The Aronson Cognitive Residual Evaluation Scale (ACRES) is a new, relatively short neuropsychological test which attempts to measure residual cognitive skills. This study evaluated the ACRES test-retest reliability over a one to twelve month interval. The Trail Making Test (TMT) was included as a validation measure. Subjects were 58 males and females, aged 68 to 94, living in a retirement center or in the community. The ACRES exhibited moderate to strong reliability correlations and the TMT demonstrated low to moderate correlations with the ACRES. There was no time interval effect. Age had a negative effect on four of five ACRES subtests and gender was significant for one ACRES subtest and the TMT Part B. Percent of subjects classified as brain impaired using traditional cutoffs was higher than when age-corrected norms were used. Clinical utility of the ACRES and the TMT is discussed regarding need for age-corrected norms.

This thesis focuses on a certain type of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations, i.e. PME and FDE. Chapter 1 consists of a survey on results related to PME and FDE, and a short review on some works about deriving gradient estimates in probabilistic ways. In Chapter 2 we estimate gradient on space variables of solutions to the heat equation on Euclidean space. The main idea is to construct two semimartingales by letting the solution and its gradient running backward on the path space of a diffusion process. Estimates derived from decompositions of those two semimartingales are then combined to give rise to an upper bound on gradient that only involves the maximum of the initial data and time variable. In particular, it is independent of the dimension. In Chapter 3 we carry the idea in Chapter 2 onto the study of positive solutions to PME or FDE, and obtained a similar type of bound on |∇u| for local solutions to PME or FDE on Euclidean space. In existing literature there have always been constraints on m. By considering a more general form of transformation on u and introducing a family of equivalent measures on path space, we add more flexibility to our method. Thus our result is valid for a larger range of m. For global solutions, when m violates our constraint, we need two-sided bound on u to control |∇u|. In Chapter 4 we utilize maximum principle to derive Li-Yau type gradient estimate for PME on a compact Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature bounded from below. Our result is able to yield a Harnack inequality possessing the right order in time variable when the lower bound of Ricci curvature is negative.

This essay examines the body in Stina Aronsons Den fjärde vägen, and is based on theories from Sara Ahmed who writes about how the body is orientated toward and away from objects and others. The essay also intend to examine the way the character inhabit the room from a bodily experience and how this affect the way they feel and act against each other and themselves.  My method is close reading, in which I approach parts of the book that refers to the body from different angles. In that way I read the book from a gender oriented perspective as well as a social perspective— in which the characters are related to different norms that causes expectations of how they should act in a certain kind of way.

Ett gemensamt drag i den tidigare forskningen om Stina Aronsons modernism har varit att betona Artur Lundkvists betydelse. Den här uppsatsen undersöker en roman som utkom före det att Aronson hade någon kontakt med Lundkvist, Två herrar blev nöjda från 1928, i syfte att nyansera nämnda historieskrivning. Romanen undersöks utifrån en modernistisk diskurs baserad på tre representativa översiktsverk för perioden. Dessutom anläggs Judith Butlers performativitetsteori i ett försök att åskådliggöra hur Aronson i romanen skenbart anpassar sig till en traditionellt kvinnlig författarroll. Resultatet visar att Två herrar blev nöjda tar avstånd från realismen och istället präglas av modernismens estetik och radikalt nya världsåskådning. I såväl form som innehåll märks ett tydligt intresse för det omedvetna, för det irrationella, för slumpen och för det splittrade jaget. Vidare kännetecknas romanen av formell introspektion, det vill säga en upptagenhet vid den egna litterära skapelsen.

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I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag platsens betydelse och funktion i Stina Aronsons Feberboken. Genom en närläsning med ekokritisk ingång gör jag en tematisk undersökning av de platser där Hugo och Mimmi är fysiskt närvarande samtidigt; vistelsen i Paris och barndomshemmet. Min slutsats är att platsen fyller en funktion som bidrar med mening i Feberboken, den är inte bara en kuliss. Jag finner en skillnad i hur natur respektive kultur skildras. Naturen är en öppen plats som möjliggör och symboliserar förändring medan kulturen (staden och hemmet) beskrivs som instängda och kvävande. Samtliga platser i min undersökning kan ses som kronotoper där tiden fäster i rummet.

This thesis is dedicated to the so-called Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated with the weighted 𝑝-Laplace operator. In Chapter 1, we begin by deriving the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map by using classical modelling and outline why it is interesting to study this boundary operator. In the remaining part of Chapter 1, we dedicate each section an overview about the content of one chapter and summarize the main results. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the Poisson problem and the inverse of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. Chapter 3 provides the first main application of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map, namely, it generates a strongly continuous semigroup of contractions on the Lebesgue space 𝐿2 and this contraction can be extrapolated to a contraction on 𝐿q for all 1 ≤ 𝑞 ≤ ∞. In Chapter 4, we develop an abstract theory to establish global 𝐿𝑞-𝐿∞ regularization estimates satisfied by the semigroup generated by the negative Dirichlet-to-Neumannmap. Chapter 5 is concerned with 𝐿1 and point-wise estimates on the time-derivative of the semigroup generated by the neagtive Dirichlet-to- Neumann map, which are known in the literatur as Aronson-Bénilan type estimates. In Chapter 6, we outline the theory of 𝑗-functional and its application to evolution problems. This theory allows us to study the Dirichlet problem on general open sets Ω, and to realize the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map as an operator in 𝐿2 (𝜕Ω). In Chapter 7, we consider the limit case 𝑝 = 1, which corresponds to the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated with the (unweighted) 1-Laplace operator. Each chapter covers parts of the authors papers mentioned in the references.:Chapter 1 Introduction................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation-physical background ............................. 2 1.2 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map - an analyst’s perspective . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Step1. The Dirichlet problem.......................... 5 1.2.2 Step2. The Neumann boundary operator ................ 8 2 1.3 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on 𝐿2 ......................... 9 1.4 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map and Leray-Lions operators . . . . . . . . 11 1.5 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is a nonlocal operator . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on open sets.................... 13 1.6.1 𝑗-elliptic functionals and their 𝑗-subgradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.2 The construction of a weak trace on open sets ............ 15 1.6.3 Construction of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7 The Poisson problem and the Neumann-to-Dirichlet map . . . . . . . . . 19 1.8 Evolution problems governed by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map . . . 21 1.9 𝐿𝑞-𝐿∞ regularization and decay estimates...................... 27 1.10 Aronson-Bénilantypeestimates .............................. 30 1.11 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated with the 1-Laplacian . . . 33 Chapter 2 The Poisson problem and the Neumann-to-Dirichlet map . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.1 The Poisson problem........................................ 45 2.2 Preliminaries .............................................. 46 2.3 The Dirichlet problem....................................... 48 2.4 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map............................... 51 2.5 Proof of Theorem 2.1 ....................................... 56 2.5.1 Proof of claim (1) of Theorem 2.1 ...................... 56 2.5.2 Preliminaries for the proof of claim (2) of Theorem 2.1 . . . . 58 2.5.3 Proof of claim( 2) of Theorem 2.1 ...................... 60 Chapter 3 Nonlinear elliptic-parabolic evolution problems.................... 61 3.1 Main result................................................ 61 3.2 Preliminaries .............................................. 64 3.2.1 Some function spaces................................. 64 3.2.2 Nonlinear semigroupt heory - Part I..................... 65 3.2.3 Homogeneous operators - Part I ........................ 75 2 3.3 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on 𝐿2 ...................... 77 3.4 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on 𝐿1, 𝐿𝜓 and C................ 82 3.5 Proof of Theorem 3.1 ....................................... 84 Chapter 4 𝑳𝒒-𝑳∞ regularization and decay estimates ........................ 89 4.1 Main results............................................... 89 4.2 Preliminaries .............................................. 91 4.3 Sobolev implies 𝐿𝑞 -𝐿𝑟 regularization estimates ................. 92 4.4 Extrapolation towards 𝐿1 .................................... 98 4.5 A nonlinear interpolation theorem.............................100 4.6 Extrapolation towards 𝐿∞ via interpolation of the semigroup . . . . . . 107 4.7 Proof of Theorem 4.1 .......................................115 Chapter 5 Aronson-Bénilan type estimates..................................117 5.1 Main results ...............................................117 5.2 Preliminaries ..............................................119 5.2.1 Nonlinearsemigrouptheory-PartII ....................119 5.2.2 Homogeneousaccretiveoperators ......................130 5.2.3 Homogeneous completely accretive operators . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.3 Proof of Theorem 5.1 .......................................141 Chapter 6 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on open sets ......................143 6.1 Main results ...............................................143 6.2 The 𝑗-subgradient and basic properties ........................146 6.2.1 Definition and characterisation as a classical gradient . . . . . . 146 6.2.2 Ellipticextensions ...................................151 H 6.2.3 Identification of 𝜑 ..................................152 6.2.4 The case when 𝑗 is a weakly closed operator .............155 6.3 Semigroups and invariance of convex sets ......................156 6.3.1 Positive semigroups ..................................160 6.3.2 Comparison and domination of semigroups ..............161 6.3.3 𝐿∞-contractivity and extrapolation of semigroups . . . . . . . . . 163 6.4 Application:The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map....................168 Chapter 7 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated with the 1-Laplacian . . . . . 171 7.1 Preliminaries ..............................................171 7.1.1 Functions of bounded variation.........................171 7.1.2 Nonlinear semigroup theory - Part III ...................178 7.2 The Dirichlet problem for the 1-Laplace operator................180 7.3 A Robin-type problem for the 1-Laplace operator................187 7.4 Proofs of the main results....................................189 7.4.1 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator in 𝐿1 ................189 7.4.2 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator in 𝐿2 ................200 7.4.3 The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator in 𝐿1 (continued)...........204 7.4.4 Long-timestability...................................206 Appendix A Weighted Sobolev Spaces........................................213 A.1 p-admissible weights........................................213 B Mean spaces by Lions and Peetre ................................215 B.1 The connection between mean spaces and 𝐿p spaces.............215 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Index .............................................................227

Stereotype Threat wird definiert als ein Gefühl der Bedrohung, das Personen in einer Situation erleben, in der sie befürchten, aufgrund eines negativen Stereotyps über ihre Gruppe beurteilt zu werden bzw. durch ihr Verhalten das Stereotyp unbeabsichtigterweise zu bestätigen. Der Begriff geht auf Claude M. Steele und Joshua Aronson zurück. Stereotype Threat kann als ein situatives Dilemma bezeichnet werden, das bei Mitgliedern stigmatisierter Gruppen in Testsituationen kurzfristig zu signifikanten Leistungseinbußen führen kann. Es kann auch bei anderen Wahlentscheidungen auftreten. Empirisch gesicherte Befunde für die längerfristigen Auswirkungen liegen bisher kaum vor. Auch die auslösenden Bedingungen sind nicht abschließend geklärt.

Stina Aronson (1892–1956) is a celebrated Swedish modernist who published twenty-five works during the first part of the 20th century. Her writings are considered to be progressive and ethical due to extensive feminist and eco-critical research. Aronson’s novel Hitom himlen(This Side of Heaven, 1946) captures the life in upper Northern Sweden, in the Torne Valley, during the beginning of 20th century. In this thesis, I examine the narrative by placing it in relation to the racial hierarchies permeating society during the initial decades of the 20th century. The Finnish-speaking minority living in the Torne Valley came to be considered racially different from the national majority, due to national and international race science – today understood as scientific racism– and anthropology. My analysis shows how the characters are racialized using such ideas as the Mongolian theory and the cephalic index. It is further made evident that the novel captures a perception claiming the so-called ‘Finns’ were of an inferior race. And further, the belief that a mixture of Swedish, Finnish and Sami blood had weakened the group genetically. The mixture of races was defined as a serious threat to the Swedish population, who was regarded as the whitest and purest population on earth. Aronson captures this belief of a future extinction by depicting the death and illness of the youngest generation in the novel. Furthermore, the main character, Emma Niskanpää, believes that she meets God during the church service at the yearly holiday Marie bebådelsedag. I argue though, that the man she encounters is a fictitious Herman Lundborg (1868–1943), the most prominent of the Swedish race biologists, who, in reality, repeatedly performed skull measurement during this celebration. Directly following on this encounter, the ”deaf-and-dumb” daughter of the family Renström is buried along with several others and Emma Niskanpää’s son falls ill with tuberculosis. In this way, the novel captures the racial surveys carried out on minority groups– surveys which are today considered a national trauma. In This Side of Heaven, Stina Aronson turns into literature a specific form of racism and a forgotten part of Swedish history as a pioneering country in the formulation of race hierarchies.

This thesis explores the creative function of the pseudonym Sara Sand, used by the author Stina Aronson for four literary works in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Två herrar blev nöjda (Two gentlemen were content), Fabeln om Valentin (The tale of Valentin), Tolv hav (Twelve oceans) and Syskonbädd (Siblingbed) are modernist and experimental works that I approach with an experimental way of reading. In order to emphasize what I find to be an inherent strive for freedom within these texts, I draw from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattaris notion of desire as a productive force and their view of the text as a rhizomatic structure, as presented in Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980). The characters in Sara Sands writing are in constant movement and in continuous processes of becomings which challenges any kind of fixity, whether that be social structures and hegemonic discourses or simply the individual self.