The thesis deals with real rights written to the cadastre. It is divided into ten chapters and starts with the definition of real rights and its historical development. Then, it disusses the cadastre as a public list. The thesis also deals with situations, where there is discordance between the real legal relationship and what is registred in the cadastre. The following chapters are devoted to the property rights including their mofications, the right of contruction, trust funds, the easement and lien. The thesis also discusses the cases when the property is used by another person and secondary agreements in the contract. It also contains simple plat maps concerning certain institutes mentioned in this thesis.

La médiation est perçue comme un mode bénéfique de résolution des différends en copropriété divise. Pourtant, son essor tarde à survenir. Ce constat nous mène à nous interroger sur comment la médiation peut occuper une plus grande place en copropriété, particulièrement quant au droit québécois. En première partie, nous nous intéressons à certains aspects du régime de la copropriété et leur incidence sur le processus de médiation. D’abord, nous considérons l’encadrement législatif et contractuel qui s’impose aux acteurs à travers les dispositions d’ordre public et la déclaration de copropriété afin d’en évaluer l’impact sur l’autodétermination des parties. Ensuite, nous abordons le caractère formel de la copropriété à travers la représentation du syndicat de copropriété à la médiation et de l’autorité de l’assemblée des copropriétaires sur certaines ententes de règlement. En seconde partie, nous nous tournons vers les défis que pose l’exercice de la médiation en copropriété. D’une part, nous soulevons des enjeux issus de la dichotomie entre le caractère confidentiel de la médiation et le contexte collectif de la copropriété. D’autre part, nous discutons de l’adaptation de l’exercice de la médiation en copropriété via la spécialisation du médiateur et le développement de la médiation en ligne. Nous concluons que la médiation peut occuper une place plus importante en copropriété et être bénéfique pour ses acteurs, mais qu’elle est limitée par les droits de la collectivité. Une meilleure conciliation de ceux-ci aux droits des parties en médiation pourrait contribuer à accroitre le recours à ce mode de règlement des différends. / Mediation is perceived as a beneficial way of solving condominium-related conflicts. Nonetheless, mediation has yet to become a go-to resolution method when conflicts emerge in a divided co-ownership setting. This observation led us to question how mediation can be used to successfully resolve condominium-related conflicts, particularly in regards to Quebec law. The first part of this paper considers aspects of the divided co-ownership regime and the way they influence the mediation process. We start by analyzing the elaborate legal and contractual framework that binds the parties and the ways it may limit or otherwise impact their self- determination and empowerment. Then, we discuss the formal obligations imposed on the actors in co-ownerships through the matters of the representation of the syndicate of co-owners in mediation and the assembly of co-owners’ authority over certain resolution agreements. In the second part of this paper, we discuss some challenges of practising mediation in a co-ownership setting. We first underscore incompatibilities between the confidential aspect of mediation and the collective nature of co-ownership. Then, we discuss how the practice of mediation is likely to adapt through mediator specialization and through advancement of online mediation. Our study leads to the conclusion that though mediation could occupy a bigger space in co-ownership-related conflicts, the rights of the co-op community currently limit its realm. A better conciliation of those rights to those of the parties in mediation could support the integration this dispute resolution process as part of co-ownership culture.

In most cases in a deceased person’s estate, there are problems with co-ownership where more than one family member inherits the deceased family estate assets. To escape the perils of co-ownership the beneficiaries consensually agree to divide the inherited communallyshared asset/s. This agreement can take place immediately after the death of the family estate owner or some time later regarding some or all of the said assets. On the conclusion of the division agreement, the contractual party who receives the awarded assets enjoys sole ownership and the other contractual parties by agreement retract their ownership. In a jurisprudential content analysis of forty-six recorded family deceased division agreements from Old Babylonian Larsa and Nippur, essential elements are identified which are the framework and qualification requirements for a family deceased division agreement. Within this framework the concepts, terms and elements of the agreement are categorised as natural and incidental elements, which reflect the specific law traditions and choices of contractual parties and show the unique scribal traditions in the different Old Babylonian city-states of Larsa, Nippur and Sippar. The aim of the study is to shed a more focused light on the interpretation of recorded Old Babylonian division agreements and to show that the division agreement was a successful, timeless, estate administration mechanism and tool to obviate any undesirable consequences of co-ownership of the bequeathed property. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

The aim of this thesis is to compare legal regulations of real rights in Czech and French legal order. With respect to current situation, when starting the 1th january of 2014, the new civil code becomes effective, this thesis deals as well with the novelties in real rights' regulation established by the law nř89/2013 of Collection of Laws, civil code. This thesis consists of seven chapters. In the first chapter, I mention the aim of the thesis, its brief content and elaboration process. In the second to sixth chapter, the thesis deals in concrete with the real rights and its institutes. In each of these chapters, the Czech legal regulation according to the current civil code is mentioned first. Then, a discourse about French regulation follows. If both regulations are same, similar or slightly or absolutely different. Finally, a comparison with the new civil code is attached to practically all chapters. If it holds the current regulation or if it establishes new notions, institutes or conception or regime of the current institutes. And provided it brings novelties if it tends by them towards the French regulation or if it choses absolutely new solutions. The second chapter deals with real rights in general terms. With their conception and systematics. The thesis deals with the question how the...

No description available.

How the theme of this diploma project says, this work deals with present law regulation concerned to property rights, its content, its preservation and restriction, ways of its acquirement, co-ownership and expropriation, regulation of neighbourhood law, negotiation of realty ownerships and record of this ownerships to real estate register.

In most cases in a deceased person’s estate, there are problems with co-ownership where more than one family member inherits the deceased family estate assets. To escape the perils of co-ownership the beneficiaries consensually agree to divide the inherited communallyshared asset/s. This agreement can take place immediately after the death of the family estate owner or some time later regarding some or all of the said assets. On the conclusion of the division agreement, the contractual party who receives the awarded assets enjoys sole ownership and the other contractual parties by agreement retract their ownership. In a jurisprudential content analysis of forty-six recorded family deceased division agreements from Old Babylonian Larsa and Nippur, essential elements are identified which are the framework and qualification requirements for a family deceased division agreement. Within this framework the concepts, terms and elements of the agreement are categorised as natural and incidental elements, which reflect the specific law traditions and choices of contractual parties and show the unique scribal traditions in the different Old Babylonian city-states of Larsa, Nippur and Sippar. The aim of the study is to shed a more focused light on the interpretation of recorded Old Babylonian division agreements and to show that the division agreement was a successful, timeless, estate administration mechanism and tool to obviate any undesirable consequences of co-ownership of the bequeathed property. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Urbanisation désordonnée, manque d’équipements urbains, prééminence de la promotion privée dans la production de logements, domination de la propriété d’occupation, telles sont les caractéristiques du développement urbain et immobilier sous le régime franquiste, qui ont perduré jusqu’à aujourd’hui pour certaines d’entre elles. Cette ville « sans qualité » constitue un objet de préoccupation sociale majeur et une voie de contestation du régime dans les dernières années de la dictature franquiste. Le mode de production de la ville qui se met en place durant l’époque franquiste, et la question urbaine sur lequel il débouche, constituent l’objet de cette thèse. Cette recherche repose sur l’analyse conjointe des politiques nationales d’urbanisme et du logement, et du groupe professionnel des architectes. Ce choix a été guidé par un double constat. L’interventionnisme du régime franquiste s’est en effet aussi concrétisé dans les domaines du logement et de l’urbanisme : un ensemble d’organismes centraux, de dispositions et de dispositifs officiels ont ainsi encadré et déterminé le mode de production urbaine. Les architectes, par la position particulièrement privilégiée qu’ils occupent dans le secteur de la construction en Espagne, jouent un rôle clé dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. Des membres du groupe professionnel sont par ailleurs les fers de la critique urbaine à la fin de la dictature. Ce dispositif de recherche permet d’étudier la constitution de l’espace urbain et immobilier en catégorie de l’action publique et les effets de ce processus sur les champs professionnel et scientifique sur l’ensemble de la période franquiste. Il offre les bases d’une histoire sociale des politiques urbaines qui éclaire à la fois l’histoire du régime franquiste, l’histoire des sciences sociales de la ville, ainsi que la sociologie de l’action publique et des groupes professionnels. / Francoism and urban production. Housing and urban policies, professionals and urban sciences in Spain from the 1930's to the 1970's.An urban model oriented towards growth, lack of public facilities and infrastructure, high proportion of owner-tenancy, shortage of public housing, or the relevance of real state in the national economy are some of the characteristics of Spain’s urban development during Franco’s dictatorship. It became a main social concern and way to criticize Franco’s regime at the end of the dictatorship. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study the mode of production of Spanish cities during the dictatorship and the social urban movement at the end of the regime. This research is based on the double analysis of national urban planning and housing policies and of the role of one of their principal actors: the architects. During the Franco’s era, State’s intervention was indeed reflected on housing and town-planning through a set of central institutions or bodies, of legal provisions and official measures. Theses decisions determined the mode of urban development. Owing to their privileged position in the building sector in Spain, architects play a key role in the definition and implementation of these policies. Moreover, some architects were years later the leaders of urban criticism and urban social movement. This set-up brings into light the development, if not the constitution, of the urban space as a category of public action during the Franco years, as well as its effects on the professional and scientific fields. This PhD thesis intends to constitute a social history of urban policies during the Franco’s era (1939-1975). Through this approach, it contributes to a better knowledge of the history of this period, of the history of urban social sciences and public action and of the sociology of professions.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Inom organisationer är vd:n ett hett och debatterat samtalsämne när det kommer till verksamhetsstyrning. Inom små till medelstora verksamheter är det inte ovanligt att ägaren är både ägare och vd för verksamheten, vilket betecknas som ett ägarlett företag. När ett företag går från ett ägarlett styre till en extern vd kan det ha en stor inverkan på verksamheten. Ett byte av vd innebär att en ny person kommer att bestämma hur verksamhetens styrning ska utformas och implementeras. Fortsättningsvis innebär det ett stort steg för ägaren när den ska frånsäga sin vd-position och lämna över till en extern vd. Det finns två olika teorier som förklarar relationen mellan ägare och vd. Agentteorin, som antar att människor agerar utifrån sitt eget intresse, och stewardshipteorin, som utgår från att människor agerar utifrån verksamhetens bästa. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om verksamhetsstyrning förändras i samband med att en extern vd intar vd-rollen i ett tidigare ägarlett företag. Ytterligare kommer studien att undersöka hur ägaren och den externa vd:n ser på skiftet när en extern vd intar vd-rollen utifrån agentteorin och stewardship. Metod: Studien är en fallstudie som undersöker två företag som har genomgått ett skifte från ägarlett styre till externt styre. Denna studie kompletteras med inblick och erfarenhet från rekryterare inom högre befattningar. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi, med induktiva forskningsval som har abduktiva anslag. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in via sju stycken respondenter via semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: De slutsatser som kan dras från studien är att verksamhetsstyrningen förändras till att bli mer målstyrd när företaget går från ett ägarlett styre till att en extern person intar vd-rollen. Både ägare och vd från respektive verksamhet visar en skiftning av både opportunistiskt beteende och beteende som liknar en ‘steward’. Det innebär att det inte finns ett svart-vitt beteende avseende om individerna agerar efter sitt eget bästa eller efter verksamhetens bästa. Deras synsätt och agerande uppvisar en kombination av båda teorierna i samband med att verksamheten blir mer professionell, strategisk och målstyrd. / Background: Within organisations, the CEO is a well-known and debated subject when it comes to corporate governance in small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). When a company moves from an owner-led governance to an external CEO, it can have a major impact on the business. An alteration in the role of CEO would allow for a change in the governance of the business, through potential new individualistic implementations and structural decisions. Furthermore, it is a largely significant step for the owner to relinquish the position of CEO to an external individual. There are two different theories to explain the relationship between owners and CEOs. Agent theory, which assumes that people act in their own interest, and stewardship theory, which assumes that people act in the best interests of the business. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether corporate governance changes when an external person is appointed CEO in a previously owner-managed company. Furthermore, this thesis will investigate how both the owner and the external CEO perceive the transition when the role of CEO is assigned to an external individual based on agent theory and stewardship theory. Method: The study is a case study examining two case companies that have experienced a shift from owner-led governance to external governance, along with the insight and experience of two senior recruiters. The study is based on a qualitative research strategy, with specific attention to inductive research choices and abductive approaches. The empirical material has been collected via semi-structured interviews and the involvement of seven respondents. Conclusion: The conclusion that can be drawn from the thesis is that the corporate governance changes and becomes more goal-oriented when an external person is the CEO. Both owners and CEOs from each business have a tendency towards both opportunistic and steward-like behavior. This means that there is no specific behavior regarding whether they act in their own best interests or in the best interests of the business. Their views and actions reflect a combination of both theories as the organisation becomes more professional, strategic and goal- oriented.

En droit privé, l’occupation s’entend, en principe, d’un mode d’acquisition originaire de la propriété des choses mobilières dépourvues de maître : c’est ainsi qu’elle a fait une entrée discrète dans le Code civil en 1804. Toutefois, depuis cette date, l’occupation a acquis une toute autre signification. Le législateur et le juge recourent aujourd’hui à cette notion pour désigner différents modes de jouissance de l’immeuble d’autrui. Il est question de conventions d’occupation précaire, d’occupation privative d’un bien indivis, d’occupant maintenu dans les lieux en suite d’un bail commercial ou d’habitation, d’occupant bénéficiaire d’une réquisition de logement, ou encore d’occupant sans droit ni titre. La notion d’occupation immobilière semble donc avoir acquis une place remarquable en droit privé. L’objet de cette étude est précisément de déterminer le rôle qu’elle tient en droit positif, dans ce domaine. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse réalise l’étude des diverses hypothèses dans lesquelles le terme « occupation » est utilisé pour désigner un fait d’emprise exercé sur l’immeuble d’autrui, que ce soit avec ou sans titre ; elle révèle également des situations officieuses d’occupation, telles que le mécanisme de la reconduction tacite applicable en matière de bail. Dans un second temps, est proposée une théorie générale de l’occupation immobilière en droit privé. L’occupation immobilière apparaît comme un fait d’emprise jouant un double rôle en droit positif : elle peut être simplement la traduction matérielle de l’exercice d’un droit d’usage préalablement reconnu à celui qui va devenir occupant, mais également l’élément permettant à ce dernier d’acquérir un tel droit ou, au moins, de le faire présumer. Reposant notamment sur diverses conditions d’efficacité, telles que la bonne foi ou l’univocité, elle présente alors un certain nombre de similitudes avec la possession, mais les deux notions ne sauraient pourtant être confondues. Au final, cette étude permet de mettre en lumière un nouveau fait créateur de droit, qui trouve sa place aux côtés de la possession et qui démontre une évolution de la propriété privée vers une « propriété pragmatique », soucieuse de s’adapter à des besoins divers, clairement reconnus par le droit positif. / In Private Law, occupancy (French “occupation”) is, in principle, understood as an original method of acquiring property of ownerless movable things: this is how it made a discreet entrance in the Civil Code in 1804. Since then, however, occupancy has acquired a whole new meaning. Today, both the legislator and the judge turn to this concept to describe different means of enjoying the property of others. It relates to precarious occupancy agreements, private occupancy of jointly owned property, tenant kept in the premises after the end of its commercial or residential lease, occupant beneficing an housing requisition, disseisor, or occupant without right or title. The notion of estate occupancy seems to have acquired a prominent position in Private Law. Hence, the purpose of this study is precisely to determine the role it holds in positive law in this area. First, this work aims at studying the various situations in which the term "occupancy” is used to designate the situation where a factual stranglehold is exercised over others’ property, whether with or without title. It also reveals informal occupancy situations, such as leases’ tacit renewal mechanism. Secondly, a general theory of occupancy in Private Law is proposed. Estate occupancy appears like a factual situation of stranglehold (“fait d’emprise”). It plays a dual role in positive law: it may simply be the substantive translation of the exercise of a right to use, previously recognized to whom will become the occupant, and, in the same time, the element allowing him to acquire such a right, or at least, assuming he does. Notably based on various effectiveness conditions, such as good faith or clarity, occupancy shows similarities with the notion of adverse possession, although in French law the two concepts should not be confused. Finally, this study shed light on a new fact giving rise to a right, which finds its place alongside the adverse possession and demonstrates an evolution from the private property to a "pragmatic property" caring to adapt to the various needs recognized by the Law.