Since the start of the 21st century, and with the 9/11 events, terrorism has been in the focus of media more than ever. The aim of this study is to analyze the behavior of a Swedish newspaper, Aftonbladet, and its coverage of terrorist acts that happened through the world in 2015. Through a post-colonialist angle, the study will follow the how the “Us-Versus-Them” is constructed in Aftonbladet’s coverage. This will be done by comparing differences in articles related to various events that have happened in 2015, depending on their specificities. Following the descriptive statistics and discourse analysis methods, the study will be concluded with the fact that there was a difference of treatment of terrorist attacks from Aftonbladet, depending if the events regard “Us” or “Them”.

[pt] Esta dissertação investiga representações de identidade cultural e de condições coloniais e pós-coloniais, encontradas em parte da produção literária portuguesa e africana, sobretudo na primeira década do século XXI. Centrada em autores para os quais a viagem é o livro (PIGLIA, 2010) e a errância, um procedimento de escrita, o trabalho analisa narrativas de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho (Desmedida: Luanda - São Paulo - São Francisco e volta, 2006), José Eduardo Agualusa (Teoria geral do esquecimento, 2012, e Fronteiras perdidas, 1998), Dulce Maria Cardoso (O retorno, 2012) e António Lobo Antunes (Os cus de Judas, 1979). Quando confrontados, tais livros mostram que, de um modo ou de outro, brotaram da passagem de uma voz narrativa por um conjunto de paisagens significativas, levando à constatação de que o escritor contemporâneo do universo lusófono utiliza suas ferramentas, entre outros objetivos, para espreitar, revelar e questionar realidades e poderes que, inevitavelmente, conduzem a importantes reflexões culturais, sociais e políticas. / [en] This dissertation examines representations of cultural identities and of colonial and postcolonial conditions, found in part of the Portuguese and African literary works, especially in the first decade of the 21st century. Focused in authors for whom the trip is the book (PIGLIA, 2010) and the errantry is the writing procedure, the work analyzes narratives by Ruy Duarte de Carvalho (Desmedida: Luanda - São Paulo - São Francisco e volta, 2006), José Eduardo Agualusa (Teoria geral do esquecimento, 2012, and Fronteiras perdidas, 1998), Dulce Maria Cardoso (O retorno, 2012) e António Lobo Antunes (Os cus de Judas, 1979). When confronted, these books pointed to the fact that they have risen, no matter how, from the passage of a narrative voice through a collective of significant landscapes, which lead us to the conclusion that the contemporary writer originating in the universe of portuguese language uses his tools, among other targets, to observe, reveal and challenge realities and powers that, inevitably, leads to important cultural, social and political reflections.

The twenty-first century has seen a resurgence of academic interest in biopolitics: the often oppressive political power over human biology, human bodies and their actions that emerges when political technologies concern themselves with and act upon a population as a species rather than as a group of individuals. The publication of new works by theorists including Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri has furthered academic understanding of biopolitical attempts to ensure an orderly, productive society. Biopolitics bases these attempts upon optimising the majority population’s health and well-being while constructing simultaneously a subrace of unruly, unproductive bodies against which the majority requires securitising. However, despite the still-proliferating and increasingly diverse recent theoretical work on the subject, little material has appeared examining how literature represents biopolitics or how theories of biopolitics may inform literary criticism. This thesis argues for Salman Rushdie’s novels as an exemplary site of fictional engagement with biopower in their portrayal of the increasingly intense and pervasive biopolitical technologies used in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Rushdie has been considered frequently as a novelist who explores political discourses of race and culture. However, analysis of the ways in which he depicts these discourses animating recent biopolitical practices has proven scarcer in Rushdie Studies. This thesis asserts that Rushdie’s novels affirm consistently the desirability of non-racialising polities, but almost always suggest little possibility of constructing such communities. In the process, it will reveal that he represents more numerous and varied forms of racialisation than has been supposed previously. This study considers how Rushdie describes biopolitical racialisation by state and superrace alike, the massacres of subraces that often ensue, how biopower operates and is resisted in space, and the discursive and practical forms this resistance takes. Contrasting Rushdie’s early fiction with his less-studied more recent works, this analysis deploys, critiques and augments canonical theories of biopower in order to chart his generally growing disinclination to depict this resistance’s potential success. This study thus works towards a new biopolitical literary criticism which argues that although the theories of Foucault and others illuminate the ways in which literature represents power and resistance in contemporary politics, narrative fiction indicates simultaneously the limitations of these theories and the practices of resistance they advocate.

[pt] Esta tese pretende indicar vínculos entre o pensamento político desenvolvido sob o influxo da filosofia da ilustração, a política colonial praticada pela Metrópole européia e os modelos literários do Arcadismo. O trânsito de idéias proporcionado pelo Iluminismo foi festejado por homens de letras brasileiros que começavam a estabelecer seu espaço político e cultural na Colônia: empregados em altos cargos da administração colonial, tais letrados conspiraram contra essa mesma administração. O espírito de autonomia, cunhado em ambiente metropolitano, apresentava descompassos em relação ao ambiente colonial americano. Os poetas da época, subordinados a fortes convencionalismos literários e políticos, dramatizaram esses descompassos: a literatura foi usual veículo do complexo pensamento político da época. / [en] The objective of this thesis is to point out the links between the political thought, developed under the influence of the Enlightenment philosophy, the colonial politics employed by the European metropolis and the literary patterns of Arcadism. The exchange of ideas brought about by the Enlightenment was welcomed by Brazilian scholars who started to acquire political and cultural status in the colony: those scholars who were high ranking officials in the colonial administration conspired against that same administration. The spirit of independence, which thrived in the metropolitan environment, was ahead of the situation in South America. The poets of that period, subordinated to political and literary conventions, dramatized this mismatch: literature became a common vehicle for the complex political thought of the time.

Magister Artium - MA / Both Am-Xhosa and the European farmers, being pastoralists "the search for land and grass was (their) first principle", notes Walker (1928). When they met, they differed fundamentally on the "vital matter oflandholding" . So different were their perspectives, that Lekhehla (1955) suggested, as far as the treaties were concerned: "The Native Chiefs either did not understand the implications of the border treaties, or if they did, never intended to respect such treaties" (p.2 1). Hopper (1980) says the tension between the Europeans and the Africans on the land issue emanated from the fact that "Xhosa expansion" and "colonial expansion" processes were entirely different. While Am-Xhosa expanded in order to "preserve their political integrity" colonists were driven by an economic dynamic they expanded because land was necessary to accommodate growth (1980:261).

A presente tese é resultado do estudo sobre as autoridades tradicionais no intuito de compreender o conceito de poder tradicional no século XX, especificamente nos distritos de Mandlakazi e Chibuto, em Moçambique. Baseia-se parcialmente em testemunhos orais colhidos em entrevistaspresenciais realizadasno ano de 2017 nos respectivos distritos aos grupos focais (líderes tradicionais), chefes dos líderes tradicionais, conselheiros, dentre outros.Baseia-se também em pesquisa bibliográfica e em documentação de arquivo. O objetivo foi observar as diversas formas de expressão do poder tradicional, desde os primórdios de sua existência, no período colonial e no período da construção do Estado nação. Foram analisadas diferentes situações históricas e as sucessivas alterações ocorridas com os representantes locais do poder, quando sua autoridade é colocada em posição subordinada primeiro às instituições vinculadas ao Estado português, e depois ao Estado moderno moçambicano. Em 1975, a construção do estado-nação, e o afastamento desta autoridade tradicional, não trouxe algo relevante na criação do homem novo, senão o desmoronamento das comunidades diante da política implantada pelo governo. Em 1992, a ideia de reconhecimento da autoridade tradicional se funde para coesão da sociedade depois da guerra civil (1977-1990), e para preencher o vazio administrativo. O governo coopta do poder colonial para se afirmar.A legislação deixou à responsabilidade da comunidade de legitimar a autoridade tradicional, nesse processo ambíguo resultante da competitividade política (FRELIMO -RENAMO) na democracia vigente. / The thesis is the result of the study of traditional authorities in order to understand the concept of traditional power in the twentieth century, specifically in the Mandlakazi and Chibuto districts of Mozambique. It is based in part on oral testimonies collected in face-to-face interviews performed in 2017 in the respective districts from focus groups (traditional leaders), chiefs of traditional leaders, counselors, among others. It is also based on bibliographic research and archival documentation. The objective was to observe the diverse forms of expression of traditional power, from the beginnings of its existence, in the colonial period and in the period of the construction of the Nation- state. Different historical situations and successive changes occurred with the local representatives of power were analyzed, when their authority is placed in subordinate position first to the institutions linked to the Portuguese State, and then to the modern Mozambican State. In 1975, the construction of the Nation-state, and the removal of this traditional authority, did not bring something relevant in the creation of the new man, but the collapse of the communities before the policy implanted by the government. In 1992, the idea of recognition of traditional authority was fused for the cohesion of society after the Civil War (1977-1992), and to fill the administrative void. The government co-opts colonial power to assert itself. The legislation left it to the community to legitimize traditional authority, in that ambiguous process resulting from political competitiveness (FRELIMO-RENAMO) in the current democracy.

O objetivo desse trabalho é compreender a produção intelectual do autor palestino, Edward W. Said, cuja trajetória heterogênea representou em larga medida uma metáfora teórica dos seus maiores dilemas políticos e conceituais, alguns deles constitutivos do objeto dessa tese. Entendemos que Said define a Cultura como lócus privilegiado para compreender a dominação colonial e, posteriormente, incorpora um discurso político para a formação da chamada identidade nacional Palestina. Procuramos demarcar o paradoxo central da sua obra que diz respeito ao convívio teórico da abordagem pós-colonial com a busca da historicidade do ethos nacional palestino. Entendemos que o paradoxo do Nacionalismo, sua estreita vinculação com o debate pós-colonial e os percursos teóricos decorrentes do engajamento progressivo com a causa nacional Palestina subsidiam outras reflexões que possuem interrelação. São essas; a representação do intelectual na sociedade contemporânea, a relação entre texto e realidade histórica, entendida por meio do conceito de mundanidade, a categoria de exílio como condição ontológica e metáfora epistemológica e o problema da relação entre cultura e imperialismo. Esses percursos de análise orientam-se por um objetivo mais geral que é a análise da centralidade e respectiva atualidade da obra de Edward W. Said na Historiografia Pós-Colonial. / The aim of the present work is to understand the intellectual production of the Palestinian author Edward W. Said. His heterogeneous history represented in a larger extent a theoretical metaphor of his major political and conceptual dilemmas, some of them consisting this thesis subject. We understand Said defines culture as a preferential locus in order to comprehend the colonial domination, later on embodying a political speech for the composition of the national Palestinian identity. We have attempted to delimit the main paradox of his work which refers to the theoretical interaction of the post-colonial approach with the historicity of the national Palestinian ethos. We understand that the paradox of Nationalism its close connection to the post-colonial aproach and theoretical courses arising from progressive engagement with the Palestinian national cause subsidizes other reflections interrelated, such as: the intellectual representation in contemporary society; the relation between text and historical reality understood through the concept of worldliness; the category of exile as an ontological condition and epistemological metaphor; and the problem of the culture-imperialism relation. These courses of analyzes have guidance in a broader objective which is the analysis of centrality and the respective present status of Edward Saids work in Post-Colonial Historiography.

Esta dissertação estuda o papel do sujeito na literatura e sua relação com a cultura e alteridade através da análise de duas obras: Nove noites, de Bernardo de Carvalho e Coração das Trevas de Joseph Conrad. As obras estudadas mostram a crise que atinge os protagonistas dos dois livros depois do encontro com outras culturas. Em Nove noites o outro é representado pelo índio e em Coração das Trevas pelos africanos. Em Nove noites o antropólogo Buell Quain se suicida depois de uma estada entre os índios Krahô, e em Coração das Trevas vemos a deterioração do homem branco representada pelo personagem de Kurtz. Considerado um homem notável e um altruísta na Europa, Kurtz teria se corrompido no contato com a realidade do Congo e se torna, nas palavras do narrador Marlow, um dos demônios da terra. A dissolução da personalidade e código moral do homem branco, representada pelos dois personagens, será estudada analisando a relação entre personalidade e cultura e como a falta de apoio e controle grupal desarticula valores até então considerados estáveis, assim como o contato com o outro. Esta desarticulação do sujeito causada pelo choque cultural se soma à crise geral do sujeito moderno e ao mal-estar na civilização, como descrito por Freud. A posição paradoxal do antropólogo, que se situa entre duas culturas, faz parte desta análise, do mesmo modo questões pertinentes a posição dos índios e africanos no Congo. No caso específico de Coração das Trevas trabalha-se a interseção entre a análise do sujeito, e suas implicações, e a construção do personagem de Kurtz como símbolo da violência colonial. O trabalho analisa também as semelhanças entre as duas obras, tanto temáticas como em suas técnicas narrativas e a influência da obra de Conrad nos romances de Carvalho / This dissertation studies the role of subject in literature and its relation to culture and alterity through the analysis of two works: Nine Nights by Bernardo Carvalho and Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. This work show the crisis that the protagonists of both books faces after the encounter with other cultures. In Nine nights the Indian and Heart of Darkness by Africans represents the other. Nine nights tells the story of the anthropologist Buell Quain who commits suicide after a stay between the Indians Krahô, and in Heart of Darkness we see the deterioration of the white man represented by the character of Kurtz. Considered a remarkable man and an unselfish in Europe, Kurtz would have been corrupted by contact with the reality of the Congo and becomes, in the words of the narrator Marlow, one of the demons of the land. The dissolution of the personality and moral code of the white man, represented by two characters, will be studied by analyzing the relationship between personality and culture and how the lack of support and control of the group disarticulates values until then considered stable, as well as the contact with other cultures. The disarticulation of the subject caused by culture shock adds to the general crisis of the modern subject and the discontents of civilization, as described by Freud. The paradoxical position of the anthropologist, which is situated between two cultures, is part of this analysis, even as questions regarding the position of Indians and Africans in the Congo. In the specific case of Heart of Darkness will be studied a intersection between the analysis of the subject, and their implications, and the construction of the character of Kurtz as a symbol of colonial violence. The paper also examines the similarities between the two works, both in thematic and in narrative techniques in their work and influence of Conrad's novels Carvalho

The mobility of Palestinian residents of Jerusalem is usually understood in terms of exclusion, reflecting their lack of access to urban services more broadly as well as the restrictive mobility regime at work across the Palestinian territories. Yet after fifty years of Israeli occupation, a more complex and contradictory situation has emerged in the city. This dissertation uses mobility as a vehicle to arrive at a more integrated understanding of the paradoxical manner in which Palestinian Jerusalemites are simultaneously excluded from and incorporated into the city and to analyse how they negotiate their interstitial and often contradictory position. The thesis approaches the question of Palestinian quotidian movement by engaging with theoretical work on mobility and embodied movement as well as from empirical study including eight months of on-site research. In its three core sections, the work examines in detail several manifestations of the restriction, facilitation, and contested nature of mobility. In the first section, a discussion of Palestinian exclaves and enclaves of the city shows the continuities of mobility’s exclusionary effects on both sides of the Separation Wall. This limitation of movement leads to a restriction of spatio-political possibilities – but at the same time, Palestinians expand the horizon of what is possible through everyday and leisure practices. The second section employs two case studies of recent public transport developments in East Jerusalem to examine how incorporation is operationalised through everyday movements across urban space. The third section analyses the paradoxical role of mobility as the result of a tension between the settler colonial and the neoliberal logics concurrently at work in the city. On the one hand, the restriction of movement gradually renders the Palestinians as external to their city. On the other, the facilitation and regulation of mobility in East Jerusalem also serves to normalise Israeli rule and constitute Palestinians as incorporated urban residents, thereby undermining long-term aspirations for autonomy in the east of the city. The examination of the manner in which mobilities are contested in Jerusalem shows that movement, although often associated with freedom and independence, is essential for negotiating the terms of interdependence in the city.

This dissertation examines Vivekananda (1863-1902) as an itinerant monk rather than the nationalist ideologue he has become in recent scholarship. Historians have approached Vivekananda as either a pioneer of Hindu nationalism or as the voice of a universalist calling for service to humanity. Such labelling neglects the fact that he predominantly navigated between those polarised identities, and overlooks the incongruities between his actions and his ideas. By contextualising his travels within various scales of history, this dissertation puts Vivekananda's lived life in dialogue with his thought, as articulated in his correspondence and speeches. It shows that purposeful movement characterised Vivekananda's life. Instead of searching for enlightenment, he travelled throughout the subcontinent as a wandering monk to territorialise spirituality. He carved out his own support base in Madras to reclaim the region from the Theosophical Society, and dwelled in native courts to accrue the patronage of native princes to build the Ramakrishna Math and Mission with him at the helm. His web of princely patronage also carried him to the Parliament of the World's Religions (World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893), as a representative of 'Hinduism' rather than a Hindu representative of a religious community or organisation. His rise to fame at the Parliament also unfolded through spatial dynamic. His performance triggered highly gendered and disordered spectacle, which starkly contrasted with the British Royal Commission's obsession with discipline at the main Exposition. Furthermore, his speeches painted an anti-colonial geography of fraternity, and instilled new malleable subjectivity in his western female followers. After his death, his life and ideas continued to challenge the colonial state's distinction between 'spirituality' and anarchism. Thus, Vivekananda territorialised spirituality in both India and America not only by travelling, but also by inhabiting the interstices of empire. By examining Vivekananda through space, this dissertation creates a new template for contextualising Vivekananda in national, imperial, and international histories, leading to new insights on the man, his ideas, and his legacy.