La politique commune d'immigration et d'asile de l'UE possède comme objectif l'harmonisation des politiques nationales des Etats membres. Toutefois, suite aux nombreux aménagements imposés par ces derniers, elle bute toujours sur les diverses modalités d'application de la gestion commune des frontières et les différents droits attribués aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Un tel contexte de diversité a un impact sur le statut de ces derniers en ce que la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux apparaît secondaire au regard des inquiétudes des Etats membres de conserver leur maîtrise dans le domaine de l'entrée, du séjour et de la sortie des étrangers sur leur territoire. Pou1tant, il est à souligner qu'il ne s'agit que des premiers jalons de la politique migratoire commune de l'UE. Malgré leur manque d'efficacité dû aux clauses optionnelles et dérogatoires, les premières normes européennes adoptées forment indéniablement une base à approfondir en la matière pour les Etats membres. Aujourd'hui, en prenant davantage en compte de la situation vulnérable des ressortissants de pays tiers dans l'Union européenne, les nouveaux textes législatifs, adoptés conformément à la procédure de codécision, ainsi que les décisions prises par la Cour de justice qui, voyant sa compétence étendue en matière migratoire, vient interpréter des clauses ambiguës, procurent un brin d'optimisme aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Finalement, il reste certes certains points à approfondir et certains aspects à améliorer, mais ces nouveaux changements constituent une preuve importante de la volonté de l'UE de trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts étatiques et ceux des ressortissants de pays tiers. / The EU's common policy on immigration and asylum aims to harmonise the national policies of its Member States. Nonetheless, following numerous adjustments imposed by the Member States, this common policy still stumbles on the diverse modalities of application in the joint borders management and the different rights attributed to the third country nationals. Such context of diversity bas an impact on the status of the third country nationals in the way that the protection of theirs fundamental rights appears secondary to the Member States concerns to maintain their control in the area of the entry, stay and exit of the strangers on their territory. However, it should be pointed that this is only the first milestone of the EU's common migratory policy. Despite their lack of efficacy due to optional and derogatory clauses, the first adopted European norms form undeniably a basis for the Member States to further deepen in this field. Nowadays, taking more into account the vulnerable situation of the third-country nationals in the EU, the new legislative texts, adopted according to the codecision procedure, as well as the decisions taken by the Court of justice which, seeing its jurisdiction extended in the migratory field, has interpreted some ambiguous clauses, give a strand of optimism to third-country nationals. Finally, there are certainly still some issues to deepen and some aspects to improve but these new changes constitute an important proof of the willingness of the EU to establish a balance between State interests and those of third-country nationals.

Author: Amina Hassan & Ronhi Ak Title: Impact of asylum on asylum seekers Supervisor: Gunilla Carstensen The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of asylum seekers and understanding the asylum process and the perceived illness during the asylum process. The study also aims to map stigmatization in the concept of illness among asylum seekers. The theoretical basis of the essay is the theory of Antonovsky salutogenesis about the sense of context and Elias & Scotsons stigma theory. Qualitative interviews have been conducted with four people, all of whom have undergone an asylum process where the analysis was conducted using a thematic method of analysis. The result of the study shows that it is a psychologically and emotionally stressful process to apply for asylum, which affects the health. The uncertainty of not knowing whether to stay in the country in combination with the severe trauma from their country of origin give the interviewees an impression that the asylum process is stressful and places great mental demands on people. The main cause has been understanding of the asylum process, all interviewees showed a low sense of comprehension and it could be a contributing factor to the deterioration of health among asylum seekers. This results in their health deteriorating and they are likely to suffer from stress, depression and PTSD for the trauma they have experienced. As regards stigmatization, the results show that asylum seekers tend to avoid seeking help because of the fear of being isolated and stamped as a deviation of their own ethnic group. / Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka asylsökandes stresspåverkning och förståelse för asylprocessen samt den upplevda ohälsan under asylprocessen. Studien har även som avsikt att kartlägga stigmatiseringen i begreppet ohälsa bland asylsökande. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter är Antonovskys salutogenes teori om känslan av sammanhang och Elias & Scotsons stigmatiseringsteori. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med fyra personer som alla har genomgått en asylprocess där analyseringen gjorts med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet av studien visar att det är en psykiskt och känslomässigt påfrestande process att ansöka om asyl, vilket också påverkar hälsan. Ovissheten kring att inte veta om man får stanna kvar i landet i kombination med svåra trauman från sitt hemland resulterar i att intervjupersonerna upplever asylprocessen påfrestande och ställer stora psykiska krav på personerna. Det som har varit den väsentliga påverkningsorsaken har varit förståelsen över asylprocessen, samtliga intervjupersoner uppvisade en låg känsla av begriplighet vilket kan vara en bidragande faktor till att hälsan försämras hos de asylsökande. Detta resulterar i att deras hälsa försämras och de riskerar att drabbas av stress, depressioner och PTSD p.g.a. trauman de har upplevt. När det gäller stigmatisering visar resultaten att asylsökande tenderar att undvika att söka hjälp på grund av rädslan för att bli isolerade och stämplade som avvikande av den egna etniska gruppen.

My intention with this study is to examine how integration is understood andimplemented in the daily work with the purpose to integrate asylum-seeking childrenliving within residential care, which is a temporal care for asylum-seeking youths between15-20 years of age.More intentionally my aim is to study the essence of integration work with its benefits anddifficulties which is in this study described from youth pedagogues working with the focusto integrate asylum-seeking children. My aim is also to understand integration workmethods and its effects in the mission to integrate asylum-seeking youths. The study isbased on qualitative semi structure interviews of six youth pedagogues working inresidential care with the roll to integrate asylum-seeking children. The result in this studydescribes the understanding of integration in different ways which can explain thecomplicity in the roll youth pedagogues has got when integrating asylum-seeking children.Despite the lack of obvious methods, visions and goals with integration work, youthpedagogues give answers which leads us to believe that safety factors and risk factors isimportant factors to consider in attempting integration of asylum-seeking youths. Thesefactors are important to consider and understand due to the reason that this knowledgegives an understanding in needs, effects and results of integration work of asylum-seekingchildren / My intention with this study is to examine how integration is understood and implemented in the daily work with the purpose to integrate asylum-seeking children living within residential care, which is a temporal care for asylum-seeking youths between 15-20 years of age. More intentionally my aim is to study the essence of integration work with its benefits and difficulties which is in this study described from youth pedagogues working with the focus to integrate asylum-seeking children. My aim is also to understand integration work methods and its effects in the mission to integrate asylum-seeking youths. The study is based on qualitative semi structure interviews of six youth pedagogues working in residential care with the roll to integrate asylum-seeking children. The result in this study describes the understanding of integration in different ways which can explain the complicity in the roll youth pedagogues has got when integrating asylum-seeking children. Despite the lack of obvious methods, visions and goals with integration work, youth pedagogues give answers which leads us to believe that safety factors and risk factors is important factors to consider in attempting integration of asylum-seeking youths. These factors are important to consider and understand due to the reason that this knowledge gives an understanding in needs, effects and results of integration work of asylum-seeking children.

This work, which adopts the dialectical method, sought in his two chapters address the integration and convergence of asylum and refuge in the Cartagena Declaration, and its regional advances. Asylum and refuge institutes consolidated on the global agenda, through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the Convention of the High Commissioner of the United Nations for Refugees, 1951. This building process took place in the architecture of the nation-state model representing a view of Eurocentric colonialism. Thus, the modern system of nation-state interferes in the agenda of human protection, the coloniality and Eurocentric vision of treating the subject, which historically legitimize a process of human rights restrictions on the State's interests. The Cartagena Declaration of 1984 may represent a process of Decoloniality of thought and sense of State in the regional context of Latin America, it extends the definition of refugee and recognizes the massive violation of human rights as refuge hypotheses. Thus, the spirit of Cartagena is the main regional political document whose parameters establish more comprehensive protection to people in vulnerable situations in the context of international human mobility, and includes in its definition the causes of asylum. The integration and convergence of asylum and refuge in the Declaration of Cartagena provides understand Decoloniality the classic model of treating protection of human beings, victims of international human mobility, because the definition of both institutes is bonded on the broad concept of refugee. Therefore, the process of Cartagena is the Decoloniality the Eurocentric conception of the asylum and refuge, and makes it possible to expand the protection of the human person, whose achievements are conditional on political will of the Latin American states. / O tema central do presente trabalho é a análise da integração e da convergência dos institutos do asilo e do refúgio na Declaração de Cartagena. Os institutos do asilo e refúgio consolidaram-se na agenda global, por meio da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos de 1948 e a Convenção do Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados de 1951, mas é na Declaração de Cartagena que eles adquirem uma maior relevância na perspectiva dos países latino-americanos. Esse processo demonstra a superação da visão eurocêntrica sobre o tema e a emergência de uma visão decolonial sobre o mesmo. Este avanço é fruto da maior preocupação da América Latina, após um longo e duro ciclo político autoritário, com a proteção dos direitos humanos para além dos Estados soberanos. É por isso, que a Declaração de Cartagena amplia a definição de refugiado e reconhece a sua possibilidade diante da ameaça de violação dos direitos humanos. Desta forma, é possível afirmar que o espírito de Cartagena impulsionou uma forma avançada de proteção das pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade no contexto da mobilidade humana internacional, além de incluir na sua definição as causas do asilo. A integração e convergência do asilo e refúgio na Declaração de Cartagena possibilita, assim, a compreensão de como o pensamento decolonial pode impulsionar a formação de um novo parâmetro para a proteção da mobilidade humana internacional no caso conflito político e de ameaça aos direitos humanos. Portanto, a Declaração de Cartagena supera a concepção eurocêntrica sobre os institutos abordados e possibilita uma proteção mais ampla aos direitos humanos na situação de conflitos políticos. A análise do tema e suas implicações é feita utilizando-se o método dialético.

This final thesis is about single mothers living in shelters with their children. In the theoretical part of work are defined and desrcribed basic terms as single mother, system of shelters and reasons what kind of single mothers mostly needs help of shelters. The aim of my final thesis was to concentrate on the problems of single mothers in shelters and find out, which services are offered to single mothers. While analyzing this problem also other aspects were watched: from what social background do single mothers come to shelters, what is the most common reason for coming there, what do not they like in shelters, if they have any problems to get used to schedule of shelter and what is the most limiting factor for returning to independent life. For the empiric part of my final thesis was chosen qualitative approach and method of semidirected conversation. At the end of the work were determined steps, based on the analyzed date, which can be used practically.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T18:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisca Carvalho.pdf: 2069714 bytes, checksum: 86512434ba6749607938175aecd595cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / The old age which is housed in the Begging Asylum is taking photography as a methodological resource and instrument access to the memory of those individuals. We try to make reflections on the image to construct meanings, concept representation intrinsic to the sign seeking configure the photographic image as a representation of reality. Weaves a dialogue between photography and aging mechanisms as memory access and search the past. We present a study on aging in Western society through a brief history covering the ways in which the studies could advance reaching the status of science as well as advances in the aging process in post modernity. It highlights the positive and negative characteristics attributed to old age category that were built and that crystallized within sociocultural. Travels up the story of Begging Asylum of São Luís, with the founding period, according to the purpose of social panorama of the early twentieth century to get to today, with its new residents. Finally, we present images collected during interviews with inmates and assuming the role of search tool for memory. This interaction between age and allowed to photograph those visual images, which for some time were veiled in that environment. / A velhice que se encontra abrigada no Asilo de Mendicidade de São Luís nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, tendo a fotografia como recurso metodológico e instrumento de acesso à memória daqueles indivíduos. Este estudo faz algumas reflexões sobre a imagem como construto de significados, trazendo um conceito de representação que a em contornos fotógráficos enquanto representação do real. E proporciona um diálogo entre a fotografia e a velhice um mecanismo de acesso à memória e de busca ao passado, como forma de compreender essa relação com os velhos no ambiente asilar pesquisado. Analisa ainda, as características positivas e negativas atribuídas à categoria velhice que foram construídas e que se cristalizaram no âmbito sócio-cultural e que contribuíram para a concepção do que é ser velho, velhice e envelhecimento na sociedade ocidental. Procurou-se a definição e características de Instituto de Longa Permanência para Idosos ILPIs, termo mais recentemente adotado pelos órgãos que tratam do assunto, na tentativa de entender em que se difere dos Asilos. Através de pesquisas bibliográficas, revisita-se a história do Asilo de Mendicidade de São Luís, do início do século XX, período de sua fundação, para compreender sua função na sociedade daquela época e sua relevância para aqueles que, hoje, ali se encontram internados. Por fim, apresentam-se imagens fotográficas coletadas durante a entrevista realizada com os asilados, sendo assumido um papel de instrumento de busca pela memória. Essa interação entre fotografia e a velhice permitiu dar visualidade e amplitude de sentidos àquelas imagens, que por algum tempo, ficaram veladas naquele ambiente.

The study is based on a qualitative case study and is based on a social science perspective. The method of study is a comparative study; content analysis focused on document analysis. Interest is based on examining local basic policy programs for integration, as integration has become more noticeable in recent years, and has become increasingly important for science. The survey will be based on Ager and Strang's framework "good integration". Under the analysis section, various regulations, local action programs and tasks will be understood and explained from different criteria, based on the perspective of integration. The theoretical framework for "good integration" as proven to be very useful, and a high explanation factor. In summary, the analysis shows that the action programs for Malmö and Umeå, differ between each other, in relation to the framework for "good integration". The action Programs in the municipality of Malmö, complies with 3 of 4 categories in the theoretical framework. The categories fulfilled are Employment, Education and Housing. The action programs within the municipality of Umeå however, fulfill only one category; Employment. Both Malmö and Umeå’s action programs demonstrate differences and similarities against "good integration". Accordingly, Umeå's action program has more deficiencies in relation to the criteria for "good integration", in comparison with Malmö's action program. The conclusion is that Malmö's basic policy documents, at a local level; for integration, can be explained to more conditions for a successful integration, in comparison with Umeå's policy documents. However, something that both Malmö and Umeå should focus on is what the analysis showed for the category Health; develop policy documents for dissemination of information, which should include, inter alia and languages other than Swedish, to create conditions that achieve successful integration, according to the framework of "good integration".

Most scholars claim that international human rights norms embodied in formal international declarations and treaties have an important impact on domestic political interests and governmental practices. This reasoning about the impact of global human rights is often applied to the post-apartheid South African immigration and refugee policies. While I acknowledge that the ratification of United Nations Conventions on refugees has altered the traditional sovereignty considerations of South Africa towards asylum seekers, I take issue with the claims that South African refugee and asylum policies are primarily motivated and based on humanitarian considerations. Instead, I argue that these policies are based on sovereign considerations and strategic foreign policy interests. As a result this sovereign interests of South Africa to study has sought to demonstrate that largely explain decisions on the part accept or reject refugees. Although norms diffusion, international advocacy networks, and prestige factors have made a big impact, in practice the refugee policy has continued to reflect South Africa's strategic interests and domestic considerations at all levels. However, I have not argued that South Africa should overlook its national and foreign interests and abide by international human rights norms regardless of the cost of doing so. I have only sought to demonstrate that refugee protection is more when powerful national interests find it conducive to manage the destabilizing refugee flows.

The increase in right wing populist parties in Europe combined with the sudden influx of asylum applicants has given rise to the debate regarding immigration both politically and within research. This paper sets out to examine the relation between asylum seeker group size and people’s attitudes towards immigration. Based on group threat theory and ethnic competition theory we hypothesize that countries´ increases in asylum seekers is correlated with decreases in attitudinal support for immigration. We test this hypothesis using cross- national time series survey data from the Eurobarometer from 2014 to 2017 and conducting a multilevel analysis. Despite the extensive theoretical arguments that strengthen the hypothesis, we find no evidence that the group size of asylum seekers is related to attitudes towards immigration from outside EU.

The diploma thesis Socio-Educational Support Systems for Foreigners Living in the Czech Republic deals with the topic of integration of foreigners in the Czech Republic. It examines what integration instruments the Czech Republic uses on the governmental and also non- governmental level. It is focused on foreigner's experience with NGOs' integration services in Prague and according to this experience it analyzes if supply meets demand. The theoretical part deals with the topic of integration in general and the current immigration situation in the Czech Republic. It describes the law relating to foreigners living in the Czech Republic and examines the state integration activities. It also covers the non- governmental sphere of working with migrants. The empirical part of the thesis contains a qualitative research; the main question is if supply meets demand in the field of NGOs' integration services. The research is based on half- structured interviews with foreigners who use NGOs' integration services and with the NGOs' workers. The diploma thesis also contains some recommendations for the NGOs according to the main findings from the research. These recommendations should become a useful instrument for improving the efficiency of working with migrants.