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<p>Vår studie gick ut på att se hur tre pedagoger arbetar med nyanlända elever i tre internationella klasser. Vidare studerades även hur pedagoger i svenska som andraspråk tar vid språkutvecklingen med eleverna när de lämnar de internationella klasserna. För att ta reda på detta använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med pedagoger i de internationella klasserna men även med pedagoger i svenska som andraspråk. Vårt resultat visade att det finns skillnader i hur organisationen i de olika klasserna såg ut medan arbetssätten som pedagogerna använde sig av inte skilde sig nämnvärt åt. Detsamma gällde arbetssättet hos lärarna i svenska som andraspråk. Vi kom fram till att en av de viktigaste komponenterna i undervisningen, i både de internationella klasserna och i grupperna i svenska som andraspråk, är att eleverna får interagera med jämnåriga svensktalande elever.</p>

<p>This study aims to investigate, describe and discuss the views of a group of adolescents on their identity and the process of second language acquisition. They all came to Sweden and started studying in Swedish schools in the last three years without any knowledge of the Swedish language.</p><p>The study has been conducted with respect to the adolescents own perspectives and what they consider important.</p><p>The methods used are group discussions/ interviews, observations in class and informal discussions with teachers and adolescents.</p><p>Their voices are described and discussed in this paper. One must take into consideration that there is no objective of being neutral or to generalize the results to any other group or category. On the contrary the study has involved critical self- scrutiny and active reflexivity according to ethnographic tradition.</p><p>Symbolic interaction has provided a theoretical framework for the study. Looking into how social identities may be constructed or communicated from the adolescents voices and looking in to their use of language the study reveals that several expectations and situations need’ to be met by different identities. The adolescents struggle to be accepted as members of the mainstream although they are a linguistic minority.</p><p>They are convinced that second language acquisition is the key to success although the same language still is a hindrance to negotiation of identity in the school context. Their strategy to be recognised as equals manifests itself in submissive attitudes and compliance. The adolescents explain this kind of behaviour as a natural attitude from the schools in their first country. The adolescents in this study are motivated. They do not see adaptation as a loss of anything rather as an enriched life experience and nutrition to their double identities. They are not victims of language discrimination but subjected to symbolic power influencing them in their actions. They are still working on their identities, their language acquisition and adaptation to expectations in different situations. They are, and will be, multidimensional personalities.</p>

<p>This essay reviews vocabulary samples from three different textbooks, which are readers for the basic course in English at an upper secondary school in Sweden. The aim of the study is to determine whether the word samples from the readers’ word lists consist mostly of high- or low frequency words and if the words denote any particular semantic fields. Moreover, the possible use of word frequencies in second language acquisition is also examined. The method used in ascertaining the quality of the words is comparing the word samples to the BNC (the British National Corpus) and analysing how frequently they occur in written and spoken modern English. The results are based on the findings from the analysis made in this study and also compared to current research in the fields of linguistics and language acquisition. The results exhibit both overrepresentation- and absence of words in particular semantic fields. For instance, words from the semantic field concerning ‘food and cooking’ were found to be somewhat predominant. The findings also include support for the use of word frequencies in language acquisition, especially in terms of how words are translated from English into Swedish in the textbooks’ wordlists. The only Swedish synonym given was in some cases item of the least frequent usage in modern English, according to the BNC. <strong> </strong></p><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><p> </p>

<p>I have chosen to write this essay on language development in a preparatory class due to the fact that I live in a city where diversity is big and newly arrived students from different countries are constantly increasing in schools. My study has been made in a preparatory class in Södertälje. The National Agency for Education highlights the deficiencies in preparatory classes and believes that education is not adapted to each student's knowledge and maturity and it is therefore difficult for students to reach the goals in school. According to studies by the National Agency for Education, it appears that many newly arrived students do not recieve study guide in their native language, a resource that they are entitled to. Teachers and principals do not take charge of  students knowledge from previous school attendance in their home countries such as mathematics, history and other subjects. The purpose of this essay is to find out how to work with language development in a preparatory class. The focus of interest is to investigate how much the Swedish and the native language are used in class. My theoretical starting points will consist of theories of second language learning, language development, language switching and native language.</p><p>In my studies I have used the qualitative method in which I have observed in a preparatory class for three school days and have interviewed three teachers and four students.</p><p>The conclusion which I have found from my empirical material is that the teachers in the preparatory class work with language development by first and foremost providing security to their students in the classroom. When this security is created, their main tool for language development is constantly support in the native language in all subjects.</p>

<p>Denna studie undersöker om dold språkförståelse i ett andraspråk kan synliggöras vid återberättande på förstaspråket. Det kan vara svårt att skilja språkutvecklingen hos barn med typisk språkutveckling med svenska som andraspråk från språkutvecklingen hos flerspråkiga språkstörda barn om man testar dem på andraspråket. Därför behövs det referensdata för normalspråkiga barn. Sexton barn i femårsåldern med normal språkutveckling, åtta enspråkiga barn med svenska som första språk och åtta flerspråkiga barn med arabiska som första språk och svenska som andraspråk, testades med <em>Buss-sagan</em> (<em>Buss Story Test</em>, BST) och TROG (<em>Test for Reception of Grammar</em>). De flerspråkiga barnen fick sagan uppläst på svenska och återberättade först på svenska och sedan på arabiska. Resultatet i den kvantitativa analysen visade att de enspråkiga barnen fick signifikant bättre resultat för parametern information på BST och bättre resultat på TROG. Däremot skiljde sig resultatet för parametern information i berättelserna på arabiska inte signifikant från resultatet i de flerspråkiga barnens berättelser på svenska. Den kvalitativa analysen visade att de flerspråkiga barnens återberättelser på svenska och arabiska jämfört med de enspråkiga barnens framför allt lexikalt och diskursivt var mindre komplexa och korrekta. Detta kan till viss del bero på testsituationen, men också på brister i språkförståelse och uttrycksmedel. Slutsatsen man kan dra är att man som logoped behöver vara medveten om att olika språkliga strukturer utvecklas i olika takt både i första- och andraspråket, och att det behövs anpassat inflöde på alla språk för att underlätta språkförståelsen och den lexikala utvecklingen.</p> / <p>This study examines if language comprehension which may be concealed in a second language can be made visible by retelling in the first language. It can be difficult to separate the language development of typically developed children with Swedish as their second language from that of multilingual children with language impairment. Therefore, reference data for multilingual children with typical language development are needed. Sixteen five-year-old children with normal language development, eight monolingual children with Swedish as their first language and eight multilingual children with Arabic as their first language and Swedish as their second language, were tested with <em>Buss Story Test</em> (BST) and TROG (<em>Test for Reception of Grammar</em>). The multilingual children got the story of <em>Buss Story Test</em> read to them in Swedish and then retold the story first in Swedish and then in Arabic. The result of the quantitative analysis showed that monolingual children achieved significantly better results for the parameter information on BST and better results on TROG. On the other hand, the result of the parameter information in the children’s Arabic retellings did not differ significantly from that in the multilingual children’s Swedish retellings. The qualitative analysis showed that the multilingual children’s retellings in Swedish and Arabic compared with the monolingual children’s retellings were less complex and correct in regard mostly to lexical and narrative structure. This can, to a certain extent, be due to the testing situation, but also due to deficiencies in language comprehension and means of expression. The authors conclude that speech therapists need to be aware of the fact that different linguistic structures develop at a different rate both in the first and the second language, and that tailored input in all the children’s languages is needed in order to facilitate comprehension and lexical development.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to explore school classes with a higher level of achievement in reading than could be expected, with regard to socio-economic background factors and language background. What do those classes practice? Which attitudes towards reading and schooling do those children and their teachers display? The teacher and the classroom environment are in particular focus. The thesis is based on three studies. Firstly, over-achieving and underachieving grade three-classes in reading are compared in a large-scale statistical study. Reading tests, student questionnaires and teacher questionnaires provided data. The results indicate that a positive classroom climate, frequent voluntary reading, the use of authentic literature and many years of teaching experience characterise the over-achieving classes. In a second study eight over-achieving classes, in the same data material were in focus. The schools were located in a low-income, low-education multicultural suburban area. In-depth interviews were performed with adults active in those classes at the time of the data collection. The joint analyses of quantitative and qualitative data indicate that teachers’ ways of relating to their students is important as the Deficit Discourse is replaced by future oriented pedagogy with features such as aesthetic activities, dynamic assessment, strong raming, abundant reading of fiction and a lot of writing. In a third smaller, qualitative study five young university students, former students in one of the targeted classes in the second study, were interviewed in-depth about their school experiences and their Future Time Perspective. The informants emphasize the importance of being acknowledged in school, reading competency and knowledge of oral and written Swedish as factors for success. / Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska de faktorer som bidrar till att vissa skolklasser presterar på högre nivåer i läsning än vad man skulle kunna förvänta med hänsyn till socioekonomiska bakgrundsfaktorer och språkbakgrund. Hur arbetar dessa klasser? Vilka uppfattningar och attityder visavi läsning och skola kännetecknar dessa barn och deras lärare? Framför allt fokuseras läraren och undervisningen. Avhandlingen baserar sig på tre studier. I en första storskalig statistisk studie jämförs över- och underpresterande klasser i läsning i skolår tre. Lästester, lärarenkäter och elevenkäter låg till grund för analyserna. Resultaten indikerar ett positivt klassrumsklimat, höga frekvenser av fritidsläsning, autentisk litteratur i undervisningen samt lärares långa yrkeserfarenhet som karaktäristika. I en andra uppföljande studie, fokuserades åtta överpresterande klasser i samma datamaterial, i ett multikulturellt förortsområde med låga utbildnings- och inkomstnivåer. I denna studie djupintervjuades även vuxna som varit aktiva i de överpresterande klasserna under tiden för datainsamlingen. De samlade analyserna av kvalitativa och kvantitativa data indikerar att lärares förhållningssätt intar en nyckelroll, då ett brist-synsätt ersatts av framtidsorienterad pedagogik, med inslag som estetisk verksamhet, dynamisk utvärdering, fasta strukturer, riklig läsning av skönlitteratur och eget skrivande. I en tredje, mindre, kvalitativ studie djupintervjuas tidigare elever från en av de undersökta klasserna, nu unga vuxna i början av sin akademiska karriär, om sin skolgång och sitt framtidsperspektiv. Informanterna betonar värdet av att få lyckas, att bli sedd och uppskattad för den man är, samt hemtamhet med litteratur och svenska språket i tal och skrift som framgångsfaktorer.

Denna studie undersöker om dold språkförståelse i ett andraspråk kan synliggöras vid återberättande på förstaspråket. Det kan vara svårt att skilja språkutvecklingen hos barn med typisk språkutveckling med svenska som andraspråk från språkutvecklingen hos flerspråkiga språkstörda barn om man testar dem på andraspråket. Därför behövs det referensdata för normalspråkiga barn. Sexton barn i femårsåldern med normal språkutveckling, åtta enspråkiga barn med svenska som första språk och åtta flerspråkiga barn med arabiska som första språk och svenska som andraspråk, testades med Buss-sagan (Buss Story Test, BST) och TROG (Test for Reception of Grammar). De flerspråkiga barnen fick sagan uppläst på svenska och återberättade först på svenska och sedan på arabiska. Resultatet i den kvantitativa analysen visade att de enspråkiga barnen fick signifikant bättre resultat för parametern information på BST och bättre resultat på TROG. Däremot skiljde sig resultatet för parametern information i berättelserna på arabiska inte signifikant från resultatet i de flerspråkiga barnens berättelser på svenska. Den kvalitativa analysen visade att de flerspråkiga barnens återberättelser på svenska och arabiska jämfört med de enspråkiga barnens framför allt lexikalt och diskursivt var mindre komplexa och korrekta. Detta kan till viss del bero på testsituationen, men också på brister i språkförståelse och uttrycksmedel. Slutsatsen man kan dra är att man som logoped behöver vara medveten om att olika språkliga strukturer utvecklas i olika takt både i första- och andraspråket, och att det behövs anpassat inflöde på alla språk för att underlätta språkförståelsen och den lexikala utvecklingen. / This study examines if language comprehension which may be concealed in a second language can be made visible by retelling in the first language. It can be difficult to separate the language development of typically developed children with Swedish as their second language from that of multilingual children with language impairment. Therefore, reference data for multilingual children with typical language development are needed. Sixteen five-year-old children with normal language development, eight monolingual children with Swedish as their first language and eight multilingual children with Arabic as their first language and Swedish as their second language, were tested with Buss Story Test (BST) and TROG (Test for Reception of Grammar). The multilingual children got the story of Buss Story Test read to them in Swedish and then retold the story first in Swedish and then in Arabic. The result of the quantitative analysis showed that monolingual children achieved significantly better results for the parameter information on BST and better results on TROG. On the other hand, the result of the parameter information in the children’s Arabic retellings did not differ significantly from that in the multilingual children’s Swedish retellings. The qualitative analysis showed that the multilingual children’s retellings in Swedish and Arabic compared with the monolingual children’s retellings were less complex and correct in regard mostly to lexical and narrative structure. This can, to a certain extent, be due to the testing situation, but also due to deficiencies in language comprehension and means of expression. The authors conclude that speech therapists need to be aware of the fact that different linguistic structures develop at a different rate both in the first and the second language, and that tailored input in all the children’s languages is needed in order to facilitate comprehension and lexical development.

This essay reviews vocabulary samples from three different textbooks, which are readers for the basic course in English at an upper secondary school in Sweden. The aim of the study is to determine whether the word samples from the readers’ word lists consist mostly of high- or low frequency words and if the words denote any particular semantic fields. Moreover, the possible use of word frequencies in second language acquisition is also examined. The method used in ascertaining the quality of the words is comparing the word samples to the BNC (the British National Corpus) and analysing how frequently they occur in written and spoken modern English. The results are based on the findings from the analysis made in this study and also compared to current research in the fields of linguistics and language acquisition. The results exhibit both overrepresentation- and absence of words in particular semantic fields. For instance, words from the semantic field concerning ‘food and cooking’ were found to be somewhat predominant. The findings also include support for the use of word frequencies in language acquisition, especially in terms of how words are translated from English into Swedish in the textbooks’ wordlists. The only Swedish synonym given was in some cases item of the least frequent usage in modern English, according to the BNC.

We are living in a multicultural society where people from other countries and other cultures are coming to Sweden, including children. Regardless of reasons why these students have come to Sweden, it is common that they are newly arrived and have to learn a second language, in this case Swedish. This will be a challenge, opportunities and difficulties for the student, students’ families and for the school and their staff. The purpose of this essay has been to illumine the teaching methods, models and what materials are used by teachers today to contribute to the best possible second language learning for newly arrived students. In this essay the focus has been on one theory and several model-based approaches. I have used qualitative methods where I did both observations and interviews. The observations took place in six different teaching opportunities in two different schools and classes. The interviews were done by two teachers in two different schools. The result showed that teachers were more inventive compared to the theory. The teachers chose to produce their own material often instead of using ready material, which meant that they could adapt the material to match the students’ level in the class. The result also showed that the Southern school was working with an intercultural approach and was active with the students’ teachers for the mother language compared with the Northern school. In both schools the teachers was working with the perspective of newly arrived pupils with Swedish as second language and that its newly arrived students often have different cultures and experiences which are essential. During my essay I found a disadvantage within these two schools, that preparatory classes were not integrated with the rest of the school. I believe the schools should have a second thought about integrating preparatory classes in classrooms with the rest of the school.