build were started with a reflection about the various aspects of the working class experience in the ABC and about the combative identity that was resulted of this experience. Afterwards, I aimed dismantling the web of symbolic ties which constitutes the patronizing speech of its founder (Salvador Arena), developed in order to hinder the establishment of a rebellious working class consciousness among his factorys workers, being able to create a subdued workers identity, loyal to their boss and company. Later, I tried to highlight the fact that the labor conflict has always been latent, in spite of Salvador Arenas strategies to make the trade unions impotent. At that point, my intention was to acknowledge the ones forcefully silenced, especially the anonymous workers who had TM and Salvador Arena printed in their lives. Finally, I tried to recover the social traditions that in a specific historical and socio-economic panorama culminate in Termomecanicas production process and engender through the patronizing symbolic domination mentioned above the remarkable workers\' engagement, creating a decisive factor to make the Salvador Arena\'s factory a case unique faced with the competitors, the others enterprises and the State.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-15T12:30:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carine Ane Jung.pdf: 1720398 bytes, checksum: b7a03f5df629089286908afb79290d90 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T12:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carine Ane Jung.pdf: 1720398 bytes, checksum: b7a03f5df629089286908afb79290d90 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / This study makes a theoretical analysis about this content in the main criticisms directed towards education of middle level, driven by public school for the young children of the working class, or already in the world of work. These criticisms are desferidas by various sectors of society, including by the working class. Both locally, in the city of Toledo-PR, and nationally, the narratives of the working class in relation to public school and high school claim that this has failed to comply with the social function that has been allocated, therefore the school curriculum that guides this level of education is based on knowledge considered from the truth of students from the working class. We prioritize our research shows "what you hear" at the national level about the education of middle level from surveys conducted by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV), Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP) and Victor Civita Foundation (FVC) , understanding that they represent the dominant thinking about the social function that the school must exercise today and with which we have agreed not. To portray "what is said" in the city of Toledo-PR present the lines of the school community of the State College Senator Attilio Fontana - CESAF, located in a working class neighborhood, in the neighborhood Vila Pioneer, near the company BR FOODS (old Sadia SA ). This work recognizes the current situation of high school audience in Brazil as a reflection of the education system in the country needs urgent educational reform and that has problems, but aims to discuss how to prepare these criticisms made by the working class, since understands there as grounds for their mistaken assumptions formulations, to the extent that they take what is due by origin, what we understand by a materialist perspective, dialectical and historical analysis, constitute an idealistic reversal. The distance experienced by individuals in relation to the laws governing the objects in capitalist society allowed the workers to embrace the educational proposals coming from the ruling class, so while school products and the company is called, expressed through their lines, contrary to imagine how much the school as a social institution is reproducing the social conditions in which it operates. Their narratives show clearly the fact that they have difficulties in unveiling the causal connections that conform to reality, because mostly have no knowledge that are beyond your daily life and allow them to reestablish a relationship between his private life and the universality of gender human. Therefore, their arguments reflect inequalities not only material but also cultural guiding men in a class society. / Este estudo realiza uma análise teórica acerca do conteúdo presente nas principais críticas dirigidas à formação escolar de nível médio, direcionada pela escola pública para os jovens filhos da classe trabalhadora, ou já inseridos no mundo do trabalho. Estas críticas são desferidas pelos mais diversos setores da sociedade, inclusive pela própria classe trabalhadora. Tanto localmente, no município de Toledo-PR, quanto nacionalmente, as narrativas da classe trabalhadora em relação à escola pública e ao Ensino Médio afirmam que esta não tem cumprido com a função social que lhe tem sido atribuída, pois, o currículo escolar que orienta este nível de ensino está fundamentado por conteúdos considerados distante da realidade dos alunos oriundos da classe trabalhadora. Priorizamos em nossa pesquisa apresentar “o que se ouve” em nível nacional acerca da formação escolar de nível médio a partir de pesquisas realizadas pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), Centro brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento (CEBRAP) e Fundação Victor Civita (FVC), entendendo que estas representam o pensamento hegemônico acerca da função social que a escola deve exercer na atualidade e, com a qual não pactuamos. Para retratar “o que se diz” no município de Toledo-PR apresentamos as falas da comunidade escolar do Colégio Estadual Senador Attílio Fontana – CESAF, localizado em um bairro operário, no Bairro Vila Pioneiro, nas proximidades da empresa BR FOODS (antiga SADIA S.A.). Este trabalho reconhece a situação atual do Ensino Médio público no Brasil como um reflexo de que o sistema de ensino no país necessita de uma reforma educacional urgente e que este possui problemas, mas procura problematizar a forma como se elaboram estas críticas proferidas pela classe trabalhadora, já que entende haver na fundamentação de suas formulações pressupostos equivocados, na medida em que tomam o que é decorrência por origem, o que compreendemos por meio de uma perspectiva materialista, dialética e histórica de análise, se constituir em uma inversão idealista. O distanciamento vivido pelos indivíduos em relação às leis que regem os objetos na sociedade capitalista permitiu que os trabalhadores abraçassem as propostas educacionais advindas da classe dominante, por isso, enquanto produtos da escola e da sociedade que está posta, exprimem por meio de suas falas, contrariamente ao que imaginam, o quanto a escola, como instituição social é reprodutora das condições sociais nas quais está inserida. Suas narrativas apresentam claramente o fato de que possuem dificuldades em desvelar as conexões causais que conformam a realidade, pois, em sua maioria não possuem conhecimentos que estejam além de sua cotidianidade e que lhes permitiriam reestabelecer uma relação entre sua existência particular e a universalidade do gênero humano. Por isso, suas argumentações espelham as desigualdades não apenas materiais, mas também culturais que balizam os homens em uma sociedade de classes.

Le Costa Rica s’est construit comme une société homogène sans valorisation ni représentation des classes populaires. Dans les discours savants et dans le champ politique, la faible représentation des couches inférieures des classes populaires est généralement expliquée par leur atomisation. Incapables de se retrouver autour d’intérêts communs, ces groupes ne pourraient exister collectivement dans l’espace politique institué. À revers de ces analyses, cette thèse interroge l’émergence de porte-parole et leur accès à la politique instituée à travers l’étude de carrières de dirigeants de deux quartiers populaires à San José. En l’absence d’une structuration clientélaire ou corporative, ces dirigeants sont en général considérés comme des acteurs isolés ayant tout pouvoir sur une clientèle de voisins apathiques. Or, leur leadership repose sur des liens personnalisés et localisés et sur des logiques d’unification. Pour résoudre les problèmes locaux, les dirigeants s’attachent à mettre en forme des attentes autour desquelles leur voisinage peut se retrouver. Mais, leur action se déroulant hors de structures d’encadrement préétablies, leur position est précaire. Face aux échecs des projets qu’ils portent et à la position inconfortable que cela leur vaut localement, certains dirigeants tentent de poursuivre leur engagement en entrant en politique. Or, cela est rendue difficile par une gestion partisane des carrières militantes peu favorable à ces groupes sociaux. Ainsi, à travers une analyse par le bas des modes d’action de ces dirigeants, cette thèse contribue à l’analyse des formes d’engagement et de politisation populaires se déroulant à la marge de la politique instituée / In academic discourse as much as in the political field, the poor representation of the lower classes of Costa Rican society is generally attributed to the fact that they are dispersed. Unable to gather into communities of interest, these groups could not exist collectively in the political field. Taking an opposite position to these analyses, this thesis investigates the emergence of spokespersons and their access to the political field by studying the neighbourhood’s leaders’ careers. These leaders are generally considered to have all power over a clientele of apathetic neighbours. However, if their leadership relies on the strength of personalised and localised ties, made and kept by a range of exchanges of goods and services, this investigation sheds light on processes of unification. In order to resolve local problems, the leaders focus on rationalising, even perhaps inciting needs that their neighbours can rally behind. Faced with regular failure and the subsequent uncomfortable position this leaves them him, some leaders can attempt to pursue a career in the political establishment. However, their entry in politics is particularly difficult due to the political parties who manage political careers and are not in favour of urban working class groups. Through a bottom-up approach, this thesis contributes to the analysis of the forms of political engagement and the politicization of the lower classes, which can happen on the margins of the political field

A travers une étude générale des infrastructures de production, l’ambition de cette recherche est double. Il s’agit d’une part de mettre en évidence la centralité du studio dans l’organisation de la production cinématographique française des années 1930, mais également de montrer quel a pu être l’impact des évolutions de fonctionnement des studios au cours de la décennie sur les conditions de travail et les modes de sociabilité des ouvriers et techniciens du film. Cette thèse ne se contente pas de rassembler des données factuelles et de dresser un inventaire des structures de production dans la France de l’entre-deux-guerres, elle étudie également les dynamiques d’une branche de l’industrie cinématographique en pleine évolution - les studios – tout en faisant de l’humain – ouvriers et techniciens du film - le pivot de la réflexion. L’analyse des dimensions techniques, économiques et humaines des studios français dans les années 1930, se déploie en trois parties correspondant à trois périodes marquées par des dynamiques différentes.La première partie (1929-1930), aborde la question du passage au parlant en privilégiant une approche descriptive des installations ; elle dresse un tableau de la situation en 1929 et analyse les nouvelles dynamiques économiques et techniques qui modifient en profondeur le paysage des studios français à l’aube de la décennie. La deuxième partie (1931-1933), s’attache à mettre en lumière le fonctionnement quotidien des studios, leur rôle dans la formation et la carrière des professionnels mais également leur impact sur la vie économique et sociale des territoires dans lesquels ils sont implantés. Enfin la troisième partie, (1934-1939), soulève la question du modèle de développement des studios français. Premières victimes de la crise de la production des années 1934-1935, les ouvriers et techniciens du film sont les premiers à réagir, répondant à la dégradation de leurs conditions de travail et de rémunération par un mouvement de revendications et de luttes sociales qui agitent les studios durant toute la seconde moitié de la décennie. / Throughout this general study of the production facilities, the goal of the research is two fold. It aims first at establishing the centrality of the studios in organizing the French movie production in the 1930’s. It equally looks at showing what have been the impacts of the changes which had affected the functioning of the studios during this decade on the working conditions and sociability modes of the working class and technicians of the film industry. Not only this PhD gathers evidences and draws an inventory of the production facilities in the France between the two world wars, but it also studies the dynamics of a fast evolving branch of the film industry, the studios, while making of the human - workers and technicians of the film industry - the centre of the reflection. The analysis of the technical, economic and human dimensions of French movie studios in 1930’s, unfolds in three parts corresponding to three periods marked by different dynamics. The first part (1929-1930), discusses the transition to talking cinema favoring a descriptive approach of the facilities; it paints a picture of the situation in 1929 and analyzes the new economic and technical dynamics that profoundly altered the landscape of French studios at the beginning of the decade. The second part (1931-1933) , aims to highlight the daily operation of the studios, their role in the training and career of professionals but also their impact on economic and social life of the territories in which they are located. Finally, the third part, (1934-1939), raised the question of the development model of French studios. First victims of the crisis of 1934-1935 production year, workers and technicians of the film are the first to react, responding to the deterioration of their working conditions and compensation by a movement of demands and social struggles that stir the studios throughout the second half of the decade.

Dans le discours public sur les quartiers populaires, les familles sont régulièrement accusées d’être responsables des problèmes des enfants, tels que la délinquance et l’échec scolaire. Les familles issues de l’immigration maghrébine et africaine sont plus particulièrement la cible de ces accusations, en références à leurs structures familiales et cultures spécifiques supposées. L’objectif de cette thèse est de réfléchir à la question éducative dans les quartiers populaires à travers l’analyse des discours des parents, des jeunes et des acteurs scolaires et locaux. En s’appuyant sur des enquêtes dans deux quartiers de banlieue parisienne, cette thèse examine tout d’abord le processus de construction locale des « problèmes de familles » autour de l’éducation. Les habitants des quartiers reproduisent les stigmates donnés en les retournant envers les autres. Les acteurs locaux et scolaires mobilisent le contexte culturel des familles immigrées pour rendre compte des enjeux éducatifs auxquels ils font face. Ensuite, le regard se porte sur l’éducation au sein des familles et les expériences des jeunes. Les parents font preuve de passivité envers l’éducation scolaire et l’environnement social du quartier, mais ils essaient de prendre un rôle actif dans la transmission culturelle et religieuse. Les jeunes intériorisent ce contexte culturel et ont plusieurs identités, dont la centrale est d’être musulman. Les institutions solides et les groupes sociaux s’affaiblissent, et les identités et les repères de racine se bousculent avec les expériences des immigrations et des discriminations. La culture d’origine et la religion donnent aux parents et jeunes la dignité et l’identité. / In the debate concerning working-class neighborhoods, families are accused of a lack of responsibility with regard to their children’s educational problems, such as delinquency and school failure. In particular, Maghrebi and African immigrant parents are always at the heart of the discussion, given their family structures and cultural context. This study investigates educational questions in working-class neighborhoods by examining the discourses and experiences of parents, youth, and school and local actors. Based on empirical research conducted in two working-class neighborhoods in the Parisian suburbs, this study firstly shows the process of constructing “family problems” in education at the local level. Stigmas established by society are reproduced among inhabitants to differentiate themselves from others. Local and school actors understand educational issues through the cultural context of immigrant families. Secondly, we investigate the education conducted within families and through young people’s experiences. Parents show passive attitudes vis-à-vis school education and the social environment of their neighborhoods, but they try to play an active role in transmitting culture and religion. Youth internalize this cultural context and have several identities, the most central of which being their identity as a Muslim. Fundamental institutions and social groups are weakened, and identity and cultural roots have become unstable due to immigration and the discrimination. Cultural origin and religion provide parents and youth with dignity and identity.

Le désir de changer la vie, de s'accomplir et de s’émanciper dans les années 1830 trouve, pour se concrétiser, une expression artistique qui se poursuit aujourd’hui sous d'autres formes. Les prolétaires du XIXe siècle décident de ne plus vivre l’insupportable. Ils prennent des heures sur leur temps de repos, pour se cultiver, se former. Ils fondent des journaux, composent des chansons, des poèmes, des pamphlets, lisent les textes des penseurs Saint-simoniens et Fouriéristes. Leur lutte emprunte les voies du régime esthétique. Cette expérience d’émancipation fait le lien, à travers le temps, avec les multiples tentatives qui se sont poursuivies pour transformer la société, avec des temps forts en 1936, 1968, 1995. Lors du mouvement social de 1995, les grévistes ont choisi l’expression cinématographique pour relater leur lutte. Un flot d’images a accompagné les grèves, tout au long des manifestations et des Assemblées Générales. Ces films aboutissent à donner une autre vision des grèves et à construire une mémoire ouvrière par les travailleurs eux-mêmes. Ils sont un contrepoint aux images et commentaires proposés par la majorité des médias. Ce sont aussi des expériences esthétiques. Cette prise de caméra par les travailleurs n’est pas nouvelle. Elle s’inscrit dans l’histoire du cinéma militant pour créer une représentation sociale du monde du travail. Il est nécessaire, pour comprendre ces différentes périodes d’émancipation, de construire et analyser les figures de cette Histoire de l’irruption de l’esthétique dans le champ de l’Histoire ouvrière. Il faut aussi s’interroger sur les significations politiques et anthropologiques de ces temps de rupture où le désir d'émancipation et d'accomplissement s'inscrit dans une dimension esthétique Au moment où la classe ouvrière est en pleine refonte de son identité, où l’on évoque la disparition de ses valeurs, il est indispensable de montrer sa combativité et les luttes qui continuent de jalonner son histoire. / The desire to change life, to be accomplished and emancipated in the 1830s was found through artistic expression. This continues today in other forms. The proletariat of the nineteenth century decided to no longer live the unbearable. They took hours on their free time, to educate and cultivate themselves. They founded newspapers, composed songs, poems, pamphlets, read the texts of thinkers like Saint-Simonian and Fourierists. Their struggle followed the routes of the aesthetic regime. This experience of emancipation is the link, through time, with other multiple attempts that continue to transform society, with highlights in 1936, 1968, 1995. During the social movements in 1995, the strikers chose cinematic expression to recount their struggle. A flood of images followed the strikers throughout demonstrations and General meetings. These films led to creating a different vision of strikes and to building a working memory by the workers themselves. They are a counterpoint to the images and comments offered by most of the media. They are also aesthetic experiences. This very use of the camera by workers is not new. It is part of the history of militant cinema that creates a social representation of the working world. It is necessary to understand these different periods of emancipation, to build and to analyze the figures in this history of the emergence of aesthetics in the field of working history. We must also question the political and anthropological significance of these breaking points where the desire for emancipation and fulfillment is part of an aesthetic dimension When the working class is being overhauled its identity, when the disappearance of its values is evoked, it is essential to show its fight and struggles that continue to stake its history.

This research aims to examine gender representations built by professionals Special Operations Command of the Military Police of the State of Sergipe - COE, having as parameter the sexual division of labor, the value of professional qualifications and new skills, assigning special attention to the advances made by women in the organization, with respect to rights and citizenship. The approach adopted is based on the historical-critical design, with the option methodological qualitative research through case study developed in the Organization. The research population includes the effective of 98 professionals (93 men and five women) group of specialized police COE. Ten interviews were conducted semistructured with five women and five men. The Military Police is an organization that still has strong brands of conservatism in its structure, with a strict hierarchy, which has hampered over the years, access and retention of women in the workplace associated with various social representations, between which highlights the image of a physically demanding and risky activity, contact with violent situations and environments socially devalued. In the process of inclusion of women in the military police unit, to assume new positions in the hierarchy of living circles, the subject of sex workers becomes a source of status and power, leading the way in introducing and positioning jobs, a fact that sets the process of exclusion and domination within the police apparatus. The interviewees consider that there are barriers to progress more effective participation of women in the space of the Military Police, however, indicate dimensions of positive work done by them, this is because these dimensions have provided expand democratization in the corporation, as well as between the Police and society. In Special Operations Command, despite the small number of women exist, they develop functions and actions that have always been seen as suitable only for men. Education, training on gender issues for the individuals involved and included in the Corporation become important elements for changing the forms of management, organizational culture and the deconstruction of stereotypes disadvantageous for women prevailing in the organization. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as representações de gênero construídas por profissionais do Comando de Operações Especiais da Polícia Militar do Estado de Sergipe COE, tendo como parâmetro a divisão sexual do trabalho, a valorização da qualificação profissional e de novas competências, atribuindo-se especial destaque aos avanços obtidos por mulheres na Organização, com relação aos direitos e à cidadania. A abordagem adotada apoia-se na concepção histórico-crítica, tendo como opção metodológica a pesquisa qualitativa, por meio do estudo de caso desenvolvido na Organização. A população da pesquisa abrange o efetivo de 98 profissionais (93 homens e cinco mulheres) policiais do grupo especializado do COE. Foram realizadas dez entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco mulheres e cinco homens. A Polícia Militar é uma organização que ainda possui fortes marcas do conservadorismo em sua estrutura, com uma hierarquia rígida, o que tem dificultado, ao longo dos anos, o acesso e a permanência das mulheres no contexto de trabalho associado a diversas representações sociais, entre as quais se destaca a imagem de uma atividade fisicamente exigente e arriscada, em contato com situações de violência e com ambientes socialmente desvalorizados. No processo de inserção feminina no aparelho policial militar, ao assumir novos postos na hierarquia dos círculos de convivência, o sexo dos sujeitos trabalhadores torna-se fonte de status e poder, implicando o modo de introdução e posicionamento nos postos de trabalho, fato que define o processo de exclusão-dominação no interior do aparelho policial. As entrevistadas consideram que existem barreiras para avanços mais efetivos na participação da mulher no espaço da Polícia Militar, contudo, indicam dimensões de positividade no trabalho realizado por elas, isto porque essas dimensões têm proporcionado ampliar a democratização na corporação, assim como entre a Polícia e a sociedade. No Comando de Operações Especiais, apesar do pequeno número de mulheres existentes, elas desenvolvem funções e ações que sempre foram vistas como adequadas apenas para homens. A educação, a capacitação em questões de gênero para os sujeitos envolvidos e inseridos na Corporação tornam-se elementos importantes para mudar as formas de gestão, a cultura organizacional e a desconstrução de estereótipos desvantajosos para as mulheres ainda vigentes na organização.