This thesis is a micro-historical study of the role of honour in interpersonal conflicts in the Danish-Norwegian crown colony of Greenland between 1728 and 1731. In the two settlements that constituted the colony, the highest-ranking officials, including the governor, were all oath-sworn royal servants; they were also almost constantly embroiled in personal quarrels. The thesis asks why and how this strife arose, how it developed over time, and what its consequence was for the short- lived crown colony. The argument is that the strife was due to a volatile combination of cramped living quarters in an inhospitable milieu, an ambiguously defined leadership structure, the remoteness of the colony, and, above all, the royal servants’ tendency to view their charge as being closely linked to their personal honour. Furthermore, there was not a sufficiently developed legal system in the colony to handle the strife and attempts by the colonial council to do so made the conflicts worse instead of settling them. The ongoing strife divided the colonists between those loyal to the governor and those loyal to his enemies, but over time the governor became increasingly politically isolated in the face of a united colony council. Ultimately, the thesis argues that, as a final consequence of the antagonism, a sort of silent coup was carried out against the governor. This, in turn, contributed to the termination of the Greenland crown colony. Honour was not the main cause of conflict, but it helped the conflict to grow from technical disagreements into bitter grudges and anxieties, and finally into an attack on the integrity of the colonial leadership structure itself. / Activating Arctic Heritage, National Museum of Denmark

Ce mémoire porte sur l’analyse de la place des morts dans les rivalités entre catholiques et protestants dans la France de l’édit de Nantes, telles qu’elles transparaissent dans les quelques 3 660 pages en 5 volumes du pasteur Élie Benoist, L’Histoire de l’édit de Nantes contenant les choses les plus remarquables qui se sont passées en France avant et après sa publication, à l’occasion de la diversité des Religions : Et principalement les Contraventions, Inexecutions, Chicanes, Artifices, Violences, & autres Injustices, que les Réformez se plaignent d’y avoir souffertes, jusques à l’édit de révocation en Octobre 1685. Avec ce qui a suivi ce nouvel Édit jusques à présent aux attaques perpétrées par les catholiques (1693-1695). Ce travail s’intéresse donc à un sujet peu ou superficiellement traité par les historien.ne.s de la mort – le traitement des morts et des cimetières protestants par les catholiques pendant la période de l’application de l’édit de Nantes. Dans le chapitre I, le bilan historiographique de l’histoire de la mort permet d’exposer le contexte intellectuel et émotif dont témoignent les références aux morts et aux cimetières dans l’œuvre du pasteur Benoist. À première vue, ces références semblent éparpillées dans la surabondance de détails que donne Benoist afin de dénoncer les persécutions commises contre les protestants français entre les guerres de Religion et la révocation de l’édit de Nantes. Or dans le chapitre II, nous découvrons que ces témoignages s’insèrent dans un plan précis qui permet au pasteur d’asseoir sur des preuves solides son argumentation. Afin de saisir dans leur entièreté la construction du récit de Benoist et les méthodes qu’il utilise pour transmettre sa pensée, nous proposons une division de son œuvre en dix périodes, séparées par des événements marquant des ruptures dans l’évolution de l’application de l’édit. Nous comprendrons alors qu’en utilisant une méthodologie historique rigoureuse, quoiqu’empreinte de procédés rhétoriques tendant aux généralisations, Élie Benoist présenta sa vision spécifique de la période et la défendit par les traces de l’histoire. À partir de ces informations, nous pourrons analyser en profondeur, dans le chapitre III, les différentes agressions infligées aux morts huguenots et montrer les différences existant entre celles perpétrées par l’État, celles des membres du clergé et celles de la population en général. Ce faisant, nous constaterons que la volonté de Benoist était non seulement de faire l’apologie de la coexistence confessionnelle que garantissait l’édit de Nantes mais encore, par la litanie des plaintes contre le traitement catholique des morts protestants, d’en appeler peut-être à la résistance de ses contemporains protestants. / This master’s thesis analyses the place that the dead occupied in the rivalries that took place between Catholics and Protestants in France under the Edict of Nantes. It will be studied through the 3,660 pages of pastor Élie Benoist’s L’Histoire de l’édit de Nantes contenant les choses les plus remarquables qui se sont passées en France avant et après sa publication, à l’occasion de la diversité des Religions : Et principalement les Contraventions, Inexecutions, Chicanes, Artifices, Violences, & autres Injustices, que les Réformez se plaignent d’y avoir souffertes, jusques à l’édit de révocation en Octobre 1685. Avec ce qui a suivi ce nouvel Édit jusques à présent aux attaques perpétrées par les catholiques (1693-1695). This research will thus investigate a subject which has only been superficially studied by the historians of death: the treatment of Protestant dead and cemeteries by the Catholics during the period of application of the Edict of Nantes. In the first chapter, the historiographic assessment of the history of death gives a better understanding of the intellectual and emotional context of Benoist’s references to the dead and to cemeteries. At first glance, they seem to be lost in the overabundance of details that Benoist puts forward to condemn the persecutions that the French Protestants had to suffer between the Wars of Religion and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. But in chapter two, we discover that these testimonies are part of a larger plan that allows the pastor to build his argument on solid evidence. In order to fully grasp the construction of Benoist’s story and the methods he uses to communicate his thoughts, we decided to divide his work in ten periods, separated by events that led to a change in the application of the Edict. We will then be able to understand that, by using a rigorous historic methodology, though marked by rhetorical process that tended toward generalisations, Élie Benoist managed to offer his personal vision of the period, and to defend it through traces of history. Based on this information, we will be able, in chapter three, to study in depth the different aggressions inflicted to Huguenot dead and to show the difference between the aggressions committed by the state, the church and the population. In doing so, we will see that Benoist’s will was not only to promote the value of confessional coexistence, but also, by the litany of the complaints against the Catholic treatment of Huguenot dead, to maybe call his Protestant contemporaries to resistance.

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The purpose of this thesis is to describe and explain the origins of centra 1 i sed unitary con st itut i ona l forms adopted at independence, with speci a 1 reference to the pre-independence period of colonial rule and the states of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia. Since the states of the world are either unitary or federal, an attempt is made to distinguish the unitary constitutional form from federation by contrasting both concepts. The three states under study are identified as centralised and unitary by referring to political, historical, legal, administrative and fiscal criteria. The theoretical and practical origins and explanations for the adoption of unitary constitutional forms in the European and African context are explained. First, the theoretical origins of monism, pluralism, dualism, absolutism and sovereignty and the thoughts of a number of classical theorists are discussed. Next the practical origins, the statements and perceptions by members of African nationalist elites supportive of unitary states in Africa in the colonial and early post-colonial period are referred to, in partial exp 1 anat ion for the adoption of this con st itut i ona 1 form. British constitutional practices and precedents are also discussed. Further, to explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in Africa, the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia come under discussion. A four stage conceptual scheme devised by Etzioni and modified for the purpose of this thesis is utilised to analyse and explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe (xii) and Namibia. A variety of factors both historical and contemporary, internal and external to these countries are identified and analysed. These factors include amongst others, early settlement patterns and confiicts, British colonial practices and precedents, the perceptions and ambitions of nationalist movements and elites, relationships with neighbouring states, the climate of opinion, and the requirements of nation-building and political stability. The thesis is concluded by comparing the experiences of the three countries and, setting out several inductive propositions determining under which conditions these states adopted centralised unitary constitutional forms in preference to decentralised ones, federation or partition. Finally, the thesis is concluded by referring in a Postscript to the postindependence constitutional reassessment in the three countries concerned, the constitutional reassessment process in Africa in general, literature references to this process, and the prospects for constitutional reform on the continent. / Political Science / D. Lit. et Phil. (Politics)

This thesis deals with the issues of military deserters from the imperial-royal army at the period of the enlightened absolutism, thus during the reign of Maria Theresa and her sons Joseph II and Leopold II. Based on written as well as printed sources, originated mainly from the activity of the supreme provincial offices of the Kingdom of Bohemia at this time, an explanation on the questions of deserters' punishments, their limited pardons and mutual exchanges, made between the Habsburg Monarchy and her allies, has been offered. Moreover, the attention has been paid to the state's approach to the inhabitants that either provided aid to the deserters, or vice versa participated in their pursuit and capture. The last part of the text has been devoted to the registries of military deserters who originated from Bohemia, with the main emphasis on the Seven Years' War, because these registries have been preserved mostly for this conflict. Key words military deserters, enlightened absolutism, enlightened reforms, Czech Gubernium, War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War, Maria Theresa, Joseph II

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and explain the origins of centra 1 i sed unitary con st itut i ona l forms adopted at independence, with speci a 1 reference to the pre-independence period of colonial rule and the states of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia. Since the states of the world are either unitary or federal, an attempt is made to distinguish the unitary constitutional form from federation by contrasting both concepts. The three states under study are identified as centralised and unitary by referring to political, historical, legal, administrative and fiscal criteria. The theoretical and practical origins and explanations for the adoption of unitary constitutional forms in the European and African context are explained. First, the theoretical origins of monism, pluralism, dualism, absolutism and sovereignty and the thoughts of a number of classical theorists are discussed. Next the practical origins, the statements and perceptions by members of African nationalist elites supportive of unitary states in Africa in the colonial and early post-colonial period are referred to, in partial exp 1 anat ion for the adoption of this con st itut i ona 1 form. British constitutional practices and precedents are also discussed. Further, to explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in Africa, the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia come under discussion. A four stage conceptual scheme devised by Etzioni and modified for the purpose of this thesis is utilised to analyse and explain the origins of the centralised unitary state in the three case studies of Botswana, Zimbabwe (xii) and Namibia. A variety of factors both historical and contemporary, internal and external to these countries are identified and analysed. These factors include amongst others, early settlement patterns and confiicts, British colonial practices and precedents, the perceptions and ambitions of nationalist movements and elites, relationships with neighbouring states, the climate of opinion, and the requirements of nation-building and political stability. The thesis is concluded by comparing the experiences of the three countries and, setting out several inductive propositions determining under which conditions these states adopted centralised unitary constitutional forms in preference to decentralised ones, federation or partition. Finally, the thesis is concluded by referring in a Postscript to the postindependence constitutional reassessment in the three countries concerned, the constitutional reassessment process in Africa in general, literature references to this process, and the prospects for constitutional reform on the continent. / Political Science / D. Lit. et Phil. (Politics)

L’histoire de la construction administrative de la France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles est celle de la mise en place d’un appareil d’État avec, dans les provinces les plus récemment intégrées, le maintien d’une assemblée des représentants des trois ordres, qui gère une partie des affaires du pays notamment la collecte de l’impôt. Séparée de sa partie espagnole depuis 1512, la Basse-Navarre a elle-aussi conservé, au moment de son union avec le royaume de France en 1620, son assemblée d’États et, surtout, son titre de « royaume ». Notre premier travail a consisté à retranscrire la mémoire des délibérations annuelles de l’assemblée navarraise, depuis le début du règne personnel de Louis XIV jusqu’à la Révolution. Puis, l’étude quantitative et qualitative des textes a mis en lumière un dialogue particulier entre Versailles et la lointaine province. Face aux Bourbons, les représentants navarrais défendent leurs coutumes, leur particularisme, mais aussi leur mainmise particulière sur les affaires de la province. / The history of the administrative construction of France in the XVII and XVIII centuries is the history of the establishment of the political machinery of state and, in those provinces most recently integrated, the upholding of an assembly of representatives of 3 orders who managed a part of the countries affairs, specifically that of tax collection. Separated from its Spanish states in 1512, the Basse-Navarre also conserved, at the moment of its union with the kingdom of France in 1620, its state assembly and above all its title of realm. Our initial work consisted of retranscribing the record of yearly deliberations of the navarraise assembly, from the beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV until the Revolution. Following this, the quantitative and qualitative study of the texts shed light on the particular dialogue between Versailles and the outer lying province. In the face of the Bourbons, the navarrais representatives defended their customs, their distinctiveness and also their dominance over the affairs of the province.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

Le mythe de Médée, reçu par la première modernité comme un paradigme complet depuis la Conquête de la Toison d’or jusqu’à son retour sur le trône de Colchide, compose un prisme à multiples facettes : « Médée-tueenfant » (La Péruse), le personnage légué par la tragédie attique et devenu archétype d’une violence contrenature, y croise Médée magicienne, qui bouleverse le lignage et la ligne du temps, mais aussi la princesse orientale éprise d’un héros civilisateur. Pétrie par la culture chrétienne et admise au répertoire des arts officiels, cette figure ambivalente se rend perméable aux recherches esthétiques et aux débats éthiques des Temps modernes, en vue de l’expression de l’horreur, de l’allégorisation de la gloire, comme dans la représentation des passions.Or, la fondation de l’Ordre de chevalerie de la Toison d’or au duché de Bourgogne, en 1430, jusqu’à la fin de la Guerre de succession d’Espagne où se redessine la carte des puissances européennes, fait de la fable un miroir fictionnel privilégié des jeux de pouvoir entre les grandes dynasties européennes, en tant qu’instrument du discours programmatique du Prince. Dans le paysage culturel d’influences communes que forment les Cités-États de l’Italie et le royaume de France, cette étude montre, par la réunion de l’iconographie de Médée, l’analyse de saprésence dans les imprimés et de ses réécritures à la scène d’après l’antique, comment les échanges entre les arts visuels et les arts du texte oeuvrent à l’établissement d’un motif héroïque paradoxal. Ou comment Médée « devient Médée », renouvelant le serment que lui avait fait jurer Sénèque : « Fiam ». / The exceptional scope provided by the myth of Medea, which spans from the Conquest of the Golden Fleece to her return to the throne of Colchis, was received in its entirety by the Early Modern Arts and offers a multi-faced prism : Medea “tue-enfant” (La Péruse), the character left by the Ancient ancient Greek tragedy that became an archetypal figure of monstrous violence, crosses the path of the oriental lover of a civilizing hero, and also the enchantress who scatters lineages and timelines. Sculpted by the Christian culture and allowed into the official artistic repertory, this ambivalent figure absorbs the aesthetics and ethical debates of modernity. Indeed, Her Medea’s myth can be used for the expression of horror, allegories of glory, as well as expression of the passions.In addition, from the establishment of the Order of the Golden Fleece, by the Duke of Burgundy in 1430, to the end of the War of the Spanish Succession (which redefined the entire map of major European powers), Medea’s myth becomes one of the most efficient fictional mirrors of the political disputes between the most influential families of Europe, as an instrument of the publication of the Prince programme. Into the landscape of the cultural influences shared by the States of Early Italy and the French Kingdom, this study intends to show, by analysingthe spread of iconography of Medea, her presence in printed material and her classical performance reception and rewriting, how the exchanges between visual and literary productions work towards the definition of a paradoxical heroic standard. Where Medea “becomes Medea” and renews the oath that Seneca made her take: “Fiam”.