Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit untersuchte den Einsatz didaktischer Methoden, das Interaktionsverhalten von Dozierenden und Studierenden sowie die Wirksamkeit pädagogisch-psychologischer Beratungen von Lehrenden an deutschen Hochschulen. Dabei handelte es sich um eine experimentelle Studie mit Messung der Lehrqualität durch Fragebögen, videobasierte Verhaltensanalysen und studentischen Veranstaltungsbesuch. Die Vorlesung ist nach Kerres und Pressler (2013) die effizienteste Lehrform. Sie ist ökonomisch und wird einem hohen Andrang von Studierenden gerecht. Die Vorlesung nimmt im Durchschnitt 50% der angebotenen Lehrveranstaltungen in Bachelorstudiengängen ein (Kerres & Schmidt, 2011). Diese werden wiederholt aufgrund der passiven Rolle des Studierenden sowie der einseitigen Kommunikationsform kritisiert (Apel, 1999; Schams, 2005) und verzeichnen rückläufige Besuchszahlen (Ramm, Multrus, Bargel, & Schmidt, 2014). Daher untersuchte diese Forschungsarbeit ausschließlich das Lehrveranstaltungsformat der Vorlesung. Das übergeordnete Ziel stellte die Bereitstellung detaillierter fachspezifischer und fachübergreifender Implikationen zur Verbesserung der Lehrqualität in Vorlesungen an deutschen Universitäten und Fachhochschulen dar. Dazu wurden vier verschiedene Studien durchgeführt. Studie 1 untersuchte die An- und Abwesenheit in Vorlesungen von N=1841 Studierenden. Deutschlandweit nahmen Studierende von k=42 Universitäts- und Fachhochschulstandorten teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Studierende Vorlesungen signifikant seltener besuchten und diese weniger zeitintensiv vorbereiteten als Seminare oder Übungen. Je höher die intrinsische Motivation, die Leistungsmotivation sowie die Lebenszufriedenheit der Studierenden war, desto höher war die Anwesenheit in Vorlesungen. Die Studierenden, welche häufiger die Vorlesungen besuchten, wiesen aktuell bessere Noten auf. Zudem zeigte sich, dass je konzentrierter das Anwesenheitsverhalten war, desto besser war die Bewertung der Lehrqualität und desto mehr positive Merkmale äußerten Studierende an der Lehrveranstaltungsform Vorlesung. Die intensive Nutzung digitaler Medien durch Studierende war mit hoher Ablenkung während der Vorlesung verbunden. In der Selbsteinschätzung zeigte sich allerdings, dass Studierende durch die Nutzung des Handys am häufigsten abgelenkt waren und am wenigsten konzentriert arbeiteten. Insgesamt wünschten sich 65% der Befragten eine unterhaltsame Vorlesung. Die Studierenden wünschten sich, dass Vorlesungen besser organisiert und interaktiver gestaltet werden. Die langweilige Gestaltung der Vorlesungen wurde als Hauptgrund für Absentismus angeführt. Studie 2 untersuchte den Einsatz didaktischer Methoden zur Vermittlung von Wissen und Kompetenzen. Insgesamt nahmen N=983 Dozierende an der Untersuchung teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass den Dozierenden mehr als die Hälfte der 50 präsentierten Methoden bekannt waren. Die didaktischen Methoden Skript, Fragen stellen, Tafelbild, Zusammenfassen, Semesterplan, Ausblick und Überblick, Semesterapparat sowie Vortrag und Erklären durch Dozierende waren über 90% aller befragten Dozierenden bekannt. Dozierende der Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften kannten mehr didaktische Methoden als Dozierende anderer Fakultäten. Am wenigsten didaktische Methoden kannten Dozierende aus der Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaft. Insgesamt wurden von den Dozierenden lediglich 32% der bekannten didaktischen Methoden häufig angewendet. Dozierende mit steigender Anzahl an Lehrjahren und gehaltenen Vorlesungen kannten weniger didaktische Methoden und verwendeten diese seltener. Dozierende mit einer höheren Anzahl an hochschuldidaktischen Weiterbildungen kannten hingegen mehr didaktische Methoden. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, dass Dozierende mit einem lernorientierten Lehransatz mehr didaktische Methoden kannten und diese in ihren Vorlesungen signifikant häufiger anwendeten als inhaltsorientierte Dozierende. Darüber hinaus war diesen Dozierenden die Ausbildung überfachlicher Kompetenzen wichtiger als den inhaltorientierten Dozierenden. Die wichtigsten Kompetenzen über alle Fachbereiche hinweg waren Lernbereitschaft, Problemlösefähigkeit, Durchhaltevermögen, Eigenständigkeit sowie Zeitmanagement und Organisationsfähigkeit. Darüber hinaus sprachen sich mehr als die Hälfte aller Dozierenden dafür aus, dass Vorlesungen Studierende unterhalten müssen. Dabei befürworteten Dozierende eine unterhaltsame Vorlesung besonders, um das Interesse, die Motivation und die Aufmerksamkeit sowie die Freude am Lernen, den Lernerfolg, das Verständnis, die Mitarbeit sowie die Diskussionsbereitschaft zu fördern. Eine gute Vorlesung kennzeichnete aus Sicht der Dozierenden dabei insbesondere die Kompetenz der Lehrperson, ein anspruchsvoller Inhalt, eine gute Struktur, die Anregung zur Auseinandersetzung und dem selbständigen Mit- und Durchdenken. Studie 3 prüfte anschließend die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Varianten pädagogisch-psychologischer Beratungsansätze im Vergleich zu einem Feedback über die Lehrveranstaltungsbeurteilung ohne Beratung. Die gesamte Stichprobe beinhaltete Daten aus k=45 Lehrveranstaltungen von N=44 Dozierenden. Dabei lehrten die Dozierenden an elf verschiedenen Universitäts- und Fachhochschulstandorten. Die Veranstaltungsgröße der untersuchten Vorlesungen variierte zwischen N=10 und N=124 Studierenden. Insgesamt nahmen N=3100 Studierende teil. Die Lehrqualität wurde mittels Heidelberger Inventar zur Lehrveranstaltungsevaluation II (HILVE II; Rindermann, 2009) erfasst (Selbstratings, Ratings studentischer Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen sowie videobasierte Fremdratings). Für die Einschätzung der Lehrqualität durch externe Dozierende nahmen darüber hinaus N=119 Fremdurteiler von k=37 verschiedenen Universitäten oder Fachhochschulen an der Untersuchung teil und gaben k=465 Ratings anhand eines Fragebogens zur Lehrevaluation ab. Die Frage nach der Wirksamkeit der durchgeführten hochschuldidaktischen Beratung muss im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie mit „Nein“ beantwortet werden. Die Analysen zeigten keine signifikanten Effekte bezogen auf die Verbesserung der Lehrevaluation im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe. Darüber hinaus war die Beratung inklusive der Nutzung sozio-kognitiver Konflikte einer rein klassischen Beratung in ihrer Wirksamkeit entgegen den Erwartungen unterlegen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten weiter, dass der Wissens- bzw. Kompetenzzuwachs während einer Vorlesungsveranstaltung höher war, wenn die Lehrqualität durch die teilnehmenden Studierenden höher eingeschätzt wurde. Sowohl zum ersten Messzeitpunkt als auch zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt fanden sich bessere Lehrevaluationsergebnisse für Dozierende, welche den lernorientierten Lehransatz verfolgten. Diese Dozierenden fragten häufiger Inhalte ab, schauten das Publikum häufiger direkt an, hörten häufiger aktiv zu und reagierten häufiger mit positivem Feedback auf Studierende, welche sich in Vorlesungen häufiger zu Wort meldeten. Studie 4 untersuchte abschließend das Verhalten von N=38 Dozierenden (Datenpool Studie 3) und N=272 Studierenden und deren Interaktion. Es bestätigte sich, dass Studierende Vorlesungen, bei denen sie sich aktiver einbringen können, beispielsweise im aktiven Zuhören, im Mitschreiben von Gedanken, im Nutzen von Arbeitsmaterial oder im Stellen inhaltlich kritischer Fragen, insgesamt besser bewerteten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten weiter, dass eine häufige Verwendung beziehungsfördernder Verhaltensweisen mit aktivem Verhalten der Studierenden einherging. Jedoch zeigten sich Zusammenhänge einmal zum aktiven und einmal zum nicht aktiven Verhalten. Darüber hinaus konnten keine signifikanten Korrelationen gefunden werden. / The aim of the present research was to investigate the use of didactic methods, the interaction behavior of lecturers and students as well as the effectiveness of pedagogical and psychological counseling of lecturers at German universities. It was an experimental study with measurement of teaching quality with the help of questionnaires, video-based analysis of behavior and student attendance. Lectures are the most efficient and well-known type of teaching (Kerres & Pressler, 2013). They are economical and meet the high demand of students. Lectures occupy almost 50% of all offered courses in Bachelor´s degree (Kerres & Schmidt, 2011). Lectures are repeatedly criticized because of the passive role of the students as well as the unilateral form of communication (Apel, 1999, Schams, 2005). Furthermore student’s attendance is decreasing (Ramm, Multrus, Bargel, & Schmidt, 2014). Therefore the present study gathered only information about Lectures. The overall aim of the present study was to identify subject-specific and interdisciplinary implications for improving the quality of teaching in lectures at German universities. Four different studies were carried out for this purpose. Study 1 investigated the attendance and absence of students in lectures. The data from N=1841 students at k=42 German universities were collected. Students attended lectures significantly less frequently than seminars and tutorials and invested less time in preparation. Furthermore, a higher intrinsic motivation, achievement motivation and higher life satisfaction was associated with a higher attendance rate. Students, who attend lectures more often, had better grades at the present time. The higher the rate of attendance was, the better was the evaluation of the didactic quality. The intensive use of digital media by students was associated with high distraction during the lectures. Mainly responsible for this was the use of mobile phones. Overall, 65% of the participants voted for entertaining lectures. Lectures should be better organized and more interactive. The boring style of the lectures was the main reason for absenteeism. The aim of study 2 was to identify the main didactic methods which are currently used at German universities, their relationship to different departments and subjects and their dependence on general teaching orientations (student vs. content oriented). Finally, it was researched whether they are connected to social and personal competencies students should develop or expand from the point of view of their lecturers. Data from N = 983 instructors (professors and assistant professors) were collected. The instructors were aware of more than half of the 50 presented didactic methods. The methods script, asking questions, panel painting, synopsis, semester plan, outlook and overview, semester apparatus as well as lecture and explanation by lecturers were known to more than 90% of all participants. The results show differences in the use of didactic methods between departments and subjects. For example, instructors from the department of Humanities and Social Science knew more didactic methods than instructors of other departments. Instructors from the department of Mathematics and Natural Science knew fewest methods. Overall only 32% of the known didactic methods were frequently used by the participants. Instructors with higher teaching experience knew less didactic methods and used them less frequently. Instructors with higher amount of further education in the past knew more didactic methods. General teaching orientations and the number of used didactic method were related: Instructors with a learning oriented teaching approach knew and used more and different didactic methods than instructors with a content oriented approach. Furthermore, instructors with a learning oriented teaching approach were more interested in the education of interdisciplinary competences. The most important intended social and personal skills for instructors were willingness to learn, solving problems, power of endurance, independence as well as time management and organization skills. Following the results of study 1, the instructors also voted for entertaining lectures to promote the interest, motivation and attention of students as well as the enjoyment of learning, understanding and willingness for participation to the discussions. From the perspective of instructors, good lectures were characterized in particular by the competence of instructors, demanding content, good structure and the suggestion for discussions and independent thinking by students. Study 3 investigated the effectiveness of different variants of pedagogical and psychological counseling of instructors compared to an evaluation without counseling. The data from N=45 lectures of N=44 instructors at k=11 German universities were collected. The size of the lectures varied between N=10 and N=124 students. Overall, N=3100 students participated. In the study, the instructors themselves, their students as well as external instructors evaluate lectures – the external instructors by means of video recorded lecture sequences. The data from N=119 external instructors from k=37 different universities were collected. All external instructors together submitted k=465 external ratings. Teaching quality was assessed by means of the Heidelberg Inventory for Evaluation of Teaching (HILVE II). The question of the effectiveness of the didactic counseling has to be answered with 'no'. Analyzes showed no significant effects on the improvement of teaching quality compared to a control group. In addition, the counseling including the use of socio-cognitive conflicts was inferior in effectiveness to a classic counseling. The better the evaluation of didactic quality was, the higher was the increasing knowledge by the students. Furthermore, instructors with a learning oriented teaching approach achieved better evaluation results. These instructors frequently asked for content, frequently directly view to the audience and responded more often with positive feedback to students who frequently interacted. Finally, Study 4 investigated the behavior of N=38 instructors (data pool study 3) and N=272 students as well as their interaction. Students achieved lectures much better, in which they can contribute more actively, for example in active listening, in writing down thoughts, in the use of work material or asking critical questions in terms of the content. Furthermore, the use of relationship promoting behaviors were related to a more active behavior of students in lectures. However, this relation was also found for non-active behavior. In addition, no significant correlations could be found.

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Diese Studie befasst sich mit den durch den Bergbau verursachten Umwelt- Sozial- und Territorialkonflikten in der Region Tarapacá, deren Probleme nicht nur mit den Umweltauswirkungen, sondern mit der allgemeinen Behandlung der Natur zum Zwecke des Profits und des Exports verbunden sind. Die Monographie konzentriert sich auf die Konfrontation zwischen dem Staat, den indigenen Gemeinschaften und den Bergbauunternehmen und beschreibt nuanciert die vielen Beziehungen und Verflechtungen zwischen ihnen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen die verschiedenen politischen, wirtschaftlichen, institutionellen und kulturellen Elemente im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung von Bergbau und ihre Folgen und Interdependenzen die in den einzelnen Kapiteln beschrieben und dargestellt werden. Im Rahmen nationaler Umweltvorschriften, die die Entwicklung des Bergbaus und anderer Tätigkeiten mit großen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt zu regulieren versuchen, generiert der heutige ressourcenabbau bestimmte Vereinbarungen mit den lokalen Gemeinschaften die in der Nähe der Bergbaugebiete leben. Das Fehlen von Vereinbarungen kann zu Konflikten und Widerstand seitens der Gemeinschaften führen. Dadurch könnten bestimmte Bergbauprojekte mit hohen Investitionskosten gestoppt oder verzögert werden. Auf diese Weise werden Institutionen, unternehmerisches Engagement, Partizipation und Widerstand in komplexen Beziehungen miteinander verwoben. Die Arbeit integriert auch einen historischen Rahmen in Anbetracht des früheren Salpeterabbaus in der Region und der Entwicklung der Chilenischen Ressourcenpolitik des 20. Jh. mit starken Einfluss auf die nationale Vorstellung vom Bergbau als grundlegende Wirtschaftstätigkeit für die nationale Entwicklung. Sowohl werden auch die Merkmale des chilenischen Neoliberalismus und die Rolle des Bergbaus anhand einer Extraktivismus Kritik behandelt. / This study addresses the environmental, social, and territorial conflicts caused by mining in the Tarapacá region, whose problems are linked to environmental impacts and the general treatment of nature for profit and export. The study focuses on the confrontation between the state, indigenous communities, and mining companies and describes the many relationships and interconnections between them in nuanced terms. This work focuses on the various political, economic, institutional, and cultural elements associated with mining development and their consequences and interdependencies, which are described and illustrated in each chapter. In the context of national environmental regulations that seek to regulate the development of mining and other activities with significant environmental impacts, contemporary resource extraction generates certain agreements with local communities living near mining areas. The lack of agreements can lead to conflict and resistance from communities, and this could stop or delay specific mining projects with high investment costs. This way, institutions, corporate engagement, participation, and resistance become interwoven in complex relationships. The work also integrates a historical framework considering the former saltpeter mining in the region and the development of Chilean resource policies of the 20th century, with a strong influence on the national conception of mining as a fundamental economic activity for national development, discussing at large the characteristics of Chilean neoliberalism and the role of mining.

Ma thèse s'intéresse aux politiques de santé conçues pour encourager l'offre de services de santé. L'accessibilité aux services de santé est un problème majeur qui mine le système de santé de la plupart des pays industrialisés. Au Québec, le temps médian d'attente entre une recommandation du médecin généraliste et un rendez-vous avec un médecin spécialiste était de 7,3 semaines en 2012, contre 2,9 semaines en 1993, et ceci malgré l'augmentation du nombre de médecins sur cette même période. Pour les décideurs politiques observant l'augmentation du temps d'attente pour des soins de santé, il est important de comprendre la structure de l'offre de travail des médecins et comment celle-ci affecte l'offre des services de santé. Dans ce contexte, je considère deux principales politiques. En premier lieu, j'estime comment les médecins réagissent aux incitatifs monétaires et j'utilise les paramètres estimés pour examiner comment les politiques de compensation peuvent être utilisées pour déterminer l'offre de services de santé de court terme. En second lieu, j'examine comment la productivité des médecins est affectée par leur expérience, à travers le mécanisme du "learning-by-doing", et j'utilise les paramètres estimés pour trouver le nombre de médecins inexpérimentés que l'on doit recruter pour remplacer un médecin expérimenté qui va à la retraite afin de garder l'offre des services de santé constant. Ma thèse développe et applique des méthodes économique et statistique afin de mesurer la réaction des médecins face aux incitatifs monétaires et estimer leur profil de productivité (en mesurant la variation de la productivité des médecins tout le long de leur carrière) en utilisant à la fois des données de panel sur les médecins québécois, provenant d'enquêtes et de l'administration. Les données contiennent des informations sur l'offre de travail de chaque médecin, les différents types de services offerts ainsi que leurs prix. Ces données couvrent une période pendant laquelle le gouvernement du Québec a changé les prix relatifs des services de santé. J'ai utilisé une approche basée sur la modélisation pour développer et estimer un modèle structurel d'offre de travail en permettant au médecin d'être multitâche. Dans mon modèle les médecins choisissent le nombre d'heures travaillées ainsi que l'allocation de ces heures à travers les différents services offerts, de plus les prix des services leurs sont imposés par le gouvernement. Le modèle génère une équation de revenu qui dépend des heures travaillées et d'un indice de prix représentant le rendement marginal des heures travaillées lorsque celles-ci sont allouées de façon optimale à travers les différents services. L'indice de prix dépend des prix des services offerts et des paramètres de la technologie de production des services qui déterminent comment les médecins réagissent aux changements des prix relatifs. J'ai appliqué le modèle aux données de panel sur la rémunération des médecins au Québec fusionnées à celles sur l'utilisation du temps de ces mêmes médecins. J'utilise le modèle pour examiner deux dimensions de l'offre des services de santé. En premierlieu, j'analyse l'utilisation des incitatifs monétaires pour amener les médecins à modifier leur production des différents services. Bien que les études antérieures ont souvent cherché à comparer le comportement des médecins à travers les différents systèmes de compensation, il y a relativement peu d'informations sur comment les médecins réagissent aux changementsdes prix des services de santé. Des débats actuels dans les milieux de politiques de santé au Canada se sont intéressés à l'importance des effets de revenu dans la détermination de la réponse des médecins face à l'augmentation des prix des services de santé. Mon travail contribue à alimenter ce débat en identifiant et en estimant les effets de substitution et de revenu résultant des changements des prix relatifs des services de santé. En second lieu, j'analyse comment l'expérience affecte la productivité des médecins. Cela a une importante implication sur le recrutement des médecins afin de satisfaire la demande croissante due à une population vieillissante, en particulier lorsque les médecins les plus expérimentés (les plus productifs) vont à la retraite. Dans le premier essai, j'ai estimé la fonction de revenu conditionnellement aux heures travaillées, en utilisant la méthode des variables instrumentales afin de contrôler pour une éventuelle endogeneité des heures travaillées. Comme instruments j’ai utilisé les variables indicatrices des âges des médecins, le taux marginal de taxation, le rendement sur le marché boursier, le carré et le cube de ce rendement. Je montre que cela donne la borne inférieure de l'élasticité-prix direct, permettant ainsi de tester si les médecins réagissent aux incitatifs monétaires. Les résultats montrent que les bornes inférieures des élasticités-prix de l'offre de services sont significativement positives, suggérant que les médecins répondent aux incitatifs. Un changement des prix relatifs conduit les médecins à allouer plus d'heures de travail au service dont le prix a augmenté. Dans le deuxième essai, j'estime le modèle en entier, de façon inconditionnelle aux heures travaillées, en analysant les variations des heures travaillées par les médecins, le volume des services offerts et le revenu des médecins. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé l'estimateur de la méthode des moments simulés. Les résultats montrent que les élasticités-prix direct de substitution sont élevées et significativement positives, représentant une tendance des médecins à accroitre le volume du service dont le prix a connu la plus forte augmentation. Les élasticitésprix croisées de substitution sont également élevées mais négatives. Par ailleurs, il existe un effet de revenu associé à l'augmentation des tarifs. J'ai utilisé les paramètres estimés du modèle structurel pour simuler une hausse générale de prix des services de 32%. Les résultats montrent que les médecins devraient réduire le nombre total d'heures travaillées (élasticité moyenne de -0,02) ainsi que les heures cliniques travaillées (élasticité moyenne de -0.07). Ils devraient aussi réduire le volume de services offerts (élasticité moyenne de -0.05). Troisièmement, j'ai exploité le lien naturel existant entre le revenu d'un médecin payé à l'acte et sa productivité afin d'établir le profil de productivité des médecins. Pour ce faire, j'ai modifié la spécification du modèle pour prendre en compte la relation entre la productivité d'un médecin et son expérience. J'estime l'équation de revenu en utilisant des données de panel asymétrique et en corrigeant le caractère non-aléatoire des observations manquantes à l'aide d'un modèle de sélection. Les résultats suggèrent que le profil de productivité est une fonction croissante et concave de l'expérience. Par ailleurs, ce profil est robuste à l'utilisation de l'expérience effective (la quantité de service produit) comme variable de contrôle et aussi à la suppression d'hypothèse paramétrique. De plus, si l'expérience du médecin augmente d'une année, il augmente la production de services de 1003 dollar CAN. J'ai utilisé les paramètres estimés du modèle pour calculer le ratio de remplacement : le nombre de médecins inexpérimentés qu'il faut pour remplacer un médecin expérimenté. Ce ratio de remplacement est de 1,2. / My thesis considers health-care policies that are designed to affect the supply of health services. Waiting times for health care are a major health policy concern in many industrialized countries. In Quebec, the median time between a referral from a general practitioner and an appointment with specialist was 7.3 weeks in 2012, compared to 2.9 weeks in 1993, despite increases in number of physicians over the same period. For policy makers contemplating such outcomes, it is of particular importance to understand the structure of physician labour supply and how it affects the supply of health services. I consider two main policies in this respect. First, I estimate how physicians react to monetary incentives and I use my estimates to consider how compensation policy can be used to determine the short-term supply of services. Second, I consider how physician productivity is affected by experience, through learning-by-doing, and I use my estimates to determine how many inexperienced physicians must be hired to replace a retiring experienced physician in order to keep the supply of services constant. My dissertation develops and applies economic and statistical methods to measure the reaction of physicians to monetary incentives and to estimate their productivity profiles (measuring how productivity varies with experience throughout a physician's career) using survey and administrative panel data on Quebec physicians. Our data contain information on the labour supply of each physician, the different types of services they produce and their prices. These data cover a period during which the Quebec government changed the relative prices of medical acts. I use a model-based approach to develop and estimate a structural model of physician behaviour with multitasking. In my model, physicians take the prices of different services as given and choose the number of hours they wish to work as well as how those hours are distributed across different services. The model generates an earnings equation that depends on the total hours worked and a price index that gives the marginal return to hours when hours are optimally distributed across services. The price index depends on the prices of services and technology parameters that determine how physicians react to changes in relative prices. I apply the model to panel data on payments to Quebec physicians matched to time-use data on the same physicians. I use the model to investigate two dimensions of the supply of health services. First, I look at the use of monetary incentives to induce physicians to alter their supply of different services. While previous studies have often sought to compare physician behaviour across different compensation systems, relatively little is known about how physicians respond to fee changes. Recent debates in Canadian health policy circles have focussed on the importance of income effects in determining the response of physicians to fee increases. My work contributes to this debate by identifying and estimating the substitution and income effects resulting from changes in the relative fees paid for services. Second, I look at how experience affects physician productivity. This has important implications for the hiring of physicians to meet increased demand from an ageing population, particularly when experienced physicians are retiring. First, I estimate the earnings function conditional on hours worked, using instrumental variables to control for the potential endogeneity of hours worked. As instruments, I use dummies of age, marginal tax rate, returns on market investments, its squared and cubed. I show that this provides a lower bound to the own-price elasticity of any particular service. This allows me to test if physicians respond to monetary incentives. I find that the lower bounds of own-price elasticities of services are positive and statistically significant, suggesting that physicians do respond to monetary incentives. A relative change in prices leads physicians to supply more of the services whose prices have risen. Second, I estimate the full model by explaining the variation in hours worked by physicians, the volume of services supplied, and individual earnings. I do so using a Simulated Method of Moment estimator. The results show that the own-price elasticities for services are large and positive, implying that the volume-increasing response of services to their own-price is strong. Cross-price elasticities are also large but negative. Furthermore, there is an income effect associated with fee increases. I use the structural model estimates to simulate the total effect of a recently observed price increase that was offered to physicians in Quebec, increasing the prices of all services by 32%. The results show that physicians would reduce their total hours worked (average elasticity of -0.02) and clinical hours worked (average elasticity of -0.07). They would also reduce the volume of services provided (average elasticity of -0.05). Third, I exploit the link between fee-for-service physicians'earnings and their productivity to estimate physician productivity profiles. To do so, I modify the specification of the modelto take into account the relationship between a physician's productivity and his/her experience. I estimate the earnings equation using an unbalanced panel dataset, correcting for non-randomly missing observations by estimating a selection model. The results suggest that productivity profiles are increasing concave functions of experience. Furthermore, the shape of the profile is robust to parametric assumptions. A one-year increase in experience increases the production of services by approximately 1,003 CAN dollars. I use the model estimates to calculate the replacement ratio: the number of inexperienced physicians needed

Traditional management-leadership and organizational literature depicts the individual as conflated with their role and instructs them to handle their employees and the situations that arise daily and over the course of business cycles instrumentally and for the purposes of control and productivity. This more traditional and mainstream literature does not adequately address, if at all, the unconscious factors influencing people or the management situations in which they find themselves. Using a model based upon the theory of the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung and the relationship of consciousness to the unconscious, this dissertation looks at situational management cases and reveals the existence of the unconscious in the midst of our strongest claims to rationality. Present and active, the cases show the unconscious to be a significant factor in creating subjective meaning and ordering our world even in the most "rational" moments of our lives in public administration. They further describe how it is that the individual in the manager-leader role is implicated in and caused by the very situations they are attempting to manage and the way in which acknowledging and relating to the unconscious provides an additional resource for public managers. / Ph. D.

No / We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 68 patients who had been referred with an injury to the posterolateral corner of the knee to a specialist knee surgeon between 2005 and 2009. These injuries were diagnosed based on a combination of clinical testing and imaging and arthroscopy when available. In all, 51 patients (75%) presented within 24 hours of their injury with a mean presentation at eight days (0 to 20) after the injury. A total of 63 patients (93%) had instability of the knee at presentation. There was a mean delay to the diagnosis of injury to the posterolateral corner of 30 months (0 to 420) from the time of injury. In all, the injuries in 49 patients (72%) were not identified at the time of the initial presentation, with the injury to the posterolateral corner only recognised in those patients who had severe multiple ligamentous injuries. The correct diagnosis, including injury to the posterolateral corner, had only been made in 34 patients (50%) at time of referral to a specialist knee clinic. MRI correctly identified 14 of 15 injuries when performed acutely (within 12 weeks of injury), but this was the case in only four of 15 patients in whom it was performed more than 12 weeks after the injury. Our study highlights a need for greater diligence in the examination and investigation of acute ligamentous injuries at the knee with symptoms of instability, in order to avoid failure to identify the true extent of the injury at the time when anatomical repair is most straightforward.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une démarche exploratoire d'un nouveau concept élaboré, celui des «attentes de consultation». À partir d'une recension des travaux, deux recherches sont mises en place. Une première recherche opérationnalise les attentes de consultation des aidants de personnes âgées dépressives selon le modèle de Caplan. Une deuxième recherche explore quels facteurs parmi le problème de santé des personnes âgées, les ressources psychologiques et sociales ainsi que la détresse psychologique des aidants sont le plus associés à leurs attentes de consultation. Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle central du contrôle personnel et de la détresse psychologique dans la formation des attentes de consultation des aidants de personnes âgées dépressives alors que les troubles d'autonomie fonctionnelle des personnes âgées ont un rôle secondaire. Il appert également que l'identification des attentes de consultation constitue un moyen efficace pour recadrer les pratiques de consultation sur le «pouvoir d'agir» (empowerment ) des aidants.

The dissertation examines the process of retrenchment in a public institution with reference to the execution of such a process by the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). The aim is to establish whether or not the retrenchment was substantively and procedurally fair as required by legislation. Notwithstanding the fact that the staff may have been disadvantaged by the short retrenchment notice (the staff did not have representation prior to the announcement, and the swiftness of the process did not, under the circumstances, provide the staff with enough time to comprehensively apply their mind to the underlying issues), the dissertation finds that the retrenchments had been substantively fair given the fact that the IEC could not retain all staff because of budgetary constraints. The dissertation also finds that the process had been procedurally fair in accordance with section 189 of the Labour Relations Act, 66 of 1995. / Public Adminstration & Development Studies / M.A. (Public Administration)

Public concern about the quality of teaching and learning is at an all time high in respect of certain schools in South Africa. This study focuses on the participation of the SMT members in managing the instructional programme with a view on improving the academic performance of learners. The lack of the involvement of all the members of the SMT thus prompted this investigation. Apart from the literature review, an empirical investigation, based on a qualitative paradigm involving interviews, was undertaken to collect data at selected primary schools in Circuit 1 in the Metropole North Education District of the Western Cape Education Department. Other methods used included observations as well as the analyses of documents relevant to the investigation. As a case study this research examined the involvement of all the members of the SMT by utilizing the principles of participative management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the improvement of the academic performance of schools by virtue of what has been highlighted as a reason for the poor performance of schools namely the lack of involvement of all the members of the SMT in the management of the instructional programme. The literature findings revealed that School Management Teams (SMTs) have to be properly structured. The SMT should be involved in decision-making in matters that concern them. This, together with a more effective and efficiently managed instructional programme, should improve the academic performance of learners. Empirical findings indicated that the members of the SMT consider themselves professionally trained individuals with the expertise needed to deliver what is expected from them. The study further revealed that the success of a school depends on effective instruction as a result of the effective management and leading of the instructional programme by all members of the SMT. / Education management / M.Ed. (Education Management)

The research problem that was investigated in this research study was to evaluate the implementation of sector policing in Tembisa policing precinct. Even though there are policies and directives on how to implement it, there is still some challenges because it is yet to yield the intended results. Data was collected from focus group interviews, literature studies and polices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the form of focus group interviews. Moreover, a literature study including material such as official SAPS documents, library sources and National Legislation regarding community policing has been presented. Data was also collected from sector managers, sector teams, CPF members and pastors who participated in four focus group interviews in Tembisa police station. The sample was chosen on the basis of what the researcher considers to be typical units. Participants were interviewed in stages. The collected data was broken into themes, patterns, trends and relationships. Data analysis followed verbatim transcription of interviews, that’s why the researcher followed Tesch’s approach of descriptive analysis. The research conducted indicated that although progress has been made in the implementation of sector policing In Tembisa, there still more which needs to be done. Specific concerns which require the attention of SAPS management were raised. It is clear that internal communication and consultation are a necessity. It is also clear that members on the ground are not well trained because they lack the actual knowledge on how to implement it. Training and development of all role players need to be prioritised to enhance their knowledge. All the role players need to be motivated during the implementation of sector policing to ensure that they are ready for the job ahead. The recommendations drawn from the conclusions made in this study may provide a proper direction on how to implement sector policing in the Republic. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)