Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2017-10-18T20:07:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 200701.pdf: 30126635 bytes, checksum: 4f87f6ea6ab07403ec42d242b5842457 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T20:07:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 200701.pdf: 30126635 bytes, checksum: 4f87f6ea6ab07403ec42d242b5842457 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1986 / CAPES / Levantamento dos Teredinidae presentes no estuário da Lagoa da Tijuca, RJ, Brasil, a caracterização da área quanto à atividade destes organismos e a verificação da distribuição espacial das espécies presentes segundo o gradiente de salinidade. Utilizando coletores experimentais constituídos de laminados de pinho (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol) o. Kuntze) em 5 estações estabelecidas, foram encontradas 7 espécies de Teredinidae: Lyrodus floridanus (Bartsch, 1922); Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758; Teredo furcifera Martens, 1894; Teredo bartschi Clapp, 1923; Bankia fimbriatula Moll &.. Roch, 1931; Bankia gouldi (Bartsch, 1908) e Bankia carinata (Gray, 1827) Foram elaborados desenhos, caracterizações e chaves de identificação para todas as espécies encontradas. Caracterizamos a Lagoa da Tijuca como uma área de moderada atividade de Teredinidae. Os resultados também demonstraram a existência de uma possível sazonalidade relacionada principalmente à precipitação atmosférica e à consequente variação de salinidade da água. Observou-se um decréscimo do número de espécies presentes e do número de exemplares à medida que penetramos para o interior da lagoa. A distribuição espacial é discutida separadamente para cada uma das espécies. É discutida ainda a influência de outros fatores, como a temperatura e incrustação biológica. / Purpose the systematic survey of the Teredinidae present at the estuary of Lagoa da Tijuca, RJ, Brazil; the caracterization of the area concerning the activity of these organisms and the analysis of the spatial distribution of the present species according to the gradient of salinity. Using experimental panels composed of pinewood sheets (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol) o. Kuntze) in 5 stations, seven species of Teredinidae were found: Lyrodus floridanus (Bartsch, 1922); Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758; Teredo furcifera Martens, 1894; Teredo bartschi Clapp, 1923; Bankia fimbriatula Moll & Roch, 1931; Bankia gouldi (Bartsch, 1908) and Bankia carinata (Gray, 1827). It was elaborated figures, description and keys to the identification of all species found out. Lagoa da Tijuca seemed to be an area of moderate activity of Teredinidae. The results also showed the existence of a possible seasonal change regarding mainly to the atmospheric precipitation and to the consequent variation of salinity. We noticed a decrease in the number of species and specimens as we entered the lagoon. The spatial distribution is discussed for each specie. We also discussed the 0influence of other factors such, as temperature and fouling.

Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les écosystèmes marins arctiques sont confrontés à des modifications environnementales accélérés, dont les conséquences sur les communautés biotiques sont encore débattues. La diminution du couvert de glace, l’augmentation de la turbidité et des apports d’eau douce vont affecter les producteurs primaires arctiques, avec des effets en cascade sur un processus-clé de ces écosystèmes : la relation trophique entre producteurs primaires et consommateurs benthiques (à laquelle se réfère généralement l’expression « couplage pélagos-benthos »). L’étude directe de ces interactions complexes n’est pas aisée dans ces milieux. Le modèle biologique des bivalves filtreurs peut permettre de contourner ces problèmes en remplissant une fonction d’ « intermédiaire » pour la compréhension de ces processus écologiques. Parmi les avantages de ce modèle d’étude, il y a tout d’abord le fait que ces organismes enregistrent au sein de leur coquille, dans les couches de biocarbonates, certaines dynamiques de leurs environnements. Les informations contenues dans ces « bioarchives » sont interprétées grâce aux méthodes de la sclérochronologie et de la sclérochimie et concernent une fenêtre temporelle correspondante à la vie des individus (de quelques années à plus que 500 ans). Un autre avantage de ce modèle biologique est que, s’agissant d’organismes qui sont des consommateurs primaires, l’étude de leur régime alimentaire peut apporter des éléments sur la relation trophique avec les producteurs primaires. Avec les méthodes de l’écologie trophique, en particulier les acides gras et les isotopes stables, l’étude des tissus permet d’obtenir des informations sur les sources assimilées à l’échelle de quelques semaines/mois. L’objectif de cette thèse est de tester le potentiel des bivalves Astarte moerchi (complexe borealis) comme modèle biologique pour l’étude des écosystèmes marins arctiques. Pour ce faire, une approche couplée est utilisée combinant l’analyse de la coquille par les méthodes de la sclérochronologie et de la sclérochimie (ratios élémentaires) et l’analyse des tissus par les méthodes de l’écologie trophique (acides gras, isotopes stable du carbone et de l’azote, isotopes du carbone sur acides gras individuels). Deux populations actuelles d’Astarte moerchi ont été étudiées dans deux fjords présentant des caractéristiques environnementales contrastées : le Young Sound au Nord-Est du Groenland (considéré comme fjord « arctique ») et le Kongsfjorden à l’Ouest de l’Archipel du Svalbard (considéré comme site « sub-arctique »). L’étude des tissus d’A. moerchi a permis de mettre en évidence la plasticité trophique de cette espèce, avec des différences dans les sources d’alimentation de deux populations liées aux dynamiques locales de production primaire. L’étude de la coquille d’A. moerchi a permis de : a) corroborer l’hypothèse de la formation annuelle des stries de croissance, confirmant la longévité de cette espèce pouvant atteindre 150 ans ; b) montrer l’intérêt potentiel de l’étude des ratios élémentaires dans les biocarbonates et en particulier du ratio Barium sur Calcium (Ba/Ca), qui pourrait être relié aux efflorescences phytoplanctoniques et c) montrer que les conditions environnementales contrastées du site arctique et sub-arctique se traduisent dans des patrons de croissance coquillère différents. Des perspectives pour l’utilisation ultérieure de ce modèle en écologie sont discutées. Pour conclure, une réflexion épistémologique est amorcée sur la spécificité du modèle biologique d’étude des bivalves filtreurs. En opposition à une notion plus classique d’ « organisme modèle » utilisée en biologie expérimentale, nous proposons que les bivalves filtreurs (à l’instar d’autres « bioarchives » comme les arbres, des coraux et des algues corallines) appartiennent à une catégorie de modèles biologiques qu’on pourrait qualifier « in situ » et qui semble être spécifique à la discipline écologique. / In the context of climate change, Arctic marine ecosystems are affected by rapid environmental modifications, whose effects on biotic communities are still debated. The sea-ice decline and the increase in freshwater inputs and turbidity are likely to impact Arctic primary producers, with cascade effects on a key-process in those ecosystems: the trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic consumers (generally referred as “pelagic-benthic coupling”). The direct study of such complex interaction is not straightforward in the Arctic. The biological model of filter-feeding bivalves offers the possibility to get around these problems, allowing to study those ecological processes indirectly. Among the advantages of this model, there is first of all the fact that these organisms record in their shell, in the carbonate layers, some dynamics of their environments. The information recorded in such “bioarchives” are interpreted through the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry and relate to a time window corresponding to the organism lifespan (from some years to more than 500 years). Given that these organisms are primary consumers, another advantage of this biological model is that the study of their diet can provide information about the trophic relationship with primary producers. With the methods of trophic ecology, especially fatty acids and stable isotopes, the study of the tissues allows the investigation of sources assimilated at a timescale of weeks/months.The main objective of this thesis is to test the potential of bivalves Astarte moerchi (borealis complex) as a biological model for the study of marine Arctic ecosystems. A coupled approach is used to combine shell analysis by the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry (elemental ratios) and tissue analysis by the methods of trophic ecology (fatty acids, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, compound-specific carbon stable isotopes on individual fatty acids). Two living A. moerchi populations have been studied in two fjords presenting contrasted environmental conditions: Young Sound in North-East Greenland (considered as “Arctic” site) and Kongsfjorden in the West coast of the Svalbard Archipelago (considered as a “sub-Arctic” site). The study of the tissues of A. moerchi allowed to show the trophic plasticity of this species, with differences in food sources of the two populations linked to local primary production dynamics. The analysis of the shell of A. moerchi allowed to: a) corroborate the hypothesis of annual growth lines formation, thus confirming the longevity of this species that can attain 150 years; b) show the potential interest of the analysis of elemental ratios and particularly the ratio between Barium and Calcium (Ba/Ca), which could be relied to phytoplanktonic blooms and c) show that contrasted environmental conditions in the Arctic and sub-Arctic sites result in different shell growth patterns. Some perspectives for the further use of this model study in ecology are discussed. To conclude, an epistemological reflection is sketched about the specificity of the biological model study of filter-feeding bivalves. In contrast to the classical notion of “model organism” used in experimental biology, we suggest that filter-feeding bivalves (as well as other “bioarchives” like trees, corals and coralline algae) belong to a category of biological models that could be named “in situ” and seems specific to the ecological discipline.

Neste trabalho, foram analisados alguns sistemas bioquímicos relacionados ao estresse oxidativo em diferentes tecidos de moluscos bivalves, em resposta a diferentes tipos de estresse ambiental, com o intuito de se verificar a possibilidade de utilização destes sistemas em programas de biomonitoramento do ambiente marinho, assim como verificar a influência de variações em parâmetros ambientais não relacionados à poluição sobre esses sistemas. Mexilhões Perna perna e Mytella guyanensis coletados em ambientes poluídos apresentaram níveis significativamente maiores de lesões em DNA e lipídeos que animais coletados em local limpo. Além disso, mexilhões expostos a metais apresentaram também maiores níveis de lesões em DNA e lipídeos. Estes dados indicam que as lesões analisadas nos mexilhões apresentaram uma boa resposta aos diferentes contaminantes, o que sugere sua utilização como biomarcadores da contaminação ambiental marinha. Entretanto, outros fatores tais como os ciclos de exposição ao ar, sazonalidade e variações de salinidade também ocasionaram oscilações nos níveis de lesões em DNA e lipídeos. Estes dados sugerem que deve-se ter especial atenção às condições de coleta em estudos de biomonitormanento ambiental, uma vez que variações ambientais não controladas em fatores abióticos podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos Em mexilhões expostos a diferentes metais em laboratório por diferentes períodos, foram estudadas as atividades de algumas enzimas antioxidantes tais como a catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa peroxidase específica para hidroperóxidos de lipídeos (PHGPx), glutationa S-transferase (GST), níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e de peroxidação lipídica. Algumas oscilações foram observadas nestes parâmetros, em relação à susceptibilidade dos tecidos à peroxidação lipídica. As maiores correlações foram observadas entre a atividade da PHGPx e os níveis de peroxidação lipídica, indicando um possível papel protetor da PHGPx contra lesões oxidativas às membranas, como também sua modulação pelos metais. Níveis de serotonina (5HT) e dopamina (DOPA) foram também avaliados em glândulas digestivas e tecido muscular de mexilhões P. perna, onde verificou-se que os metais causaram depleção dos níveis de 5HT e DOPA. No caso específico de tecidos musculares, uma diminuição dos níveis destes dois compostos poderia ser devido à contração tônica das valvas dos mexilhões em resposta a presença dos metais, uma vez que estes dois compostos estão envolvidos no relaxamento muscular dos mexilhões. Quando mexilhões foram expostos ao ar, constatamos também uma diminuição nos níveis de 5HT e DOPA no músculo, o que provavelmente estava associado à contração muscular para o fechamento das valvas, evitando assim a dessecação. Ao serem re-submersos, os níveis voltaram aos anteriores (similares aos controles), o que indicaria o relaxamento dos músculos com a conseqüente abertura das valvas. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nas glândulas digestivas. Pequenas variações foram também observadas nos níveis de 5HT e DOPA, entre mexilhões coletados em diferentes horários do dia, indicando o papel destes dois compostos no controle dos ritmos biológicos. Sendo assim, oscilações nos níveis destes dois compostos em função da exposição a metais pesados podem comprometer também os ritmos biológicos destes animais. Ainda, em estudos adicionais foi caracterizado por cromatografia líquida de alta performance acoplado à espectrometria de massas (HPLC/MS) e por ressonância magnética nuclear de próton e carbono, o produto de oxidação da melatonina pelo oxigênio singlete, o AFMK. Como parte deste estudo, comprovamos a hipótese de que a reação de nitrilas com peróxido de hidrogênio em meio alcalino gera oxigênio singlete, em estudos de monitoramento das emissões de luz bi e monomoleculares do oxigênio singlete, e pela detecção do produto acetamida por HPLC/MS. Por fim, um novo método de detecção de melatonina e AFMK com alta especificidade e sensibilidade por HPLC/MS foi desenvolvido. / In this work, some biochemical systems were evaluated in different tissues of bivalve mollusks, in response to different stress, in order to verify the possibility of use of these systems as pollution bioindicators in marine environmental monitoring studies, as well as to verify the influence of environmental variations not related to pollution on these systems. Mussels Mytella guyanensis and Perna perna collected in polluted environments presented higher levels of DNA and lipid damage, compared to mussels from a reference site. Mussels exposed to different metals also presented high levels of DNA and lipid damage. These data indicates that the lesions evaluated in mussels showed good responses to the contaminants, suggesting its use as biomarkers of marine contamination. On the other hand, other environmental variations such as air exposure cyvles, seasonality and variations in salinity also caused changes in the levels of DNA and lipid damage, indicating that the collection procedure of mussels, including observations of the environment conditions, should be considered for better interpretation of the results. In mussels exposed to different metal at different time intervals, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Some oscillations were observed in these parameters, related to the susceptibility of the digestive gland to lipid peroxidation. Major relationships were observed between the activity of PHGPx and the levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting a protective role of PHGPx against lipid peroxidation and its modulation by metals. The levels of serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DOPA) were also evaluated in digestive gland and muscle tissues of the mussels, being observed 5HT and DOPA depletion in both tissues. In muscle tissues, this would be related to the tonic catch contraction of muscle fibers in response to the metal exposure, since 5HT and DOPA are involved in this process. Experiments of exposure of mussels to air and re-submersion were also done to verify the effects on 5HT and DOPA levels. When mussels were exposed to air, decreases in 5HT and DOPA were observed, and when mussels were re-submersed, the levels back to the control values, which would also be related to the muscle contraction. No differences were observed in digestive glands. Little variations in 5HT and DOPA levels were observed between mussels collected at different times of the day, indicating a role of these compounds in the control of biological rithms. Additional studies were done, were the oxidative melatonin product by singlet molecular oxygen was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. The chraracterized product was the kynurenine N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK). Along this study, the theory that the reaction of nitriles with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solutions were confirmated through monitoring of the ligh emmited by singlet oxygen and the detection of the product formed (acetamide). Also, a new method for the simultaneous detection of melatonin and AFMK with high specificity and sensibility by HPLC/MS were developed.

Os bivalves marinhos sÃo muitos apreciados como alimento e no aproveitamento de suas conchas para vÃrias utilidades especialmente como enfeites. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o bivalve marinho venerÃdeo Anomalocardia brasiliana, quanto a densidade populacional e ciclo de reproduÃÃo, correlacionando este Ãltimo aos parÃmetros ambientais (salinidade, temperatura e precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica). As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente durante o perÃodo de maio/02 a abril/03, na praia do Canto da Barra, municÃpio de Fortim â CE, no estuÃrio do Rio Jaguaribe. Os indivÃduos Anomalocardia brasiliana apresentaram um padrÃo de distribuiÃÃo bem caracterÃstico, com os juvenis concentrados em Ãrea com sedimento fino e mais Ãmido e os adultos em banco arenosos com sedimento mais grosseiro. A diferenciaÃÃo sexual ocorreu provavelmente entre 12,6mm e 17,9mm de comprimento de conchas. A identificaÃÃo dos sexos foi realizada utilizando-se tÃcnicas histolÃgicas de rotina. Durante a gametogÃnese, foram reconhecidas em fÃmeas, ovogÃnias, ovÃcitos prÃ-vitelogÃnicos, ovÃcitos vitelogÃnicos e ovÃcitos maduros, e, em machos, espermatogÃnias, espermatÃcitos I, espematÃcitos II, espermÃtides e espermatozÃides. A reproduÃÃo da espÃcie à contÃnua, entretanto foram observados perÃodos de maior liberaÃÃo de gametas de julho a outubro/2002 e de fevereiro a abril/2003. O ciclo reprodutivo caracterizou-se pelas seguintes as fases do desenvolvimento gonadal: âem MaturaÃÃoâ, âMaduroâ, âem EliminaÃÃoâ, âEliminadoâ, para ambos os sexos. Dentre os fatores ambientais observados neste estudo, a precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica e a salinidade foram as que apresentaram as maiores amplitudes de variaÃÃo. Entretanto, uma influÃncia significativa do efeito da diminuiÃÃo da salinidade foi observada somente em machos, provavelmente causada pela alta precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica verificada em abril/03. Durante este estudo, observou-se a ocorrÃncia de parasitas do gÃnero Bucephalus sp. em 6,5% dos indivÃduos analisados. Apesar da baixa incidÃncia de organismos parasitados, a ocorrÃncia de parasitismo na populaÃÃo de Anomalocardia brasiliana, no estuÃrio do Rio Jaguaribe, alerta para necessidade de estudo sobre as condiÃÃes fisiolÃgicas desta espÃcie na regiÃo. / Marine bivalves are very appreciated as food and its shell is used for several purposes, especially for ornament. The present research aims to study the marine bivalve Anomalocardia brasiliana in relation to its population density and reproductive cycle, correlating them with environmental parameters (salinity, temperature and precipitation). Monthly samplings were realized from May 2002 to April 2003 at Canto da Barra Beach, in the Jaguaribe River Estuary, Fortim, CearÃ. The Anomalocardia brasiliana individuals presented a quite characteristic distribution pattern, with the juvenile ones concentrated in areas with fine and moist sediment (fine sand) and the adult ones concentrated in sandy beds with coarse sediment (medium sand). Sexual differentiation probably occurred when the shell length was between 12,6mm and 17,9mm. Sex determination was realized using custom histological techniques. During gametogenesis, oogonia, previtellogenic oocytes, vitellogenic oocytes and mature oocytes were recognized in females, and spermatogonia, spermatocytes I, spermatocytes II, spermatids and spermatozoa were recognized in males. The reproductive cycle is continuous. Nevertheless, periods of intense gamete liberation were observed from July to October 2002 and form February to April 2003. For both sexes the reproduction cycle was characterized by the following stages in the development: âin Ripeningâ, âRipeâ, âin Spawningâ, âSpawnedâ. Among the environmental agents observed in this study, precipitation and salinity were the ones that presented the largest fluctuation in amplitude. However, a major influence by the salinity reduction effect was only observed in males, probably caused by the high precipitation registered in April 2003. During this study, the occurrence of parasites from the genus Bucephalus sp. was observed in 6,5% of the analyzed individuals. Despite the low influence of organisms infected with parasites, the occurrence of parasitism in the Anomalocardia brasiliana population at the Jaguaribe River Estuary alerts the necessity for further studies on the physiological conditions of this species in that area.

Salmonella spp. foi isolada em 20% (18) amostras de água de regiões portuárias (Portos de Belém/PA, Fortaleza/CE, Itaguaí/RJ, Paranaguá/PR, Recife/PE, Rio Grande/RS e Santos/SP) e em 19% (04) amostras de moluscos bivalves. Dentre os 214 isolados de Salmonella spp. em amostras de água (206) e bivalves (8), o sorotipo S. Saintpaul O:4 [B] foi o mais freqüente (53/214). Na avaliação dos isolados quanto à suscetibilidade a 14 antimicrobianos, 204 (95,3%) apresentaram resistência até a dez agentes antimicrobianos. O método de PCR foi utilizado para caracterizar os sorogrupos de Salmonella spp. (A-D1, B, e C2-C3), sendo eficiente em 93,6% dos isolados. A presença de Salmonella spp., inclusive multiresistentes, em áreas portuárias reflete em risco para saúde pública. Programas de vigilância ambiental, epidemiológica e sanitária poderiam ser contempladas nas áreas portuárias, evitando o transporte de Salmonella spp., através da água de lastro de navios e que podem atingir áreas de balneabilidade ou aqüicultura. / Salmonella spp. was isolated in 20% (18) samples of port regions water (Ports of Belém/PA, Fortaleza/CE, Itaguaí/RJ, Paranaguá/PR, Recife/PE, Rio Grande/RS and Santos/SP) and in 19% (04) samples of mollusk bivalves. Amongst the 214 isolated of Salmonella spp. in water samples (206) and bivalves (8), serotype S. Saintpaul O: 4 [B] was most frequent (53/214). In the evaluation of these isolated to the susceptibility for the 14 antimicrobial agents profile, 204 (95.3%) had presented resistance until ten agents. The PCR method was used to characterize the serogroups of Salmonella spp. (A-D1, B, and C2-C3), being efficient in 96,3% of the isolated ones. The presence of Salmonella spp., also multiresistant, in port areas reflects at risk for public health. Programs of environment survey, epidemiological and sanitary could be contemplated in the port areas, preventing the transport of Salmonella spp. through at the ballast water of ships and that they can reaching recreational or aquaculture areas.

Marine environments are under constant pressure from anthropogenic pollution. Chemical pollutants are introduced into the aquatic environment through waste disposal, sewage, land runoff and environmental exploitation (harbours, fisheries, tourism) leading to disastrous effects on the marine wildlife. Developmental malformations, reproduction failure including sex changes and high death rates are commonly observed in aquatic animal populations around the world. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these pollution effects, in particular for marine invertebrate species, are often unknown. One proposed mechanism through which environmental pollution affects wildlife, is the disruption of nuclear receptors (NRs), ligand-binding transcription factors in animals. Environmental pollutants can directly interact with nuclear receptors, inducing incorrect signals for gene expression and subsequently disrupt developmental and physiological processes. Elucidation of the exact mechanism in invertebrates, however, is sparse due to limited understanding of invertebrate endocrinology and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Here, I have investigated the presence, expression and function of NRs in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and explored their interrelation with known environmental pollutants. Using a suite of molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools I demonstrate that the Pacific oyster possesses a large variety of NR homologs (43 NRs), which display individual expression profiles during embryo/larval development and supposedly fulfil distinct functions in developmental and physiological processes. Functional studies on a small subset of oyster NRs provided evidence for their ability to regulate gene expression, including interactions with DNA, other NRs or small molecules (ligand-binding). Oyster receptors also show a high likeliness to be disrupted by environmental pollutants. Computational docking showed that the retinoid X receptor ortholog, CgRXR, is able to bind and be activated by 9-cis retinoic acid and by the well-known environmental contaminant tributyltin. A potential interaction between tributyltin and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ortholog CgPPAR has also been found. In addition, exposure of oyster embryos to retinoic acids and tributyltin resulted in shell deformations and developmental failure. In contrast, computer modelling of another putative target for pollutants, the retinoic acid receptor ortholog CgRAR, did not indicate interactions with common retinoic acids, supporting a recently developed theory of loss of retinoid binding in molluscan RARs. Sequence analyses revealed six residues in the receptor sequence, which prevent the successful interaction with retinoid ligands. In conclusion, this investigative work aids the understanding of fundamental processes in invertebrates, such as gene expression and endocrinology, as well as further understanding and prediction of effects of environmental pollutants on marine invertebrates.

Freshwater mussels is one the most endangered groups of organisms worldwide and stand in front of several threats. Global warming along with anthropogenic influence affect the mussel’s natural habitat and stress leads to changes in their behaviour. The aim was to investigate if the behaviour of Unio tumidus exposed to thermal stress differs depending on fine particulate matter exposure. This study hypothesises that (1) the critical thermal maximum of mussels is lower in high turbidity than in clear water (2) mussels in highly turbid water extend their foot at a lower temperature than in clear water (3) mussels have a more frequent gaping behaviour in high turbidity than in clear water. Mussels were placed in each water filled beaker with sensors glued to their shells for monitoring gaping behaviour. Aquarium heaters increased the water temperature gradually until the mussels reached their CTM. One group were placed in clear river water and one group in water with high turbidity. There was no significant difference in the CTM between the highly turbid and clear water. The mussels in the river water extended their foot at a lower temperature compared to the mussels in high turbidity. One possible explanation is that the mussels remain shut to protect themselves due to higher stress levels. Valve gaping behaviour was visually investigated and displayed different patterns between mussels in clear and highly turbid water. This study contributes with information regarding mussel behaviour and response to thermal stress which can be of value for future studies. / Sötvattenmusslor är en av de mest hotade organismerna i världen och står inför flera hot. Global uppvärmning tillsammans med antropogen inverkan påverkar musslornas naturliga livsmiljö och stress leder till förändringar i deras beteende. Syftet var att undersöka om beteendet hos Unio tumidus som utsätts för termisk stress skiljer sig beroende på exponering av fina partiklar. Denna studie antar att (1) critical thermal maximum för musslor är lägre vid hög turbiditet än i åvatten (2) musslor i hög turbiditet sträcker ut sin fot vid en lägre temperatur än i åvatten (3) musslor har ett mer frekvent öppningsbeteende vid hög turbiditet än i åvatten. Musslor placerades i vattenfyllda bägare med sensorer limmade på sina skal för att övervaka öppningsbeteende. Akvarievärmare ökade vattentemperaturen gradvis tills musslorna nådde sitt critical thermal maximum. En grupp placerades i åvatten och en grupp i vatten med hög turbiditet. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i CTM mellan hög turbiditet och åvattnet. Musslorna i åvattnet sträckte ut sin fot vid en lägre temperatur jämfört med musslorna i hög turbiditet. En möjlig förklaring är att musslorna förblir stängda för att skydda sig på grund av högre stress. Öppningsbeteende undersöktes visuellt och visade olika mönster mellan musslor i åvatten och vatten med hög turbiditet. Denna studie bidrar med information om musslornas beteende och respons på termisk stress som kan vara av värde för framtida studier.

[pt] Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) são compostos orgânicos de origem petrogênica e pirogênica, ubíquos, persistentes, bioacumuláveis em tecidos adiposos e comprovadamente carcinogênicos. O Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras (MONA) é uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral localizada a 4,5 km da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, cujas potenciais fontes de HPA para o local incluem o Emissário Ipanema, a Baía de Guanabara, o trânsito de grandes e pequenas embarcações, e a deposição atmosférica proveniente do alto trânsito de veículos e emissões industriais. Considerando que moluscos bivalves são biomonitores efetivos da exposição aos HPA, em fev/22 (C1) e jul/22 (C2) coletou-se cerca de 240 mexilhões da espécie Perna perna em três ilhas do MONA para avaliar o aporte de HPA oriundos de atividades antrópicas. Amostras compostas (3-5 animais) foram extraídas em triplicata utilizando extração acelerada por solvente (ASE) com purificação na célula, e purificação adicional por cromatografia em coluna. A fração de HPA foi determinada por cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas (GC-MS). As concentrações de (Somatório)39HPA variaram de 236 a 1378 ng g-1 , com os maiores valores encontrados em C1, níveis semelhantes aos de estudos anteriores com P. perna na região da Baía de Guanabara e algumas das ilhas do MONA (68-6271 ng g-1), sendo caracterizado, no entanto, aumento no aporte ao longo dos últimos 10 anos. O perfil geral dos contaminantes demonstra uma mistura de fontes pirolíticas e petrogênicas na região do MONA, sendo fontes prováveis a queima de combustíveis fósseis na região metropolitana e o aporte crônico de óleo, incluindo vazamentos irregulares, pelo trânsito constante de embarcações e fundeios próximos ao MONA. As concentrações de benzo[a]pireno, o (Somatório)4HPA – benz[a]antraceno, benzo[a]pireno, criseno e benzo[b]fluoranteno – e o Quociente de Equivalência Tóxica de Benz[a]pireno (TEQ BaPy) ficaram abaixo dos limiares de 5 ng g-1, 30 ng g-1 e 18 ng g-1, respectivamente, porém mais altos na amostragem realizada no verão, sugerindo um risco potencial para a qualidade de frutos do mar (moluscos) e da população humana. O cenário fornecido por um conjunto de dados limitado (apenas duas amostragens) reforça a necessidade de um programa de biomonitoramento no MONA Cagarras que inclua HPA e outras classes de contaminantes orgânicos, como as bifenilas policloradas (PCB) e pesticidas. / [en] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are organic compounds of petrogenic and pyrogenic origin that are ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative in adipose tissue, and proven to be carcinogenic. The Cagarras Islands Natural Monument (MONA) is a protected area located 4,5 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro, whose potential sources of PAH to the site include the Ipanema Outfall, Guanabara Bay, the transit of large and small vessels, and atmospheric deposition from high traffic of vehicles and industrial emissions. Considering that bivalve mollusks are effective biomonitoring organisms of exposure to PAH, in Feb/22 (C1) and Jul/22 (C2), approximately 240 mussels of the species Perna perna were collected from three MONA islands to assess the input of PAHs from anthropogenic activities. Composite samples (3-5 animals) were extracted in triplicate using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with purification in the cell, and additional purification by column chromatography. The PAH fraction was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of (summation)39PAH ranged from 236 to 1378 ng g-1, with the highest values found in C1, similar to previous studies with P. perna in the region of Guanabara Bay and some of the MONA islands (68-6271 ng g-1), but characterized by an increase in input over the last 10 years. The general profile of contaminants demonstrates a mixture of pyrolytic and petrogenic sources in the MONA region, with probable sources being fossil fuel combustion in the metropolitan region and chronic oil input, including irregular leaks, from the constant traffic of vessels and anchoring near the MONA. The concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene, the (summation)4PAH – benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benz[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene – and the Toxic Equivalent Quotient of Benzo[a]pyrene (TEQ BaPy) were below the thresholds of 5 ng g-1, 30 ng g-1, and 18 ng g-1, respectively, but higher in the sampling performed in summer, suggesting a potential risk to the quality of seafood (mollusks) and the human population. The scenario provided by a limited data set (only two samplings) reinforces the need for a biomonitoring program in the Cagarras Islands Natural Monument that includes PAHs and other classes of organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides.

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