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模糊時間數列轉折區間的認定 / Application of Fuzzy Time Series Analysis To Change Periods Detection莊閔傑 Unknown Date (has links)
由於許多經濟指標的定義不明確,或是因為資料蒐集的時間不一,導致代表經濟景氣的數值,實際上即具有相當大的的不確定性。傳統的方法多不考慮這樣的模糊性,而傾向尋找一準確的模式轉折點。本文則以模糊數學的方法,運用模糊分類法以及模糊熵,訂定一個評判的準則。藉以找出一時間數列模式發生變化的轉折區間。最後以台灣經濟景氣指標為例,說明此方法可不需對資料的模式有任何事先的認知,即可得出與傳統方法相近,甚至更為合理的預測結果。 / Unlike conventional change points detecting, which seeks to find a decision boundary between classes for certain structural changed time series, the purpose of this research is to investigate a new approach about fuzzy change period identification. Based on the concept of fuzzy theory, we propose a procedure for the - level of fuzzy change period detecting and prove some useful properties for a fuzzy time series. We use some numerical examples to demonstrate how these procedures can be applied. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed detecting approach for structure change of fuzzy time series is available and practical in identifying the alpha-level of fuzzy change period.
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利率特性與景氣循環--臺灣地區貨幣市場實証分析 / Interest Rate and Business Cycle in Taiwan朱宇琴, Chu, Yu Chin Unknown Date (has links)
本文的研究目的,在於直接以利率特性探究景氣循環,並以景氣循環探究利率特性,以了解兩者之間的關係;此模型的特色,在於避開了一般總體模型共通的一項缺點 : 必須先預測外生變數。以上談到的貨幣市場利率特性,計有持有報酬率、違約貼水、期限貼水等三者,至於景氣循環則採用經建會所認定的標準。 研究發現,民國75年到84年臺灣地區貨幣市場的利率特性與實質經濟活動,的確互有解釋及預測能力,實証結果如下:
1.持有報酬率與景氣循環
持有報酬率對景氣具有顯著的負向關係,以持有報酬率來解釋及預測景氣機率也獲致很好的效果;另外,在景氣由盛而衰及由衰轉強此二個景氣轉折月份,持有報酬率飛高和陡降的劇烈變化特別值得注意。並且可以藉由卡曼模型改變估計方法,提高景氣對持有報酬率的解釋和預測能力。
2.違約貼水與景氣循環
從違約貼水對景氣為固定係數的負向關係來看,顯著性雖然低,卻可藉由卡曼模型改變係數估計的方法,大幅改善違約貼水與景氣相互間的解釋和預測能力。
3.期限貼水景氣循環
下降或駝峰型的利率期間結構堪稱是衰退期特有的現象,和1938(1989美國的歷史資料不謀而合。
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利用三大法人的處分效果與過度自信現象在景氣循環下建立交易策略 / Trade strategies based on deposit effect and over confidence effect of three institutional investors in business cycle葉乃華, Yeh, Nai Hua Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要研究外資、投信及自營商這三大法人是否有「處分效果」及「過度自信」行為上的偏誤,並想要進一步探討投資人是否可以透過觀察三大法人在不同景氣狀態下的異常行為建立投資組合以獲得顯著的超額報酬,故利用Weber and Camerer(1998)所提的處分係數(The disposition coefficient)來表示處分效果及黃坤興(2006)提出的修正過度自信係數(The overconfidence coefficient)代表過度自信現象,並採用二情境轉換模型,以馬可夫鏈描述情境轉換行為,觀察三大法人在2005年至2013年台灣股票市場上的行為。
研究結果發現在不同的景氣狀態下三大法人會有不同的異常行為產生,在景氣繁榮期外資有處分效果而無過度自信,投信則無異常行為,而自營商沒有處分效果而有過度自信傾向;在景氣低迷時期外資有處分效果而無過度自信現象,投信沒有處分效果而有過度自信,自營商則是同時有處分效果與過度自信,而投資人可以在三大法人有異常行為時,利用放空高係數資產及買入低係數資產獲取正報酬。
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Essais sur les frictions financières dans les modèles d'équilibre général dynamiqueSolomon, Bernard Daniel 06 1900 (has links)
Cette thèse examine les effets des imperfections des marchés financiers sur la macroéconomie. Plus particulièrement, elle se penche sur les conséquences de la faillite dans les contrats financiers dans une perspective d'équilibre général dynamique.
Le premier papier construit un modèle qui utilise l'avantage comparatif des banques dans la gestion des situations de détresse financière pour expliquer le choix des firmes entre les prêts bancaires et les prêts du marché financier. Le modèle réussit à expliquer pourquoi les firmes plus petites préfèrent le financement bancaire et pourquoi les prêts bancaires sont plus répandus en Europe. Le premier fait est expliqué par le lien négatif entre la valeur nette de l'entreprise et la probabilité de faire faillite. Le deuxième fait s'explique par le coût fixe d'émission de bons plus élevé en Europe.
Le deuxième papier examine l'interaction entre les contraintes de financement affectant les ménages et les firmes. Une interaction positive pourrait amplifier et augmenter la persistance de l'effet d'un choc agrégé sur l'économie. Je construis un nouveau modèle qui contient des primes de financement externes pour les firmes et les ménages. Dans le modèle de base avec prix et salaires flexibles, j'obtiens une faible interaction négative entre les coûts de financement des firmes et des ménages. Le facteur clé qui explique ce résultat est l'effet du changement contre cyclique du coût de financement des ménages sur leur offre de travail et leur demande de prêts. Dans une période d'expansion, cet effet augmente les taux d'intérêt, réduit l'investissement et augmente le coût de financement des entreprises.
Le troisième papier ajoute les contraintes de financement des banques dans un modèle macroéconomiques avec des prêts hypothécaires et des fluctuations dans les prix de l'immobilier. Les banques dans le modèle ne peuvent pas complètement diversifier leurs prêts, ce qui génère un lien entre les risques de faillite des ménages et des banques. Il y a deux effets contraires des cycles économiques qui affectent la prime de financement externe de la banque. Premièrement, il y a un lien positif entre le risque de faillite des banques et des emprunteurs qui contribue à rendre le coût de financement externe des banques contre cyclique. Deuxiément, le lissage de la consommation par les ménages rend la proportion de financement externe des banques pro cyclique, ce qui tend à rendre le coût de financement bancaire pro cyclique. En combinant ces deux effets, le modèle peut reproduire des profits bancaires et des ratios d'endettement bancaires pro cycliques comme dans les données, mais pour des chocs non-financiers les frictions de financement bancaire dans le modèle n'ont pas un effet quantitativement significatif sur les principales variables agrégées comme la consommation ou l'investissement. / This Dissertation examines the effect of financial market imperfections on the Macroeconomy. More particularly, it focuses on the consequences of equilibrium default using a Dynamic General Equilibrium approach.
The first paper builds a dynamic general equilibrium model that emphasizes banks' comparative advantage in monitoring financial distress in order to explain firms' choice between bank loans and market debt. Banks can deal with financial distress more cheaply than bond holders, but this requires a higher initial expenditure proportional to the loan size. In contrast, bond issues may involve a small fixed cost. Entrepreneurs' choice of bank or bond financing depends on their net worth. The model can explain why smaller firms tend to use more bank financing and why bank financing is more prevalent in Europe than in the US. The first fact can be explained by the negative link between the net worth of a business and its default probability. Explaining the second fact requires taking into account the higehr fixed cost of issuing market debt in Europe.
The second paper examines the possibility of feedback effects between between the financing constraints of households and of firms. A positive interaction between the financial strength of household and firm balance sheets may amplify aggregate shocks and increase the persistence of aggregate fluctuations. I develop a new model that incorporates both firm and household external finance spreads and time varying leverage. Contrary to a common intuition, the baseline Real Business Cycle model with credit constraints produces a small negative interaction between the costs of external financing for firms and households. The key factor in this result is the effect of changes in the external finance premium on borrowers' labour supply and the demand for loans. The reduction in households' cost of borrowing in a boom decreases labour supply and raises houshold loan demand. This increases interest rates, crowds out investment, and raises borrowing costs for financially constrained firms.
The third paper integrates household financing frictions with bank financing frictions and house price fluctuations in a dynamic general equilibrium model. The key assumption in the model is that a bank cannot fully diversify shocks, leading to a link between household and bank sectors' default risks. The cyclical behaviour of banks' external funding cost is determined by two main factors. On one hand, booms improve the financial health of the banks' borrowers which tends to reduce the cost of bank funding. On the other hand, consumption smoothing by savers and borrowers during booms increases the proportion of external financing in the banks' balance sheet which tends to increase the cost of bank funding. As a result of these opposing effects, the model matches procyclical profits and leverage in the financial sector, as observed in the data, but for non financial shocks the banking frictions in the model have an insignificant impact on the main macroeconomic aggregates such as output, consumption and investment.
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台灣景氣轉折點預測-Probit模型與組合預測的應用 / Forecasting the Turning Points of Taiwan Business Cycles by using Probit Model and Combined Forecasts李勁宏 Unknown Date (has links)
本文使用具有事前訊息的領先指標與期間利差作為預測變數,根據不同利差與落後期選擇的 Probit 模型,利用遞迴的方式預測景氣轉折點發生機率,並進一步將個別預測結果進行組合,試圖找出能降低不確定性且優於個別預測結果的方法。實證結果發現,使用 Diebold and Mariano 檢定的預測包容法為其中最優的組合方法,無論是轉折點訊號或預測誤差都能優於半數以上的個別預測。此外,本文亦估計即期景氣轉折點的發生機率,根據模型的估計結果推斷,自 2012 年 2 月至 2015 年 3 月為止,景氣仍處於擴張階段。
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Essays on Non-Price Competition and MacroeconomicsTurino, Francesco 30 November 2009 (has links)
My dissertation is a collection of three essays that study various aspects of non-price competition among firms using fully microfounded general equilibrium models. The first two chapters, both coauthored with Benedetto Molinari, introduce advertising expenditures by firms into a dynamic and stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE), in order to address the question of whether and how aggregate advertising expenditures provide important effects upon the aggregate economy. In particular, the first chapter provides a short-run analysis, by focusing on the implications of aggregate adverting expenditure upon the business cycle. The second chapter, in turn, focuses on long-run effects of advertising, by analyzing the implications upon the steady-state equilibrium of aggregate advertising expenditures by firms. The last chapter, by using a modified version of the canonical New Keynesian model, investigates the effect upon inflation dynamics of non-price competition among firms. / Esta tesis contiene tres ensayos que estudian varios aspectos de la competencia no en precio entre las impresas, utilizando modelos de equilibrio general micro-fundados. En los primeros dos capítulos, ambos coautorados con Benedetto Molinari, se introducen gastos en publicidad de las empresas en un modelo dinámico y estocástico de equilibrio general, a través del cual, se estudian las implicaciones de la publicidad en la economía agregada. El primer capítulo se focaliza en los efectos de corto plazo de la publicidad, analizando las implicaciones con respecto al ciclo económico. El segundo capítulo, estudia los efectos de largo plazo de la publicidad, con el objetivo de analizar las implicaciones sobra el estado estacionario del economía. En el último capítulo se utiliza una versión modificada del modelo Neo-Keynesiano que estudia los efectos de la competencia no en precio en relación la dinámica de la inflación.
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Essays in the economics of health and wellbeingSchwandt, Hannes 19 June 2012 (has links)
The three chapters of this thesis investigate different aspects of the economics of health and wellbeing. The first chapter tests the rationality of life satisfaction forecasts. Contrary to the rational expectations hypothesis it shows that young people and those who are satisfied strongly overpredict future life satisfaction while the elderly and the unsatisfied strongly underpredict it. The second chapter is about how wealth shocks affect the health of retirees in the US. Results indicate strongly positive effects on physical health, mental health and mortality. The third chapter analyzes the effects of graduating in an unfavorable economic environment on graduates' subsequent income, health insurance and mortality. It finds that recession graduates have significantly lower incomes and worse health insurance coverage. And during the outbreak of the HIV/AIDS epidemic AIDS mortality has been significantly higher among these unlucky cohorts. / Los tres capítulos de esta tesis doctoral investigan aspectos de la economía del bienestar y de la salud. El primer capítulo pone a prueba la racionalidad de las predicciones de las personas respecto a la satisfacción global que experimentarán con su vida en el futuro. Se muestra que, en contra de la hipótesis de expectativas racionales, las predicciones de los jóvenes y de quien está satisfecho con su vida son más altas que los niveles de satisfacción realizados posteriormente, mientras las predicciones de las personas mayores y de quien no está satisfecho con su vida son más bajas que los niveles posteriormente experimentados. El segundo capítulo investiga cómo los cambios exógenos de riqueza afectan la salud de una muestra de jubilados en los EEUU. Los resultados indican efectos positivos de la riqueza sobre la salud, tanto física como mental, y un efecto negativo sobre la mortalidad. El tercer capítulo analiza los efectos de graduarse de la universidad en un entorno económico recesivo sobre la salud, la riqueza, y la mortalidad. Graduarse en tiempos de recesión tiene efectos negativos persistentes sobre el salario, la cobertura médica, y - durante la epidemia del SIDA - tambien sobre la mortalidad.
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Three essays in monetary economics : what do we learn from monetary economics for the lost decade of Japan? /Kato, Ryo. January 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Ohio, Ohio State Univ., Diss.--Columbus, 2002. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich. - Enth. 3 Beitr.
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Οικονομική και Νομισματική Ένωση (ΟΝΕ) και μακροοικονομική προσαρμογή στις χώρες-μέλη της Ε.Ε.Αναστασίου, Αθανάσιος 12 April 2010 (has links)
Σκοπός της διατριβής είναι να εξετάσει θέματα που άπτονται της Οικονομικής και Νομισματικής Ένωσης (ΟΝΕ).
Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, αρχικά, παρουσιάζουμε την θεωρητική και εμπειρική βιβλιογραφία που έχει αναπτυχθεί πάνω στο θέμα της ανεξαρτησίας των Κεντρικών Τραπεζών και ποιοι παράγοντες επηρεάζουν τη σχέση της με το πραγματικό προϊόν, την απασχόληση και τον πληθωρισμό και γίνεται αναφορά των επιχειρημάτων που απορρέουν μέσα από αυτές.
Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο, αρχικά επιχειρούμε να μελετήσουμε τις στρατηγικές αλληλεξαρτήσεις μεταξύ των φορέων άσκησης νομισματικής και δημοσιονομικής πολιτικής μέσα σε μια νομισματική ένωση κάτω από διαφορετικά θεσμικά καθεστώτα, και στη συνέχεια εξετάζουμε το ρόλο των ασυμμετριών στις διαταραχές καθώς η νομισματική πολιτική μέσα σε μια νομισματική ένωση έχει σταθεροποιητικές επιδράσεις μόνο σε αθροιστικές μεταβλητές. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο εστιάζεται στην διευρυμένη Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ) και ειδικότερα επιχειρούμε να μελετήσουμε το βαθμό ετερογένειας ανάμεσα στις οικονομίες των 27 χωρών-μελών. Επίσης εξετάζουμε τον βαθμό συγχρονισμού των οικονομικών τους κύκλων και τη συμμετρία των διαταραχών. Ο βαθμός ετερογένειας μετριέται με βάση συντελεστές Theil, ενώ χρησιμοποιούμε στοιχεία τόσο για το συνολικό χρονικό διάστημα 1995.1-2005.4 όσο και για δύο επιμέρους περιόδους, 1995.1-2000.4 και 2000.1-2005.4 (προ και μετά την υιοθέτηση του ενιαίου νομίσματος). Για τη μέτρηση του βαθμού συμμετρίας των μακροοικονομικών διαταραχών μεταξύ των χωρών-μελών στην ΕΕ-27 χρησιμοποιούμε μεθοδολογία SVAR διαχωρίζοντας τις διαταραχές σε διαταραχές ζήτησης και διαταραχές προσφοράς.Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζουμε τη σχέση μεταξύ συμμετρίας των μακροοικονομικών διαταραχών και ενοποίησης του εμπορίου, είτε όταν αυτή αφορά το συνολικό εμπόριο είτε όταν αφορά το ενδοκλαδικό εμπόριο χρησιμοποιώντας στοιχεία για την περίοδο 1995q1-2005q4. Η ένταση του συνολικού εμπορίου μεταξύ δύο χωρών μετριέται ως ο λόγος του αθροίσματος των διμερών εξαγωγών και εισαγωγών προς το άθροισμα των συνολικών εισαγωγών και εξαγωγών των εν λόγω χωρών, ενώ για το ενδοκλαδικό εμπόριο υπολογίζουμε δείκτες Grubel-Lloyd. / The purpose of the thesis is to examine issues related to European Monetary Union (EMU). Firstly, in Chapter one we present the analytical and empirical literature which has been developed on Central Bank Independence issue and the factors that affect its relationship with real output, employment and inflation. In Chapter two, we study the structural interdependencies between the monetary and fiscal authorities in a monetary union under different regimes, and also we examine the role of shock asymmetries as monetary policy in a monetary union has stabilized effects only on aggregated variables. The third Chapter focuses on the enlarged European Union (E.U.) and specifically we study the degree of heterogeneity among the 27 member-countries. Also, we examine the degree of business cycle synchronization and the shock symmetry. The degree of heterogeneity is measured by Theil coefficients, and we use data not only for the period 1995.1-2005.4 but also for the two sub-periods 1995.1-2000.4 και 2000.1-2005.4 (pre and post the circulation of single currency). We use the SVAR methodology in order to measure the degree of macroeconomic shocks among the EU-27 member-states by separating shocks in demand and supply shocks. In Chapter four we examine the relationship between shock symmetry and trade integration, either it is related to total trade either to intra-industry trade by using data for the period 1995q1-2005q4. The trade intensity between two countries is measured as the ratio of the sum of imports and exports to the sum of total exports and imports of two countries, while we take the Grubel-Lloyd indexes to measure the intra-industry trade.
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Os ciclos econômicos eleitorais e o Programa Bolsa-FamíliaFabri, David Mendes 02 December 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-02 / From the dissemination of knowledge about economic voting in the political environment, the increase in real income created by Bolsa Família could create incentives for governments to increase the value of transfers or a broader basis of registered families in order to increase their chances of re-election. The hypothesis tested in this study was that the government influences the costs of the Bolsa Família and increase abnormally in preelection periods. To test this hypothesis, the time series of monthly expenses with the program and the number of beneficiary families have been used since January 2004 to December 2014. For this statistical models were used to identify whether these expenses abnormally increase in periods preceding elections, controlled for other factors that may influence program spending, such as National GDP, Income and Expenses of the National Treasury, Inflation and Unemployment taxes. The results suggest the occurrence of electoral cycles in the presidential election, in which there is an acceleration in the number of families enrolled in the Bolsa Família in the three months prior to the campaign with the increase of program´s costs in the same period, but there is no reduction in the number of families enrolled after the elections and, finally, that there are no effects in the period of the local elections. / A partir da disseminação do conhecimento sobre voto econômico no meio político, o incremento da renda real criado pelo Bolsa Família pode criar incentivos para que os governantes aumentem o valor dos repasses ou ampliem a base de famílias cadastradas com intuito de aumentar suas chances de reeleição. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi de que o governo influencia os gastos do Programa Bolsa Família e os aumentam anormalmente em períodos pré-eleitorais. Para testar essa hipótese, foram usadas as séries temporais de gastos mensais com o programa e de número de famílias beneficiárias desde janeiro de 2004 até dezembro de 2014. Para isso foram utilizados modelos estatísticos para identificar se estes gastos aumentam anormalmente em períodos que antecedem eleições, controlados por outros fatores que podem influenciar os gastos do programa, tais como PIB Nacional, Receitas e Despesas do Tesouro Nacional, Inflação e Desemprego. Os resultados sugerem a ocorrência de ciclos eleitorais nas eleições presidenciais, nos quais há uma aceleração no número de famílias inscritas no Bolsa Família nos três meses anteriores à campanha com a consequente aceleração dos gastos do programa no mesmo período, porém não há redução no número de famílias inscritas após as eleições e, por fim, que não existem efeitos no período das eleições locais.
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