The purpose of the study is to contribute with more knowledge about how different teaching materials in NOS can differ in terms of the connection to the core content and how it is represented in the form of images. The two teaching materials that we have chosen to review are "Puls NO-boken" and "Boken om NO". To examine these, we have produced two analysis tools based on the core content. We have made both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis is done on selected images from the two teaching aids that we have analyzed in more detail. The results show that “Boken om NO” uses simpler and clearer images than “Puls NO-boken” in the production of life cycles. In the quantitative analysis, we compare the two textbooks in general to get an overall picture of how the books differ in relation to the core content. The results show that “Boken om NO” includes all core content, while the “Puls NO-boken” excludes three parts of the core content. A conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that “Boken om NO” is a more favorable book for both students and teachers as it includes all parts of the core content and that the presentation of images is clearer. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med mer kunskap kring hur olika läroböcker i NO kan skilja sig åt vad gäller kopplingen till det centrala innehållet samt hur det representeras i form av bilder. De två läroböcker som vi valt att granska är “Puls NO-boken” samt “Boken om NO”. För att granska dessa har vi framställt två analysverktyg som utgår ifrån det centrala innehållet. Det har gjorts en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys. Den kvalitativa analysen är gjord på utvalda bilder från de två läroböckerna som analyserat närmare. Resultatet visar att ”Boken om NO” använder enklare och tydligare bilder än ”Puls NO-boken” i framställningen av livscykler.  I den kvantitativa analysen jämförs de två läroböckerna generellt för att få en övergripande bild över hur böckerna skiljer sig åt i förhållande till det centrala innehållet. Resultatet visar att “Boken om NO” behandlar alla centrala innehåll medan “Puls NO-boken” utesluter tre delar av det centrala innehållet. En slutsats som kan dras utifrån studien är att ”Boken om NO” är en mer gynnsam bok både för elever och lärare då den inkluderar alla delar ur det centrala innehållet samt att framställningen av bilder är tydligare.

Bildigenkänning och jämförelse är ett ämne som har varit i fokus under en lång tid inom datavetenskap. Många företag har försökt att skapa produkter, som utnyttjar olika lösningar för att känna igen objekt och människor. Dock har ingen lyckats skapa en lösning som kan göra detta felfritt. Lifesum vill ha en lösning till deras kaloriräknarapplikation. Denna ska erbjuda användaren möjligheten att fotografera en maträtt, för att sedan kunna ta fram vilken maträtt som bilden illustrerar. Histogramjämförelse är ett av lösningsalternativen, dock inte den mest optimala bildjämförelsealgoritmen. Att använda en algoritm som utnyttjar nyckelpunktsdetektion är den mest optimala lösningen, om träning av algoritmen är ett alternativ. En av idéerna för att öka precisionen är att låta användaren välja mellan de fem bästa maträtterna som algoritmen rekommenderar. På så sätt ökar man sannolikheten att maträtten som söks är en av de rekommenderade maträtterna. Framtida arbeten inom detta ämne kan involvera forskning i hur träning utav HOG, Histogram of Oriented Gradients, algoritmen skulle fungera. Detta för att få ett bättre resultat som låter FLANN, Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Library, algoritmen arbeta snabbare. / Image recognition and comparison is a topic that has been in focus for a long time within computer science. Many companies have tried to create products that use different solutions to recognize objects and people. However, none of these companies have managed to create a solution that can do this flawlessly. Lifesum want a solution to their calorie counting application. This will offer the user the opportunity to take a picture of a dish and then be able to retrieve which dish the image illustrates. Histogram comparison is one solution to this problem, thought not the most optimal one. Using an algorithm that uses keypoint detection is the most optimal solution, if training of the algorithm is an option. One of the ideas to improve the precision is to allow the user to choose between the five best dishes that the algorithm recommends. In this way one increase the probability of that the wanted dish is one of the recommended dishes. Future work in this topic can involve researching on how training the HOG, Histogram of Oriented Gradients, algorithm would work, to get a better result that could let the FLANN, Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Library, algorithm work faster.

In this report I present a feasibility study of using open astronomical data to make Initial Orbit Determination (IOD) for Resident Space Objects (RSO) appearing as streaks in telescope images. The purpose is to contribute to Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) for maintaining Space Situation Awareness (SSA). Data from different wide-field survey telescopes were considered but due to availability constraints only mask images from Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey were chosen for the analysis. An algorithm was developed to detect streaks in the mask images and match them to RSO known to be within the Field of View (FoV) at the observation time. Further, the IOD was made with angles-only Laplace’s method and the state vectors calculated for the streaks from the IOD were compared to those from the TLE for the matching RSO. The algorithm was tested with 6 different image fields acquired between the 14th to the 16th December 2019, of which 4 are characterised as non-crowded and 2 as crowded. The streak finding algorithm has a better precision and sensitivity for the non-crowded field, with an F1-score of 0.65, but is worse for the crowded fields with an F1-score of 0.035. In the non-crowded fields 95% of all streak and object matches are true matches to unique RSO, while for the crowded field only 10% are true matches. It was found that the 1''/pixel resolution in the images is too low for doing an IOD with Laplace’s method, despite how well the streak finding algorithm performs. However, with some improvements, the method is suitable as a cost effective way to verify known RSO in catalogues. / I den här rapporten presenterar jag en studie om att använda öppen astronomiska data för att göra initial banbestämning för artificiella rymdobjekt avbildade som streck i teleskopbilder. Syftet är att tillhandahålla information för att upprätthålla en god rymdlägesbild. Data från olika kartläggnings teleskop övervägdes men på grund av begränsningar i tillgänglighet valdes endast mask-bilderna från Zwicky Transient Facility för analysen. En algoritm utvecklades för att upptäcka streck i mask-bilderna och matcha dem med kända objekt i bildens synfält vid observationstillfället. Vidare gjordes den initiala banbestämningen med Laplaces metod, som använder vinkelkoordinaterna för streckens position vid observationen. Tillståndsvektorerna för strecken och de matchade objekten jämfördes, de beräknades från den initiala banbestämningen respektive objektets TLE. Algoritmen testades med 6 olika bildfält från observationsdatum mellan den 14:e till den 16:e december 2019, av dessa karakteriseras 4 som glesa och 2 som fyllda. Algoritmen för streck detektering har bättre precision och känslighet för de glesa fälten, med ett F1-värde på 0.65, men sämre för de fulla fälten med ett F1-värde på 0.035. I de glesa fälten är 95% av alla streck- och objektmatchningar korrekta matchningar med unika objekt, medan för det fulla fälten är endast 10% korrekta matchningar. Det visar sig att upplösningen på 1''/pixel i bilderna är för låg för att göra en initial banbestämning med Laplaces metod, oavsett hur bra algoritmen för streck detektering presterar. Genom att göra vissa förbättringar i algoritmen är metoden lämplig för att, på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt, verifiera kända objekt i kataloger.

The purpose of this reception study is to increase the understanding of how perceptions correspond between communicators and recipients regarding which feeling is perceived to engage the most in the context of sustainability communication. The theoretical frame stretches from Sara Ahmed's theory about how actions are reactions of feelings, the green gap, living in denial, Tim Jensen’s theory about environmental guilt and theories in politics that include subactivism and Chantal Mouffe's theory about the importance of an “us and them” in opposition political movements. The study also includes theories within semiotic analysis, reception analysis and Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model. The reception study is divided into two methods. The first method is a visual semiotic analysis that made it possible to find the preferred reading of the commercials. The second method is qualitative interviews which made it possible to analyse the way recipients interpret the message of the commercials. Analysing tools within reception analysis were applied to the material from the interviews with the recipients. The study also utilized a comparative analysis of interview responses between the communicators and recipients to locate possible differences in perceptions of sustainability communication.   The study's results show that positive emotions encourage recipients to maintain the already sustainable lifestyle they consider themselves to have but it also make them feel skeptical to the message. The negative emotions encourage them to make a behavior change but it also makes the recipients feel hopeless. The analysis however shows that the target group do not believe that they will make any further changes as they already believe that they are acting sustainably. The study has also identified some of the challenges that communicators face when it comes to sustainability communication. One is that the recipients respond best to the communication that they tend to avoid and another challenge is to find the balance between positive and negative emotions so that the recipient feels that the message is trustworthy. The study has also shown the importance of giving the recipients sustainable tools they feel they can act on. Dissonance between recipients and communicators regarding the sense of community has been located.

Today we live in an advertised-oriented society and we are constantly exposed to commercialized messages. Most advertising is based on stereotypical portraits of humans. And something that has attracted attention during the last decade is the one-sided representation that appears in these advertisements. This matter has been particularly relevant during the last decade with the emergence of significant societal phenomena and the questioning of power relations in society. Among these, Black Lives Matter, Metoo, and the Body Positivity-movement. This study aims to investigate what stereotypes can be identified in H&Ms advertisement and if these have changed over the last two decades. The theoretic framework consists of representation, the designation of ethnicity, stereotypes, and corporate social responsibility. Semiotic image analysis has been used as the method, and from this tool such as denotation, connotation, and body rhetoric have been implemented for the execution of the analysis. The result that emerged from the analysis showed that the gender stereotypes have changed over the studied years, as well as the amount of diversity of the objects portrayed in H&Ms advertising. The diversity that holds the most significant change is that people of color are more prominent in the later ads. When it comes to diversity in body types and plus-size models a decrease can be identified. Furthermore, the results also left us questioning if it is successful for companies to include diversity and implement the current trends in society in their advertisement

I denna studie undersöks tre gymnasieläroböcker i fysik ur ett genusperspektiv. Syftet är attgranska hur mycket utrymme kvinnorna får i förhållande till männen och på vilket sätt manväljer att presentera rollfördelningen mellan dessa. I studien undersöks också vilkaidentitetsskapande faktorer som finns med (eller som fattas) som kan ha en inverkan påflickors intresse för fysiken. Inom flera naturvetenskapliga områden har det på senare tiduppnåtts högre jämställdhet och en allt jämnare balans mellan könen, både i skola och iyrkeslivet. Statistik visar dock att flickorna fortsätter att ta avstånd från fysiken. Tidigaregenusforskning inom naturvetenskap visar att fysiken ofta förmedlas som ett manligt arbetemed fysikläromedel som generellt saknar genusmedvetenhet och där en manlig normdominerar och genomsyrar ämnet. Detta kan leda till att flickorna alieneras och skräms bortfrån fysiken. Studierna visar också att flickornas perspektiv och intresseområden inomnaturvetenskapen skiljer sig från pojkarnas och det sociokulturella perspektivet har fått enallt större betydelse. I denna studie användes läroboksanalys för att analysera 3 läroböckermed genusperspektivet i fokalpunkten. Studien utfördes med en kvantitativ text- ochbildanalys och kompletterades med en kvalitativ analys av innehållet. Genom att mätakvantitativt det synliga och representativa erhålls mätbara data för analysen och med denkvalitativa analysen erhålls antydningar och signaler om vad som fattas, vad som inte synsmen borde ha varit med. I alla tre innehållstyper som avser bilder, texter och övningargranskades kvinnors representation och rollfördelning, förekomsten av kvinnliga forskareoch andra kända personligheter (icke forskare) och om genusmedvetenheten finns med föratt förklara den historiska obalansen mellan könen i fysikområdet. Utifrån givnaidentitetsskapande faktorer granskades böckerna med syftet att undersöka hur mycketinkluderande nutida läroböcker är ur ett genusperspektiv och om innehållet i läroböckernapå något sätt krockar eller strider mot flickors/kvinnors perspektiv och identitet. Resultatetvisar att rollfördelningen i bilder och i övningar är relativ jämn mellan könen och i de fallnär flickor/kvinnor förekommer så visas de som starka och aktiva, dock så representeras deflesta människor i bilder och i övningar till största del av fiktiva individer, dvs påhittadenamn och tecknade figurer. I textdelen där de verkliga människorna och personligheternanämns förkommer det nästan bara män. Konsensus blir att kvinnor representeras avpåhittade (fiktiva) personer medan männen dominerar mycket stort vad gäller kändanämnda personligheter och forskare. När de få fall kända kvinnliga forskare nämns erkännsde som fullvärdiga vetenskapsmän dock är mansdominansen bland kända forskare så stortatt kvinnliga forskare hamnar i bakgrunden. Böckernas innehåll signalerar också att det ärmanliga normer som gäller då många exempel kommer från typiska manliga aktiviteter ochtraditionellt manliga ideal. När de flesta nämnda kända personerna, både vetenskapsmänoch icke forskare som beskrivs är män blir det svårt att förstå hur läroböckerna ska varainkluderande och rikta sig jämlikt mellan könen, speciellt när ingen förklaring ges till varfördenna skeva jämvikt finns. Mänskliga relationer i läroböckerna är väldigt lågtförekommande, detta ger bilden av fysiken som ett individuellt och enskilt arbete, enskildaforskare som utför viktiga och avgörande experiment där samarbeten mellan många olikaforskare i en social kontext saknas. Detta kan förmedla stereotypen att fysikern är enavvikande högpresterande person, troligtvis en man, lite ”nördig” som helst jobbarindividuellt. Svar på frågor om varför vi ska läsa fysik och för vem fysiken är till för är inteuppenbara. Senare forskning visar att en undervisning mer anpassad till vår vardag medframtidsfrågor och karriärmöjligheter i ett sammanhang kopplat med mänskliga relationerskulle kunna belysa frågan varför vi behöver lära oss fysik och samtidigt erhålla enundervisning som fungerar bättre ihop med flickors identitet. / In this study, three high school textbooks in physics are examined from a gender perspective.The purpose is to examine how much space women get in relation to men and the roledistribution between them. The study also examines what identity formation factors arepresent (or are missing) that may have an impact on girls' interest in physics. In several areasof science, higher gender equality has in recent years been achieved both in school and inprofessional life. However, statistics show that girls continue to distance themselves fromphysics. Previous gender research in the natural sciences shows that physics often is conveyedas a male work with physics study materials that generally lacks gender awareness and wherea male norm dominates and permeates the subject. This can cause the girls to be alienatedand scared away from physics. Studies also show that girls 'perspectives and areas of interestin science differ from boys' and socio-cultural perspectives have become increasinglyimportant. In this study, textbook analysis was used to analyze three textbooks with thegender perspective in the focal point. The study was conducted with a quantitative text andimage analysis and was supplemented with a qualitative analysis of the content. Byquantitatively measuring the visible and representative, measurable data is obtained for theanalysis and with the qualitative analysis we get indications and signals about what is missing,what is not visible but should have been included. In all three content types relating to images,texts and exercises, women's representation and role distribution were examined, thepresence of female scientists and other well-known personalities (non-researchers), andwhether gender awareness is included to explain the historical imbalance between the sexesin the physics field. Based on given identity-forming factors, the books were examined withthe aim of studying how much inclusive contemporary textbooks are from a genderperspective and whether the content of the textbooks in any way controversies or conflictswith girls / women's perspectives and identities. The results show that the distribution of rolesin pictures and exercises is relatively even between the sexes and in cases when girls / womenappear they are also shown as strong and active, however most people are represented inpictures and in exercises largely by fictitious individuals, i.e. invented names and cartooncharacters. In the text section where the real people and personalities are mentioned, it isalmost only men. The consensus is that women are represented by inventive (fictitious)people, while men dominate very much in terms of well-known mentioned personalities andresearchers. When the few cases of well-known female researchers are mentioned, they arerecognized as accomplished scientists, however, the male dominance of well-knownresearchers is so great that female researchers end up in the background. The content of thebooks also signals that male norms are applied, since many examples come from typical maleactivities and traditionally male ideals. When most of the well-known people, both scientistsand non-scientists described are men, it becomes difficult to understand how the textbooksshould be inclusive and align gender equality, especially when no explanation is given as towhy this skewed equilibrium exists. Human relations in the textbooks are very low, this givesthe image of physics as a personal and individual work, individual researchers who performimportant and crucial experiments where collaboration between many different researchersin a social context is lacking. This may convey the stereotype that the physicist is an atypicalhigh-performing person, probably a man, a little "geeky" who prefers to work individually.Answers to questions about why we should learn physics and for whom physics is for are notobvious. Recent research shows that a teaching more suited to our everyday lives with futureissues and career opportunities in a context of human relationships could shed light on whywe need to learn physics and at the same time receive a teaching that works better with girls'identities.

Automatic video quality assessment has many potential use cases in today’s video-filledsociety, for example, when trying to find highlights in a video. This thesis studies the possibilityof extracting the best segments from a video automatically based on five selected metrics:sharpness, colorfulness, contrast, stability, and aesthetics. Multiple different methods from eachmetric category were compared against each other using datasets with subjective ratings ofimages from KADID-10k and videos from LIVE-Qualcomm. The best method from eachcategory was combined into a single video quality score. The combination was done through aweighted sum, obtained from a least-square fit on the subjective scores of a training dataset(KonViD-1k). The segment of a video with the highest average quality score was chosen as thehighlight. The video quality score achieved Spearman correlations of 0.67 and 0.7 whenevaluated on two validation datasets (KonViD-150k-B and LIVE-VQC). In conclusion, themetrics work well, but are currently too slow for the intended target platform (mobile devices)and thus future work should focus on improving their performance.

Teknik är betydelsefullt och är en välintegrerad del av varje individs liv. Det moderna samhället begär tekniska kunskaper för att individen ska kunna delta och agera i samhället. Kompetens inom området är starkt efterfrågat och teknik i Sverige har länge varit en avgörande faktor för en god ekonomi. Trots den efterfrågade kompetensen inom området och den ambition för tekniken som finns i samhället så påträffas en förtroendekris bland ungdomarna. Ett utav de centrala problemen är att ungdomar inte kan anknyta teknikens samband med egna intressen och karriärval. Skolans teknikundervisning har därmed en viktig roll för att frambringa ett intresse för teknik. Med detta i bakgrund är syftet med detta arbete att undersöka vilket bidrag som en teknikbok för högstadiet ger i diskussionen om att främja ett teknikintresse bland ungdomar. För att besvara detta användes följande två frågeställningar: - Vilket innehåll visar en lärobok i teknik för högstadiet i sina bilder? - Hur skildras aspekter av teknik i bilder i den läroboken? Frågorna besvarades med hjälp av inspiration från det sociokulturella perspektivet. Undersökningen utgår ifrån en kvalitativ bildanalys där en lärobok för högstadiet i teknik analyserades. Resultatet visar att innehållet i bilderna kan inkluderas inom 12 kategorier som urskiljdes i analysen. Det innehåll som huvudsakligen skildrades och som var av dominerande karaktär i boken var bilder som innehöll Människokroppen; Illustrerade bilder som konkret beskriver fakta; Verktyg, komponenter och material samt bilder som hade historisk koppling. De aspekter av teknik som framkom var att teknik är i ett ständigt samband med människan, stereotypa föreställningar av tekniken kunde befästas i lärobokens bilder samt att teknikutvecklingens historia är väsentlig för dagens samhälle. Dessutom skildrades aspekter av teknik som ålderdomligt och det var en brist på modernare karriärmöjligheter. / Technology is an essential part of the individual’s life, but also a well integrated part of the society. Knowledge within the subject is highly demanded, not only for enabling the individual’s participation in questions and decisions regarding the society but also for the success of the society. Despite the fact that technology had and has a significant part in the Swedish economy and prosperity, the adolescents nowadays, due to lack of ability to identify the connection with their own interests and career opportunities with technology, have a low interest for the subject . With this in view, the aim of this study is to investigate the textbook’s contribution to students’ interest in technology. To approach an insight within this, two questions were used: - What content does the lower secondary school technology textbook show in their pictures? - How are aspects of technology depicted in pictures in the textbook? The questions were answered with the help of inspiration from the socio-cultural perspective. The study is based on a qualitative image analysis in which a textbook for the upper level lower secondary school in technology was analyzed. The result shows that the content of the images can be included in 12 categories as identified in the analysis. The aspects that were mainly depicted and which were of a dominant part in the book were pictures that contained the Human body; Illustrated images that specifically describe facts; Tools, Components and Materials as well as pictures that had historical linkage. The aspects of technology that emerged were that technology is in constant connection with the human, stereotypical representations of technology could be fortified in the textbook's pictures and also that history of technology development is essential to today's society. In addition, aspects of technology were depicted as obsolete and there was a lack of modern career opportunities.

The aim of this paper is to analyse how future art teachers talk about gender identity and sexuality in the context of an image analysis. In order to gather the empirical data used for this paper we sent out a questionnaire to student teachers with art as their primary subject. This questionnaire contained both closed and open-ended questions where they were instructed to analyse and describe four pictures of individuals that could be perceived as queer-coded, as well as answer questions regarding the core content of visual arts in the Swedish curricula for grade 7-9. The answers were then looked at through a queer theroetical lens using critical discourse analysis as our method. Based on the answers of the questionnaire we concluded that future art teachers use a politically correct and norm critical approach when speaking about gender identity and sexuality. We could however also see some confusion in the answers that possibly stems from a lack of knowledge and experience on the subject of gender identity and sexuality.

Pictures are often used when marketing a tourist destination. Photographs of a place, a destination, are used to convince customers and stimulate daydreaming in order to turn a potential customer into a real customer. For some people the photographic representations of a place is the only one they experience. With this in mind, it is reasonable to question how representations of places and geographical imaginations are being (re)produced when marketing a destination by using photographs. This paper aims to study how representations of place and people are used when marketing a tourist destination via travel commercial. The study was conducted by analysing images used for marketing tourist destinations located outside Europe, with a focus on photographs portraying people. The pictures included in this study were found in five travel catalogues for the Swedish market. The sample was narrowed down and reduced to three pictures, which were analysed by using a semiotic image analysis. The study aim to answer the following questions: When marketing a tourist destination how are people in the tourism advertising being presented? In what way can the images that are being used for tourism advertising generate stereotypes about places/people? The study indicates that, according to the included sample, the people portrayed in tourism advertising are being presented in a stereotypical manner.